Anesthesia Terms and Concepts Flashcards
acute
condition that has a rapid or recent onset
patient that is hypertensive from postoperative pain has acute hypertension
chronic
condition that has been present for a long time
patient that dakes daily antihypertensives to treat blood pressure has chronic hypertension
angina
chest pain
common/serious cause: blocked coronary artery
arrhythmia
abnormal heart rhythm,
atelectasis
collapsed alveoli
commonly caused by hypoventilation
atherosclerosis
buildup of fatty plaques
cause narrowing of artery
cause decreased blood flow through artery
coronary artery: angina, ischemia, heart attack
head: stroke
auscultation
listening (with stethoscope)
bariatric
obese
contraindication
situation in which a drug, procedure, or surgery should not be used because it may be harmful to the person
ex. performing labor epidural is contraindicated in patient with lumbar infarction
cyanosis
“blueness” of skin due to lack of oxygen delivery to the tissues
diaphoresis
sweating
distal
away from center of body
diuresis
urine excretion
endentulous
has no teeth (uses dentures)
Ejection Fraction (EF)
percentage of the volume that is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heart beat
Normal EF
65-75%
Low EF
heart failure
elective surgery
planned, non-emergency
(can wait if needed)
embolism
moving blood clot
epistaxis
nose bleed
erythema
reddening of the skin (in patches) as a result of injury or irritation, causing capillary dilation
etiology
cause of disease or symptoms
exsanguinate
to be drained of blood
febrile
patient has a fever
temp > 38C
FiO2 acronym
Fraction of Inspired Oxygen
FiO2 definition
concentration of oxygen in the air we breath
Room Air FiO2
21%
(the concentration of oxygen we normally breathe is 21%)
Oxygen mask FiO2
60-90%
geriatric
elderly
global
some that occurs throughout the body
regional
only occurs in one area of the body
gtt
infusion of a drug or fluid
hypercarbia
(hypercapnia)
elevated plasma CO2 concentration
hyperkalemia
elevated plasma potassium (K+) concentration
>5.5mEq/L
hypernatremia
elevated plasma sodium (Na+) concentration
>145mEq/L
hypertension
elevated blood pressure (BP)
>140/90 mmHg
hyperthermia
elevated body temp
hypocarbia (hypocapnia)
low partial pressure of CO2 in plasma
<35mmHg
hypokalemia
low plasma potassium
<3.5mEq/L
hypotension
low blood pressure
<90/50mmHg
hypothermia
lower than normal temp
<36 C
hypovolemia
low blood volume
hypoxia
poor oxygen delivery or oxygenation
latrogenic
condition induced inadvertently by medical treatment or diagnostic procedures
IM (intramuscular)
injecting a drug into the muscle
deeper than subcutaneous
ischemia
insufficient oxygen supply to an organ
O2 demand increase
Blood flow lacking
Ventilation insufficient
myocardial infaction
heart attack
lack of blood flow and o2 to the heat causes area of heart muscle to die
NPO
nil per os
nothing by mouth
no solid foods 6-8 hrs
no clear liquids 2 hrs
prior to surgery
peripheral
outer region
away from center
paraoxysmal
sudden increase or return of symptoms
peristalsis
intestinal motility
pallor
unhealthy pale looking appearance
perfusion
blood flow (oxygen delivery) to the tissues
PONV
postoperative nasuea and vomiting
poikilothermic
unable to regulate body temp
proximal
situated nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment
pruritus
itching
reverse
“head up” position on an operating room table
stenosis
narrowing
subcutaneous
sub Q
SQ
injection of drug underneath skin
supine
laying on backri
prone
laying on stomach
syncope
faintin
tachyphylaxis
decreased effectiveness of a drug over time
tachypnea
irregularly fast breathingt
thrombus
non moving blood clot
transient ischemic attack
TIA
mini stroke
caused by temporary lack of blood flow to an area of the brain
<24 hr symptoms
tragus
prjects immediately in front of the ear canal
trendelenburg
“head down” position on an operating room table
triage
process of deciding which pateints should be treated first and where they should go, based on how sick/injured they are
turgid
swelling
induction
going to sleep
maintenance
staying asleep
Total Intravenous Anesthesia
(TIVA)
propofol infusion through IV
no gases are utilized
Stage 1
awake responsing ready to be extubated
stage 2
half awake/half asleep
risk for laryngospasm
stage 3
deeply anesthetized
unable to move
stage 4
overdose
hypotension likely cause
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction
cardiac output
amount of blood flowing through the body per minute
Cardiac output equation
CO = SVxHR
increase HR
increase CO
increase SV
increase CO
CO in adults w/bradycardia
can be normal
CO in peds w/bradycardia
cannot be normal
fixed stroke volume that cannot increase to compensate for lower HR
central line
large IV catheter placed in central vein
internal jugular (neck)
subclavian (inferior to clavicle)
contractility
how forcefully the heat pumps
directly proportional to SV
congestive heart failure
(CHF)
a condition where the patient has decreased cardiac contractility
heart is not able to pump as a normal amount of blood with each contraction
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
usually oxygenated
deoxygenated arteries
pulmonary
umbilical
veins
carry blood toward the heart
usually deoxygenated
oxygenated veins
pulmonary
umbilical
laryngospasm
closed vocal cords
most likely to happen if cords are stimulate/irritated during stage II anesthesia
capacity
sum of one or more volumest
tidal volume
(Vt)
volume of one normal breath
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
(IRV)
maximal inspiratory volume
(extra in)
Expiratory Reserve Volume
(ERV)
maximal expiratory volume
vital capacity
(VC)
maximal inspiration
+
maximal expiration
maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation
residual volume
(RV)
amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration
prevents alveoli from collapsing completely during exhalation
(PEEP)
functional residual capacity
(FRC)
expiratory reserve volume
+
residual volume
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation
total lung capacity
(TLC)
all of lung volumes combined
minute ventilation
volume of breathing that occurs over a 1 min period
amount of air that enters the lungs per minute
RR x Vt
normal respiratory rates
vent pt: 8-12 bpm
regular pt: 12-20 bpm
pain will increase RR rate
obstructive sleep apnea
(OSA)
occurs when there is a partial or complete airway obstruction during sleep
tissues of upper airway lose tone and fall against the poterior pharynx, causing obstruction
more common in obese patients
vagal response
sudden onset bradycardia and/or hypotension
(decrease HR and/or decrease BP)
common causes of vagal responses
needle sticks
sight of blood
abdominal insufflation w/CO2 (Lap surgery)
vagal response treatment
atropine or Robinul to block acetylcholine surger
negative pressure ventilation
spontaneous ventilation
normal breathing
when diaphragm contracts, intrathoracic pressure becomes (-)
positive pressure ventilation
mechanical/control vent
diaphragm is forced open with positive pressure
used anytime a pt is no longer breathing on their own
volatile agents
anesthetic gases (vapors)
Sevo: yello
Iso: purple
Des: blue
basic metabolic panel (BMP)
electrolyte panel
chem 7
Na+
K+
Cl-
CO2
BUN
Creatinine (Cr)
glucose (Glu)
Hemoglobin & Hematocrit
(H&H)
white blood cells count
platelet concentration
Hb
Hct
Na+ normal lab values
135-145 mg/dL
K+ normal lab values
3.5-5.5 mg/dL
Cl- normal lab values
96-106 mEq/L
CO2 normal lab values
24-30 mEq/L
BUN normal values
7-20 mg/dL
Cr normal values
0.6-1.3 mg/dL
Glu normal values
60-100 mg/dL
WBC normal values
4.5-11.0 x109/L
Hemoglobin normal value (Female)
11.5-15 mg/dL
Hemoglobin normal value (male)
13-16 mg/dL
hematocrit normal value (female)
39%
hematocrit normal value (male)
45%
platelets normal value
150,000-450,000/microL
