Anderson Nephro

Question 1

Afferent or Efferent arteriole:
Sensitive to Epinephrine
Sensitive to Angiotensin-2
Increases glomerular pressure under influence of above
Decreases glomerular pressure/filtration “”

Answer 1

Afferent
Efferent
Efferent
Afferent

Question 2

What CNS areas are responsible for osmolarity? For volume control? What are the responses?

Answer 2

Osmolarity: Hypothalamus - ADH release, increased thirst

Volume control: Baroreceptors and Macula Densa - sympathetic activation, renin released from JGA

Question 3

What percentage of Na is taken up in each part of the nephron and what is the transporter?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Thick ascending loop
Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 3

2/3 - via co-transport w/ Glucose, AA, and PO4 also countertransport exchanging H+/Na+
25% - via Na-K-Cl cotransport
8% - via Na-Cl cotransport

Question 4

What percentage of Kd is taken up in each part of the nephron and what is the transporter?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Thick ascending loop
Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 4

67% - cotransport with Na and H2O
20% - cotranposrt with Na + K 2Cl-
Resorbed or secreted with dietary intake

Question 5

Name the diuretic that affects each segment of the nephron: 
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

Answer 5

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Loop diuretics
Thiazide diuretics
Hormonal control (ADH)

Question 6

T/F: High Na/Cl is sensed by the macula densa and JGA releases renin (converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I).

Answer 6

F: Low concentrations of Na/Cl

Question 7

Where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II? What is the enzyme?

Answer 7

Lung - ACE

Question 8

What are the two organs affected by angiotensin II? What is the response?

Answer 8

Efferent arteriole - constriction, increase GFR
Adrenal gland (zona glomer.) - release ADH - increased absorption of Na and secretion of K at the distal tubule

Question 9

What is the alpha-keto acid of the following AA? What enzyme makes the conversion?
Alanine
Glutamate
Aspartate

Answer 9

pyruvate
alphaketoglutarate
oxaloacetate

AST between apartate and oxaloacetate (with glutamate/alphaketoglutarate)
ALT between alanine and pyruvate (with glutamate/alphaketoglutarate)

Question 10

Where does the urea cycle occur? What part of the cycle occurs in the mitochondria? In the cytosol?

Answer 10

Liver
Mito: NH4 + CO2 to Carbamoyl phosphatase (CP synthase)
Carbamoyl phosphatase to L-Citrulline (ornithine transcarbamoylase)

Cytosol: series of transaminations resulting in L-arginine going to urea + L-ornithine (arginase)

Question 11

What co-factors are required in the urea cycle? By which enzyme?

Answer 11

Carbamoyl phosphatase synthase - 2 Mg, ATP

Arginosuccinate acid synthetase - 1 Mg, ATP, L-Aspartate

Question 12

What is the key purpose of glutamine in nitrogen excretion in the kidney?

Answer 12

It has multiple Nitrogen binding sites and can carry NH3 to the kidney where it is filtered and then finds H+ in the urine to become NH4 and excreted.

Question 13

Name the pathology:
RBC casts, 1-2wks post-sore throat
IgA response to bacteria, viruses, or foods, cause glomerular injury
Purpuric skin lesion associated with above nephropathy
Auto-Ab to basement membrane, die of lung and kidney hemorrhage

Answer 13

Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
IgA Nephropathy/Berger’s Disease
Henoch-Schonlien Purpura
Goodpasture’s Syndrome

Question 14

Name the pathology:
Severe proteinuria, severe edema, hypoalbuminemia
Infection affecting the tubules or interstitium
Dilation of renal pelvis and calyces due to obstruction

Answer 14

Nephropathy
Pyelonephritis
Hydronephrosis

Question 15

What percentage or urinary stones are radiopaque?

Answer 15

~75%

Question 16

What is a major sign of possible malignancy in the kidney?

Answer 16

Painless hematuria

Question 17

The capillary to the loop of Henle come from the (efferent/afferent) arteriole.

Answer 17

Efferent