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anemia 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

anemia first described by ____ from an autopsy of young pregnant woman

A

paul ehrlich 1888

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2
Q

___ first described by paul ehrlich from an autopsy of young pregnant woman

A

anemia

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3
Q

unusual hematologic disease is either, ____ in etiology

A

congenital or acquired

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4
Q

characterized by reduced growth or production of blood cell

A

aplastic anemia

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5
Q

caused by damage or destruction of hemopoietic tissue of the bone marrow that results in deficient production of blood cells

A

aplastic anemia

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6
Q

if all cell lines (erythrocytic, leukocytic, thrombocytic) are affected, the disorder is referred as

A

pancytopenia

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7
Q

is made when at least two of the peripheral blood values fall below critical level

A

aplastic anemia

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8
Q

red blood cells usually are

A

normochromic and normocytic

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9
Q

iatrogenic agents

A

benzene
drugs
infection

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10
Q

burning gasoline aerosolize many pollutants, one of which is

A

benzene

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11
Q

can metabolized in the liver to a series of ___ and ___

A

benzene
phenolic and open ring structure

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12
Q

can inhibit maturation and amplification of bone marrow stem and blast cells

A

hydroquinones

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13
Q

led the list of antibiotics that produced cases of aplastic anemia if not prescribed properly

A

antibiotic chloramphenicol

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14
Q

other drugs that can produce aplastic anemia depending on dosage and duration

A

tetracyclines, organic arsenicals, phenylbutazone

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15
Q

causing aplastic crisis in patients with hemolytic anemia or in an immunocompromised host

A

B19 human parvovirus

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16
Q

characterized by total bone marrow failure with a reduction in circulating levels of red blond cells, white blood cells, and platelets

A

acquired aplastic anemia

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17
Q

___ occurs in approximately 4% of patients

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)

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18
Q

____ occur at a cumulative incidence rate of approximately 16% 10 years after treatment

A

myelodysplasia (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

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19
Q

myelodysplasia (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) occur at a cumulative incidence rate of approximately ____ after treatment

A

16% 10 years

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20
Q

IBMFS INCLUDE

A

fanconi anemia
congenital megakaryocytic thrombocytopenia
diamond-blackfan anemia

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21
Q

congenital red blood cell related disorder

A

inherited bone marrow failure syndrome

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22
Q

immune suppression of erythropoiesis

A

pure red cell aplasia

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23
Q

in pure red cell aplasia, erythroid precursors are __ from the bone marrow

A

absent

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24
Q

the level of serum erythropoietin in pure red cell aplasia is usually

A

increased

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25
other causes of red cell aplasia
malnutrition and neoplasia
26
tumor of thymus gland
thymoma
27
frequent findings under red cell aplasia
thymoma
28
first reported in 1936, is one of a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by proapoptatic hematopoiesis, bone marrow failure, low stature, birth defects, and cancer predisposition known as the ___
inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (BMS)
29
IBMS is categorized by ___ as ___
diamond and blackfan as congenital hypoplastic anemia
30
other names for diamond-blackfan anemia
blackfan-diamond syndrome congenital pure red aplasia congenital hypoplastic anemia
31
the first ribosomal gene implicated in human disease and most frequently mutated gene in diamond-blackfan anemia with total of __ mutuations described
RPS19 77 mutations
32
diamond-blackfan is usually __
normochromic and slightly macrocytic
33
best described as congenital form of aplastic anemia
fanconi anemia
34
inherited through an autosomal recessive mode with the exception of the FA-b subtype which is X-linked
fanconi anemia
35
twice as common in males as in females and can be confused with pure red cell aplasia and thrombocytopenia-absent radus syndrome
fanconi anemia
36
found out to have skin hyperpigmentation and low birth weight, most likely to have
fanconi anemia
37
occurs in previously healthy children, usually younger than 8 years of age, with most cases occurring between the ages of I and 3 years
transient erythroblastopenia of childhood
38
transient erythroblastopenia of childhood occurs in previously healthy children, usually ___, with most cases occurring between the ages of___
younger than 8 years of age I and 3 years
39
The pathogenesis appears to involve humoral inhibition of erythropoiesis or decreased stem cells in many of the patients who have been studied, but parvovirus is not a cause.
transient erythroblastopenia of childhood
40
The bone marrow generally is ___and shows virtual absence at ervthrold precursors, except for a few early forms.
normocellular transient erythroblastopenia of childhood
41
demonstrates a mildly macrocytic anemia with prominent anisocytosis and poikilocytosis
type 1 congenital dyserythropoietic anemia
42
o apparent at birth and is not a threat to life
type 1 congenital dyserythropoietic anemia
43
the most common type of CDA
type 2
44
patients have a positive acidified serum test
type 2
45
they react strongly with both anti-i and anti-I.
type 2
46
similar to type 1
type 3
47
patients frequently demonstrate giant multinucleated erythroblasts
type 3
48
Megaloblastic changes are not prominent, and the red cells are not susceptible to lysis by acidified normal serum.
type 3
49
similar to type 2 but differs, in part, because of the lack of serological abnormalities.
Type 4
50
____ the patient will have a decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit (Het or packed cell volume), and red cell count with decreased leukocyte and platelet counts.
If all cell lines are involved
51
If all cell lines are involved patient will have
the patient will have a decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit (Het or packed cell volume), and red cell count with decreased leukocyte and platelet counts.
52
___ only the hemoglobin. Hct, and red cell count will be affected.
If only the red cell line is affected,
53
If only the red cell line is affected, the only affected are
only the hemoglobin. Hct, and red cell count will be affected.
54
an essential element in synthesis of hemoglobin
iron
55
common form of anemia
iron deficiency
56
humans have __ of iron per kilogram of body weight
35 to 50 mg
57
the average adult has __ of total iron
3.5 to 5.0 g
58
normal iron loss is very small amounting to
less than 1 mg/day
59
____consists of iron used for oxygen binding and biochemical reactions.
Operational iron
60
most operational iron is found in the ___
heme portion of hemoglobin or myoglobin.
61
___ is in the form of iron salts and is referred to as nonheme iron.
90% of iron from food
62
90% of iron from food is in the form of iron salts and is referred to as ___
nonheme iron.
63
90% of iron from food is in the form of ___ and is referred to as nonheme iron.
iron salts
64
___ is in the form of heme iron which is derived primarily from the hemoglabin and myoglobin of meat
10% of dietary iron
65
10% of dietary iron is in the form of heme iron which is derived primarily from the___
hemoglobin and myoglobin of meat
66
10% of dietary iron is in the form of ____ which is derived primarily from the hemoglobin and myoglobin of meat
heme iron
67
____. A deficiency of this type results when not enough iron is consumed to meet the normal, daily required amount of iron (e.g. fad diets and an imbalanced vegetarian diet).
Decreased iron intake
68
an increased demand for iron that is not met
increased iron utilization
69
physiological due to heavy menstruation or pregnancy
excessive loss of iron
70
caused by achlorhydria in certain disorder or ff. gastric resection or chronic diarrhea
faulty or incomplete iron absorption
71
faulty or incomplete iron absorption can caused
achlorhydria chronic dirrhea
72
evaluation of abnormal occult bleeding, especially gastrointestinal bleeding is needed
pathological iron loss in adult males and postmenopausal females with iron deficiency
73
deficiency of plasma iron transporting protein is called
transferrin
74
does not develop rapidly in most cases
pathophysiology IDA
75
3 phases of IDA
stage 1 prelatent stage 2 latent stage 3 anemia
76
decrease in storage iron
stage 1 pre latent
77
decrease in iron available for erythropoiesis
stage 2 latent
78
decrease in circulating red blood cells parameters and decrease oxygen delivery to peripheral tissue
stage 3 anemia
79
signs and symptoms of IDA
paleness, fatigue, weakness
80
serious medical condition where the optic nerve at the back of the eye becomes swollen which can lead to visual loss if left untreated.
papilledema
81
in children that has IDA it is associated with __ and __ in the first 2 years of life
psychomotor and mental impairment
82
compulsive ingestion of nonutritive substances ___
pica (ice, wooden toothpicks, chalk and dirt)
83
full manifestation of anemia will exhibit both __ and __ red cell pattern
hypochromic and microcytic
84
reticulocyte count equal to or greater than __ demonstrates increased erythropoiesis
2.5%
85
is an effective early indicator of iron deficiency. This early alert is particularly important in infants and toddlers, who can suffer cognitive and psychomotor developmental problems as a result of inadequate iron in the synthesis of hemoglobin
reticulocyte hemoglobin content
86
currently accepted laboratory assay for diagnosing iron deficiency
serum ferritin
87
highly specific indicator of iron deficiency
ferritin value of 12 mg/l or less
88
provide differentiation of IDA from anemia of chronic inflammation disorders
soluble transferrin receptor
89
proposed lab test to identify iron deficiency in hospitalized and chronically ill patients
soluble transferrin receptor
90
second most prevalent anemia after IDA
anemia of chronic inflammation/disorder
91
a common complication in patients with disorders as diverse as inflammation, infection, malignancy, or various systemic diseases
anemia of chronic inflammation/disorder
92
mild hypoprolific anemia with a hematocrit usually fixed in the--___range
28% to 32%
93
, but in some cases (e.g, uremia). the hemoglobin may be as low as __
5 g/dL
94
serum iron levels and transferrin in clinical chem studies are
decreased
95
in clinical chem studies, total iron binding capacity and transferrin saturation levels are
decreased or normal

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