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Ancient Greece Flashcards

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0
Q

What was the primary activity of the Minoans and what two major cultures influenced their ideas?

A

Trade

Egypt and Mesopotamia

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1
Q

After what legendary king did the British archaeologist sir Arthur Evans name the culture he found on Crete?

A

Minos, The legendary king of Crete

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2
Q

Where is the massive palatial capital of Minoan culture?

A

Knossos

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3
Q

Shrines:

A

Areas dedicated to the honor if gods or goddesses

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4
Q

Frescoes

A

Watercolor paintings done on wet plaster

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5
Q

Five things learned from Minoan frescoes

A
  1. Importance of sea to Minoan people
  2. Minoans worshipped the bull
  3. Mother goddess also worshipped
  4. Women appear freely in public
  5. Women most likely had more rights than women in other ancient civilizations
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6
Q

4 potential causes of the fall of Minoan civilization

A
  1. Volcanic eruption on nearby island
  2. Earthquake destroying palace
  3. Immersive wave drowning inhabitants
  4. Invaders
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7
Q

Who replaced the Minoans and left is with a written record we can decipher?

A

Mycenaeans

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8
Q

What type of language did the Mycenaean people speak?

A

Indo-European language

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9
Q

What did Mycenaean kings build on the mainland and how did they rule?

A

Thick walked fortresses from which they ruled surrounding villages

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10
Q

What two groups fought against each other in the Trojan war, where was Troy likely located and who is said to have won?

A

The Mycenaeans (Greeks) and Trojans

Modern day Turkey

The Greeks won

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11
Q

Straits

A

Narrow water passages

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12
Q

Who excavated Turkey and may have found the location of Troy?

A

Heinrich Schliemann

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13
Q

Who invaded from the north causing a “dark age” and forced many Mycenaeans to flee?

A

The Dorians

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14
Q

Blind poet to whom the Iliad and odyssey are attributed to?

A

Homer

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15
Q

Who is Achilles and what does he struggle with on the Iliad?

A

The mightiest Greek warrior

He was unfairly treated and insulted by his commander

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16
Q

Who is Odysseus and what is his primary challenge in the Odyssey?

A

Greek hero and king of Ithaca

He runs into any obstacles in his way home- sea monster, race of cyclops, sorceress who turns him into swine, etc

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17
Q

What there major values do the Iliad and the Odyssey advocate for Greeks?

A

Heroes display…

  1. Honor
  2. Courage
  3. Eloquence
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18
Q

What would Greek civilization eventually accomplish after its emergence from the Dorian invasion?

A

Greek civilization would both dominate the region and extend the influence of Greek culture over most of the western world.

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19
Q

Polis

A

City state

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20
Q

Describe he geographical and political organizational differences between Greek and Egyptian/Persian civilizations.

A

E/P- rose in fertile river valleys w/organized irrigation works

G- city-states, rugged + rocky terrain, many islands

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21
Q

What was caused by the existence of many fiercely independent city states of Greece?

A

Rivalry (leading to war)

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22
Q

What divided Greeks from one another?

What connected Greece to the world outside?

A

Mountains

Seas

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23
Q

Itema that Greeks traded or traded for throughout the Mediterranean

A

Traded- olive oil, wine, marble

Received- grains, metals, ideas

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24
Q

What extremely important thing did the Greeks adopt from the Phoenicians?

A

Alphabet

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25
Q

What did population growth force many Greeks to do and what was the impact of this?

A

Leave their one overcrowded valleys

Scattering of Greek civilization—> trade, ideas, culture

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26
Q

Acropolis

A

High city

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27
Q

Citizens

A

Free residents

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28
Q

Lifestyle of most Greek men

A

Spent time outdoors in the marketplace, debating issues

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29
Q

Who held all political power on Greece?

A

Male landowners

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30
Q

Monarchy

A

Government in which a hereditary ruler exercises central power

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31
Q

Aristocracy

A

Rule by hereditary land elite

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32
Q

Oligarchy

A

Power on he hands of small, wealthy elite

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33
Q

What replaced bronze in weaponry and armor around 6500 Bc in Greece?

A

Iron

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34
Q

Phalanx

A

Massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers

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35
Q

How did the phalanx style of fighting help reduce class differences?

A

It put the defense of the city state in the hands of ordinary citizens

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36
Q

Who originally settled and built the city state of Sparta?

A

Dorians

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37
Q

Helots

A

State owned slaves

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38
Q

What did the fact that the vast majority of the people living on Sparta-controlled lands were helots mean in regard to the way Sparta organized itself?

A

Spartans outnumbered—> burial system of strict control

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39
Q

Who advised Spartans two kings?

A

A council of elders

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40
Q

What qualifications were there to be a citizen of Sparta and how were they organized?

A

Male, native-born

Spartans over age 30

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41
Q

What is an ephor and what was their job?

A

Officials who ran day-to-day affairs

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42
Q

What did Sparta do it’s weakly infants?

A

Abandon them to die

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43
Q

What age did Spartan boys enter military barracks?

A

7

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44
Q

Describe life in agoge for spartan boys

A

Coarse diet
Hard exercise
Rigid discipline

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45
Q

What age could a spartan man marry?

A

20

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46
Q

Activities and rights of Spartan women

A

Exercise +strengthen body to prepare for childbirth

Obey father+ husband

Right to inherit property

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47
Q

Describe how Spartans viewed trade, travel, and new ideas

A

Looked down on trade
Forbade travel
No use for new ideas

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48
Q

What group held power in Athens by 700 BC?

A

Landowners

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49
Q

What groups gradually grew discontented with the aristocracy in Athens?

A

Merchants, soldiers, foreign artisans a, farmers

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50
Q

Democracy

A

Government by the people

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51
Q

Reforms of Solon

A

Outlawed debt slavery and freed those sold into slavery due to debt

Opened high offices to more citizens

Granted citizenship to done foreigners

Gave Athenian assembly more say in important decisions

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52
Q

Tyrants

A

People who gained power by force

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53
Q

Reforms of Pisistratus

A

Gave farmers loans and land taken from nobles

Building projects–> jobs for poor

Gave poor citizens greater voice- weakening aristocracy

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54
Q

Reforms of Cleisthenes

A

Broadened role of ordinary citizens in government

Set up council of 500 members chosen from all citizens ages 30+

Council prepared laws considered by assembly and supervised day-to-day work of government

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55
Q

Legislature

A

Lawmaking body

56
Q

In what ways was the democracy in Athens very limited?

A

Only citizens could participate in government (citizens only landowning men)

57
Q

How were women viewed by men in Athens? What area of public life could they excruciating a significant role?

A

Women must be guided by men

Religion

58
Q

Six areas of learning explored by young Athenian men who could afford it

A 
Reading
Writing
Music
Poetry
Public speaking
Military training
59
Q

What factors helped unite Greek city states despite their tendency to attack and kill one another?

A 
Language
Culture
Ancient heroes
Festivals
Same gods
60
Q

Four Ancient Greek gods and descriptions

A

Zeus- ruler of humans and gods
Ares- god of war
Aphrodite- goddess of love
Athena- goddess of wisdom

61
Q

Greek word for foreigners?

A

Barbaroi

62
Q

How did the Ionian geek city states of Asia Minor feel about Persian rule despite having a largely self governing situation?

A

They rebelled against Persian rule

63
Q

What did Athens so to help the Ionian Greek city states?

A

Sent ships

64
Q

Where did punitive Persian force land against Athens and what was the result of this battle?

A

Marathon- plain north of Athens

The Persians retreated to their ships and Athenians celebrated

65
Q

Who encourages the Athenians to build a fleet of warships on preparation for battle with the Persians?

A

Themistocles

66
Q

Who sent a much larger force to Greece to crush the Athenians later in 480 BC?

A

Ceres

67
Q

Who defended the narrow opening at Thermopylae and what was the result of this battle?

A

Leomidas (warrior king) and small spartan force

Spartans are deafeated

68
Q

What did the Persians do to Athens

A

Burn it down

69
Q

What happened to the Persian fleet at Salamis and who watched it by the shoreline?

A

Athenian warships drove into Persian boats with underwater battering rams

Ceres

70
Q

How did the victory over Persia change how the Greeks viewed themselves?

A

It increased Greeks sense of own uniqueness

71
Q

Alliance

A

Formal agreement between 2+ nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defense

72
Q

Delian League? What was its original purpose?

A

Alliance between Athens and other city states

Defend against Persia

73
Q

How did Athens use the Delian league?

A

Used its position of leadership to create an Athenian empire

Used money from allies to rebuild Athens

74
Q

What paradox to Athens come to represent with regard to the ideas of democracy and freedom?

A

It enforced it’s will abroad (use allies’ money and forced them to stay) but leaders were championing freedom at home

75
Q

Who led Athens during much of its Golden age?

A

Pericles

76
Q

Direct democracy

Explain how it differs from modern democracies

A

Citizens take part directly in day-to-day affairs of government

Modern- participate indirectly through elected representatives

77
Q

What reform did Pericles Institute which allowed a broader democracy?

A

Pericles believed all citizens, regardless of social class or wealth, should take part in government

78
Q

Stipend

A

Fixed salary

79
Q

Jury

A

Panel of citizens who have the authority to make final judgment in a trial

80
Q

Ostracism

A

Vote to banish a public figure who they saw as a threat to democracy

81
Q

How did the rebuilding of the Acropolis and other programs help Athens?

A

Athens became the cultural center of Greece

82
Q

What other Greek league rose up to counter the power of the Delian league and what power led it?

A

Peloponnesian league

Sparta

83
Q

How long did the Peloponnesian war last?

A

27 years

84
Q

What major problem caused the weakening and eventual loss of the Peloponnesian war by Athens?

A

Geographic disadvantage-
Sparta inland = powerful army
Athens cannot attack with navy

85
Q

What did Sparta do to Athens at the end of the peloponnesian war and what did they refused to do?

A

Stripped Athenians of their fleet and Empire

did not destroy Athens

86
Q

What were early Greek thinkers driven by?

A

The belief that events were caused by the whims of gods

87
Q

Philosophers

A

“Lovers of wisdom”

88
Q

Logic

A

Rational thinking

89
Q

What was most important to the sophists?

A

Success

90
Q

Rhetoric

A

The art of skillful thinking

91
Q

From whom do we learn about Socrates?

A

Plato

92
Q

Socratic method is a question and answer learning method.

Why was the seen as a threat to many Athenians?

A

It threatened accepted values and traditions- shows his doubt

93
Q

What was Socrates accused of and what happened to him?

A

Corrupting the youth and failing to respect the gods

Condemned to death

94
Q

How did Plato feel about democracy and what was the name of the school he founded?

A

He did not trust it

Academy

95
Q

What did Plato believed could be accomplished rational thoughts?

A

People could discover unchanging ethical values,
recognize perfect beauty,
and learn how to best organize a society

96
Q

What was the name of Plato’s book about government?

A

The Republic

97
Q

into what three classes did Plato divide society and who should rule this ideal society?

A

Workers to produce the necessities of life

soldiers to defend the state

philosophers to rule

98
Q

How did Plato view women?

A

Men surpassed women mentally and physically, but some women are superior to some men

99
Q

Who is Aristotle?

A

Plato’s most famous student

100
Q

Why was Aristotle suspicious of democracy and how does he think people should live?

A

He thought it could lead to mob rule

Good conduct meant pursuing the “Golden mean”, a moderate course between extremes

101
Q

What is the name and significance of the school set up by Aristotle?

A

Lyceum

When the first European universities evolved, their courses were based largely on the works and ideas Aristotle

102
Q

What is the goal of Greek architecture and explain the long-term significance of it.

name it’s most famous building

A

To convey a sense of perfect balance to reflect the harmony and order of the universe

Many public buildings throughout the modern day world have incorporated Greek architectural elements in their designs

Parthenon

103
Q

How did Greek sculptors try to depict gods and humans in their statues?

A

Early- rigid, lifeless- like Egyptian works

Later- lifelike- depicted in most perfect, graceful form

104
Q

What are the only surviving paintings by the Greeks we still have today?

A

Paintings on pottery

105
Q

Who were some great Greek poets and what subject matter did each concern themselves with?

A

Homer- stirring tales

Sappho- love and beauty of her island home

Pindar- celebrated victors on athletic contests

106
Q

What did Greek dramas evolve out of, to what god were dramas mostly devoted and on what were they usually based?

A

Religious festivals
Dionysus
Popular myths and legends

107
Q

Name three major Greek playwrights and a play written by each

A

Aeschylus- Oresteia
Sophocles- Antigone
Euripides- The Trojan Women

108
Q

Tragedies

A

Plays that told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster

109
Q

What was the main purpose of tragedies?

A

To stir up and then relieve feelings of pity and fear

110
Q

Comedies

A

Humorous plays that mocked people or customs

111
Q

Who is Aristophanes and what play did he write

A

The author of almost all surviving Greek comedies

Lysistrata

112
Q

Why is Herodotus known as the “Father of History”

A

He went beyond listing names of rulers or the retelling of ancient legends

113
Q

How did Thucydides improve on some of the contributions made to history given by Herodotus?

A

he wrote about the Peloponnesian war and, although he was Athenian, he tried to be fair to both sides

Showed the need to avoid bias

114
Q

How did the Greeks view Macedonia?

A

Backwards, half-civilized land

115
Q

Who did Philip II (king of Macedonia) hire to teach is son, Alexander the Great?

A

Aristotle

116
Q

What methods did Philip II use to gain territory and influence throughout Greece?

A

She built a powerful army and through threats, bribery, and diplomacy he formed allies with city states-others he conquered

117
Q

Assassination

A

The murder of a public figure

118
Q

What was the state of the Persian Empire under Darius III at the time of Alexander?

A

Weak/ bad shape

119
Q

How far did Alexander eventually march to the east and why did he stop and return?

A

Through Asia minor into Palastine and south to Egypt

To take Babylon

120
Q

To whom did Alexander say his empire should be given at his death?

A

“The strongest”

121
Q

How was Alexander’s empire divided after his death?

A

Macedonia and Greece
Egypt
Most of Persia

122
Q

What was Alexander’s most lasting achievement?

A

The spread of Greek culture

123
Q

Who settled in the cities founded by Alexander and his generals?

A

Greek soldiers, traders, artisans

124
Q

Assimilated

A

Absorbed

125
Q

What two things did Alexander do to encourage the blending of Eastern and Western cultures?

A

Married Persian woman and adopted many customs

Urged soldiers to follow his example

126
Q

What four major cultures did Hellenism blend together and what city was at the center of it?

A

Greek Persian Egyptian Indian

Alexandria

127
Q

How many people lived in Alexandria, Egypt and what were two of its major attractions?

A

Almost 1 million people

Markets w/wide range of goods- marble, spices, ivory

440ft tall lighthouse/ Pharos

128
Q

How did Hellenism change the rules of women?

A

Women can read and write–> philosophers, poets

129
Q

What’s new philosophy rose out of the political turmoil during the Hellenistic period?

A

Stoicism

130
Q

Who was the founder of stoicism and what did he urge followers to do?

A

Zeno

Avoid desires and disappointments by calmly accepting what life gives

131
Q

Pythagoras

A

Derived formula to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right triangle

132
Q

Euclid

A

Wrote The Elements, a textbook that became basis for modern geometry

133
Q

Aristarchus

A

Argued earth rotated on its axis and orbited the sun

134
Q

Eratosthenes

A

Showed that the earth was round and accurately calculated it’s circumference

135
Q

Archimedes

A

Applied principles of physics to make practical any inventions like the lever and pulley

136
Q

Hippocrates

A

Studied causes of illnesses and looked for cures

137
Q

What is the Hippocratic oath?

A

Set ethical standards for doctors

History (5 decks)

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