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Ancient Middle East Flashcards

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0
Q

Result of lack of barriers in Middle East?

A

The region became a crossroad where people and ideas met and mingled

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1
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

A region of the Middle East named for its rich soils and golden wheat fields

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2
Q

What does Mesopotamia mean?

A

Land between two rivers

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3
Q

What two rivers flowed through Mesopotamia?

A

Tigris and Euphrates

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4
Q

Where is Sumer

A

Southeast Mesopotamia

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5
Q

Key to major developments in Mesopotamia?

A

Control of the two rivers

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6
Q

What event relating to the two rivers was in the epic of Gilgamesh?

A

The great flood

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7
Q

Two early cities if the Sumerians

A

Ur and Uruk

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8
Q

What was the primary building material used by the Sumerians?

A

Clay and water

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9
Q

What great invention may be attributed to the Sumerians?

A

The wheel

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10
Q

What two far away places did Sumer trade?

A

Egypt and India

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11
Q

How many separate city states made up the Sumerian civilization?

A

12

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12
Q

Who became the most important people in Sumer and what did this eventually evolve into?

A

War leaders

It evolved into hereditary rule

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13
Q

5 important things rulers of Sumerian city states were responsible for

A
  1. Maintaining city walls
  2. Leading armies into war
  3. Enforcing the laws
  4. Employing scribes to carry out functions like collecting taxes and keeping records
  5. Maintaining irrigation systems
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14
Q

Hierarchy

A

System of ranking groups such as highest and small middle classes

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15
Q

Who made up the highest class in sumeria?

A

The ruling family, leading officials, and high priests

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16
Q

What did the majority of people in sumeria do?

A

Most people were peasant farmers

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17
Q

In what two ways did most slaves become slaves?

A

Most had been captured in war, but some sold themselves into slavery to pay their debts

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18
Q

Status of women in Mesopotamian society?

A

Women held a higher social standing, but never held legal rights equal to those of men

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19
Q

In what one area could woken be powerful and influential?

A

High in religious aspects

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20
Q

What general form of religious worship did Sumerians practice?

A

Polytheism. These gods were thought to control every aspect of life

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21
Q

What was the highest duty of people of Sumer?

A

To keep the gods happy

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22
Q

Ziggurat

A

A large, stepped platform thought to have been topped by a temple dedicated to the city’s chief god or goddess

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23
Q

Sumerian view of afterlife

A

All people lived in a grim underworld from which there was no release

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24
Q

Cuneiform

A

The earliest known form of writing. Consisted of wedge shaped marks on clay tablets

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25
Q

Approximately when was Sumerian civilization replaced by other civilizations?

A

Approx 1900 BC

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26
Q

Through what two major civilizations were many Sumerian advances passed on to the western world?

A

Greeks and Romans

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27
Q

Why did Gilgamesh pick the plant?

A

It will grant him immortality

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28
Q

Characteristic of snake after eating plant?

A

Sheds skin

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29
Q

What other story did a snake take paradise away from a human?

A

Adam and Eve

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30
Q

Some simply raised the Middle East, what did others do?

A

Stayed to rule

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31
Q

Who is Sargon and what city did eh rule?

A

Ruler of Akkad. Also conquered many city states

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32
Q

What great achievement was Sargon known for?

A

Building the first empire

33
Q

What happened after the death of Sargon?

A

Other invaders swept into the valley, tumbling his empire to ruin

34
Q

Who was Hammurabi and what city did he rule?

A

King of Babylon who brought much of Mesopotamia under his empire.

35
Q

What is Hanmurabi’s code, where was it posted, and how many laws were there?

A

It was a set of 282 laws carved in a stele for all to see

36
Q

Codify?

A

To arrange or set down in writing

37
Q

Civil war?

A

The branch of law that deals with private right and matters

38
Q

What did it say about women and property?

A

Women could own property and pass it on to her children

39
Q

What did it say about trouble within marriage?

A

If a woman were found blameless for the troubles, then she could leave the marriage, but if she were found guilty then she could be thrown in a river

40
Q

The main god of the Hittites was…

A

Puduhepa, the weather god

41
Q

An ancient religious structure of Sumeria is a…

A

ziggurat

42
Q

Sumerians and Babylonians believed that you went here after death

A

a dark, dusty hole in the ground

43
Q

Name the primary activity of the Phoenicians.

A

Trading

44
Q

This word means “wedge-shaped writing”

A

cuneiform

45
Q

Phoenicians helped make the world more democratic by

A

simplifying language

46
Q

Cyrus was the first great

A

persian emperor

47
Q

This city was an important Phoenician establishment:

A

Carthage

48
Q

Who is said to have led the Hebrews out of Egypt?

A

Moses

49
Q

What was the capital of the Kingdom of Israel?

A

Jerusalem

50
Q

What is the name of the part of the Bible in which the early history of the Hebrews was written?

A

Old Testament

51
Q

The Hittite leader Mursilis I is best known for

A

Sacking Babylon

52
Q

This consort of Innana helps to explain winter

A

Dumuzi

53
Q

On which Mediterranean coast were the Phoenician city-states located?

A

Eastern

54
Q

Assurbanipal is best-known for

A

his library

55
Q

Which Hebrew General defeated the Philistines?

A

David

56
Q

Farming in the Hittite Empire was made possible by

A

fertile volcanic ash deposited onto the plateau

57
Q

Name the road used by Persians to control their vast empire.

A

The Great Royal Road

58
Q

The Persian Empire is most known for

A

allowing self government in provinces

59
Q

The leader of Ancient Babylonia that built the Hanging Gardens.

A

King Nebuchadnezzar

60
Q

He is the evil spirt of Zoroastrianism

A

Ahriman

61
Q

These people’s script replaced cuneiform.

A

Pheonecian

62
Q

How many cuneiform tablets, making up the huge library created by the Hittites, were found?

A

22,000

63
Q

The Assyrians were most known for their expertise in

A

siege warfare

64
Q

Name of the city where a vast cuneiform library was found.

A

Nineveh

65
Q

The Hittite’s primary military structure was

A

a system of horses, chariot warriors, and mercenaries

66
Q

The second of two major leaders of Persia that divided the vast Persian empire into provinces.

A

Darius

67
Q

What important item helped us to decipher cuneiform writing in 1915?

A

The Behistun Inscription

68
Q

Which of the following was the Sumerian god of water?

A

Enki

69
Q

What innovations allowed the Hittites to dominate neighboring peoples?

A

Spoked wheels and iron

70
Q

What is a covenant?

A

a binding agreement

71
Q 
Which of the following was not a Sumerian god or goddess? 
Enlil
Innana
Shamash
Anu
A

Shamash

72
Q

If you choose to join him, you can live forever in paradise

A

Ahura Mazda

73
Q

He is the evil spirt of Zoroastrianism

A

Ahriman

74
Q

Who developed a new system of numbers which made it far easier to record various transactions and measurements.

A

Babylonians

75
Q

How did King Solomon create great resentment among his people?

A

taxed them

76
Q

The name of provinces used to divide up the vast Persian empire.

A

Satrapies

77
Q

Sargon II was a

A

Assyrian leader

78
Q

Who seized Judah and sent Hebrew slaves to Babylon?

A

Nebuchadnezzer

79
Q

The Persian Empire is most known for

A

allowing self government in provinces

History (5 decks)

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