angio equipment

Question 1

what is fluoroscopy

Answer 1

real time x-rays

Question 2

what is angiography

Answer 2

imaging of blood vessels following a contrast media

Question 3

equipment requirements

Answer 3

• specialised fluoroscopy unit
• generator
• tube stand
• floating top table
• contrast injector
• capable of high serial exposures
• DSA

Question 4

what are the two types of image detectors

Answer 4

• image intensifier (II)
• flat panel detector (FPD)

Question 5

what does angiography require

Answer 5

• high resolution for visualisation of small vessels
• FPD with highly specialised image post processing

Question 6

mA generator requirement

Answer 6

100-1500 mA

Question 7

kV generator requirement

Answer 7

50-125 kV

Question 8

generator requirements

Answer 8

• short exposure time
• pulsed fluoroscopy
• high freq

Question 9

angiography equipment specifics

Answer 9

• tube stand
• single plane
• biplane
• CCTV
• isocentre
• U arm / C arm

Question 10

advantages of biplane

Answer 10

• less contrast agent used
• shorter procedure time
• help positioning of interventional devices

Question 11

x-ray tube angiography equipment specifics

Answer 11

XR tube
- high heat storage capacity
- fast heat dissipation rate

Question 12

dimensions FPD

Answer 12

40cm x 30cm

Question 13

two types of angiography

Answer 13

• interventional radiology
• cardiology

Question 14

what are images made up of

Answer 14

array of binary numbers
- large binary numbers shown in hexadecimal notation

Question 15

interventional angiography systems

Answer 15

• c-arm that can be positioned around the patient
• FPD that offer high resolution images and low radiation dose
• DSA enhances visualisation of blood vessels using subtraction imaging

Question 16

the principle of DSA

Answer 16

baseline image is taken before injection of contrast material and subsequent images are taken after injection
- these images are subtracted from baseline image

Question 17

which system requires high frame rate and why

Answer 17

• cardiac angio
• capture rapid movement of heart and blood vessels

Question 18

why does cardiac angio use a smaller detector size

Answer 18

• high spatial resolution for detailed view of coronary vessels
• focused FOV for small area
• reduced scatter
• faster frame rates
• lower dose

Question 19

features of a contrast media injector

Answer 19

• warms contrast to reduce viscosity
• flashing light
• controlled flow rate

Question 20

what happens if two images that are almost the same are subtracted from each other

Answer 20

the resulting image will only show what is different

Question 21

what do you need to produce a DSA image

Answer 21

a sequence of pulsed fluoroscopic images of the relevant body part recorded

Question 22

what happens in road mapping

Answer 22

one of the DSA images of blood vessels is superimposed over image while screening
- helps guide precise placement of devices

Question 23

what does DSA require

Answer 23

• large field
• stable TV system
• XR tube with low noise
• XR tube with small focal spot size
• high voltage generator

Question 23

what is remasking

Answer 23

used to reduce motion artefacts in subtracted images

Question 24

what is pixel shifting

Answer 24

• shifting an image to create a higher effective resolution than the native resolution of imaging sensor
• improved registration features common to both images achieved
• reduces motion artefacts