Anderson Intro 1 Flashcards
Which sugars make maltose? What is the bond?
Glucose + glucose. alpha1-4
Which sugars make lactose? What is the bond?
Galactose + glucose. beta1-4
What sugars make sucrose? What is the bond?
Glucose + fructose. alpha1-beta2
What is the only beta linkage human (babies) can break down?
Lactose - lactase specific
What sugars make up glycogen? What is the bond
Multiple glucoses. Chains are alpha1-4, and branching are alpha1-6.
Define glycogen.
Storage form of glucose in animals. Highly branched (more than amylopectin)
Define inulin
Tuber starch. Hydrolyzed fructose. Easily soluble in warm water.
Define cellulose
Plant starch/insoluble fiber. beta1-4.
Monosaccharide absorption
Glucose and Galactose - Na+ cotransporter
Fructose - facilitated diffusion
How much ATP does one sugar molecule produce?
36-38 ATP
B2 name and role in TCA
Riboflavin, FAD
B1 name and role in TCA
Thiamine, active form - thiamin diphosphate (alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase)
B3 name and role in TCA
Niacin, NAD
B5 name and role in TCA
Pantothenic acid, co-enzyme A
Where in the Kreb cycle is most of the ATP created?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
In oxidative phosphorylation, which membrane (inner/outer) is most active?
Inner!
What is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase (requires 1 ATP)
Induction (first step) enzymes for glycolysis and where they are found?
Hexokinase - all tissues, muscles
Glucokinase - liver/pancreas
Aerobic glycolysis ends in…
Pyruvate (Net 2 ATP)
Anaerobic glycolysis ends in…
Lactate (Net 2 ATP, no more produced)
What stimulates/inhibits glycolysis?
Insulin - stimulates
ATP - inhibits
What inhibits PFK?
ATP and citrate
What converts phospheno-pyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate?
Pyruvate kinase (creates 2 ATP)
What converts pyruvate to acetyl-coA?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (final step to TCA)