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Clinical Pathology > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

What parasite is this?

A

mycoplasma haemofelis

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2
Q

What parasite is this?

A

Cytauxzoon felis

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3
Q

What parasite is this?

A

BABESIA!

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4
Q

What inclusion is this?

A

Distemper inclusions

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5
Q

I have a dog who comes into the clinic with blood that looks like the picture below: what is the likely cause of these findings?

A

macroagglutination

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6
Q

blood smear result indicates what after a saline test:

A

microagglutination

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7
Q

what are the lab signs of immune-mediated hemolysis?

A
  • regenerative anemia
  • macro/microagglutination
  • spherocytes
  • RBC ghosts
  • pigmentnemia/uria
  • neutrophilia
  • variable platelets
  • abnormal liver enzymes
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8
Q

What are the differentials for acquired hemolysis?

A
  1. immune-mediated
  2. infectious
  3. fragmentation (DIC, Heartworm)
  4. Toxic chemicals/plants
  5. osmotic
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9
Q

What are the differentials for congenital hemolysis?

A
  1. glycolytic defects
  2. membrane defects
  3. Hb-opathies
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10
Q

What are the differentials for primary IMHA?

A

idopathic auto-immune HA

neonatal isoerythrolysis

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11
Q

What are the differentials for secondary IMHA?

A

infectious dz (RBC parasites, tick borne, viral infection, bacterial infections elsewhere in body)

chemical (drug, toxin, vaccine)

neoplasia

other concurrent immune-mediated dz

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12
Q

Why would we perform a Coomb’s test? Does it distinguish between primary and secondayr IMHA?

A

when hemolysis is present and it is suspected to be caused by autoimmune dz but there is NO AUTOAGGLUTINATION

No distinction betw/ primary & secondayr IMHA

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13
Q

What are the three targets in RBC for oxidation?

A

Globin-Heinz bodies

membrane- eccentrocytes

Iron- methemoglobin

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14
Q

What are te humoral factors that support RBC production?

A
  1. EPO from kidney
  2. Iron from liver
    1. Endocrine hormones : pituitary gland, thyroid gland, glucocorticoids, androgens
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

How can you differentiate from acute and chronic renal disease?

A

chronic- anemia develops from inadequate EPO

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17
Q

What are the differentials for extramarrow non-regenerative anemia?

A

chronic renal dz

chronic inflammation/infection

chronic liver disease

cancer outside of the bone marrow

endocrine disorder

18
Q

With chronic liver disease that leads to anemia from the abnormal protein and lipid synthesis and decreased iron-transport protein synthesis, what classification of anemia do we see?

A

mild-moderate normocytic, normochromic, non-regenerative anemia

acenthocytes may be observed

possible low MCV & low MCHC

19
Q

What are the two most common causes of anemia from an endocrine deficiency?

A

hypothyroidism (dogs)

hypoadrenocorticism (dogs) aka Addison’s dz

20
Q

In anemia caused by iron deficiency from nutritional deficiency, what vitamins/minerals are important for both heme synthesis and nuclear maturation?

A

Heme- copper (Fe metabolism), molybdenum (need for Cu metabolism), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Nuclear maturation- vitamin B9 (folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamin), cobalt (required to make B12)

21
Q

In what breed of dog are macrocytic RBC normal?

A

poodle

22
Q

hemoptysis

A

cough up blood

23
Q

With Iron deficiency anemia, why is there a shift from normochromic RBC to hypochromic RBC as the Fe deficiency gets worse?

A

the RBC undergo more mitosis (become microcytic) to evenly distribute the Hb which results in normochromic cells. Eventually all Fe depleted and Hb deficiency develops which leads to hypochromic RBC.

24
Q

What are the storage and transport forms of Iron?

A

storage- ferritin

transport- transferrin

25
Q

What is the term for the areas where macrophages containing iron are encircled by RBC to get Iron?

A

erythroblastic islands

26
Q

plasma ferritin correlates with what?

A

total body iron

27
Q

What are the differentials for primary IMHA?

A

idiopathic auto-immune HA

neonatal isoerythrolysis

28
Q

What are the differentials for secondary IMHA?

A

infectious dz (RBC parasites, tick-born, viral, bacterial)

Chemical (drug, vaccine, toxin)

neoplasia

concurrent immune mediated dz (systemic lupus erythematosus, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia)

29
Q

How could you tell that an animal has non-regen anemia from chronic liver dz?

A

possible microcytic and hypochromic anemia

acanthocytes may be seen

mainly through serum/biochem changes in liver

30
Q

What type of anemia would you see with FeLV?

A

macrocytic non-regenerative from abnormal nuclear maturation

31
Q

chronic ion-deifiency anemia is classified by what type of anemia?

A

microcytic, hypochromic (may be normochromic) anemia

32
Q

Total iron binding capacity measures what?

A

transferrin

33
Q

plasma ferritin correlates to what?

A

total iron body stores

34
Q

Since schistocytes and keratocytes can be seen with Fe-def anemia due to RBC fragility, how can it be differentiated from other forms of fragmentation hemolysis?

A

thrombocytosis

microcytic, hypochromic

35
Q

What type of anemia does lead tox cause? What is the most common lab finding that indcates lead tox?

A

no anemi or normochromic, normocytic (look non-regen)

abberant metarubricytosis w/o polychromasia

36
Q

A patient has diarrhea and a fever. On blood work, you see a high PCV and TP, along with high electrolytes and urine SG. What is likely going on?

A

hemoconcentration

37
Q

IF a horse in pain comes into the clinic with a high PCV and normal TP, what is the likely cause?

A

transient erythrocytosis from splenic cx (epinephrine induced)

38
Q

What are the three classifications of erythrocytosis for cause? Describe the subcategories.

A

relative

transient

absolute (primary-outside EPO control, seconday- EPO production issue)

39
Q

What are the two types of absolute secondary erythrocytosis?

A

hypoxemic and non-hypoxemic

40
Q

What type of dog normally has a high PCV?

A

sight hounds PCV= 50-60

Clinical Pathology (6 decks)

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