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Ancient Egypt Flashcards

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0
Q

Would Egyptians have probably had more contact with other civilizations in Asia or Africa?

A

Africa because their empire is surrounded by (and located in) Africa

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1
Q

What geographical features supported the development of advanced civilization? Explain.

A

The Nile was the source of water, and, since it flooded, the soil was provided with nutrients for crops to grow year-round

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2
Q

Was the geography more of a help or hindrance to Egypt’s expansion?

A

A hindrance- it is blocked off by cataracts, deserts, and seas.

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3
Q

What were the northernmost areas reached by the Egyptian traders?

A

Syria

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4
Q

How did the Hittite Empire compare in size to the Egyptian Empire?

A

The Hittite Empire was slightly smaller than the Egyptian Empire

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5
Q

What are the five major barriers protecting Egypt?

A

Cataracts, Libyan (western) desert, Nubian (eastern) desert, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea

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6
Q

How many cataracts were there?

A

Five

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7
Q

List the Egyptian social structure from highest to lowest

A 
Pharaoh
Nobles
Priests
Merchants/artisans/craftsmen
Peasants/farmers
Slaves
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8
Q

What two animals symbolize the pharaoh?

A

Falcon and bull

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9
Q

Pharaohs in smiting poses hold what weapon?

A

Mace

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10
Q

What two symbols formed Narmer’s name?

A

Catfish and chisel

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11
Q

What is the hierarchical proportion in Egyptian art?

A

The larger they are, the more important they are

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12
Q

What was the First Intermediate Period?

A

A dark age lasting for more than 200 years

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13
Q

Who carried the royal blood in ancient Egypt?

A

The women

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14
Q

How did a man become a pharaoh?

A

He had to marry a royal woman

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15
Q

How did Hatshepsut become pharaoh?

A

After her husband, Thutmose II, died, she claimed herself pharaoh

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16
Q

How long did Hatshepsut rule?

A

20 years

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17
Q

What male characteristics did Hatshepsut develop?

A

Dropped her titles only women can hold

Wore men’s clothing: shendyt kilt, nemes headdress with its uraeus, khat headcloth, false beard

Dropped female ending “-t” from her name (making her Hatshepsu

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18
Q

Hatshepsut planned an expedition to where?

A

Punt

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19
Q

What was brought back from the expedition to Punt?

A

Myrrh, frankincense, woods, sweet-smelling resin, ivory, etc

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20
Q

What modern day country could Punt be?

A

Somalia or Eritrea

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21
Q

How were Egyptians treated by the king and queen of Punt?

A

They were treated like gods by the king and queen

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22
Q

Who attempted to erase much of what was inscribed by Hatshepsut? Why?

A

Thutmose III because he thinks she took his rightful spot to be pharaoh and prolonged his wait to be pharaoh

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23
Q

What did an emerging Egyptian civilization depend on?

A

The control of river waters

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24
Q

Why is Egypt literally the “Gift of the Nile”?

A

Without the Nile, Egypt would be just the barren desert that surrounds the river

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25
Q

What major crops were grown near the Nile?

A

Wheat and flax

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26
Q

Where were the headwaters of the Nile located?

A

The highlands of Ethiopia

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27
Q

What did Ancient Egyptians do to control the Nile’s flooding?

A

Built dikes, reservoirs, and irrigation ditches.

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28
Q

What two major regions divided Egypt?

A

Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt

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29
Q

What is a cataract?

A

A waterfall

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30
Q

What is a delta?

A

A triangular area of marshland formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of some rivers

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31
Q

Who united the two lands of Egypt around 3100 BC?

A

Menes (Narmer), king of Upper Egypt

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32
Q

What role did the Nile play in governing Egypt?

A

It was used as a highway, linking North and South. They could send armies or officials to towns along the river.

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33
Q

What role did the Nile play in trade?

A

It was a trade route. Merchants would travel up and down the river exchanging the products of Egypt, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean

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34
Q

What three major time periods is Egyptian history divided into? Know the dates.

A

The Old Kingdom (2575 BC- 2130 BC)

The Middle Kingdom (1938 BC- 1630 BC)

The New Kingdom (1539 BC - 1075 BC

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35
Q

What is a dynasty?

A

A ruling family

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36
Q

What is a pharaoh?

A

An Egyptian king

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37
Q

What is the special status held by pharaohs?

A

They held absolute power and played key roles in government and religion. They were thought of as human gods.

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38
Q

What is a bureaucracy?

A

A system of government that includes departments and levels of authority

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39
Q

What is a vizier?

A

A chief minister

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40
Q

What did the vizier do?

A

He supervised the government

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41
Q

Major social classes in Egypt?

A

Pharaohs
Aristocrats
Merchants and scribes
Peasants

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42
Q

What did the writings of vizier Ptah-hotep emphasize in the training and behavior of young officials?

A

The importance of being humble and honest, being obedient to one’s father and superiors, and fair in dealing with other officials of all ranks

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43
Q

When and for whom were pyramids built?

A

Old Kingdom as a tomb for pharaohs

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44
Q

What three major factors likely contributed to the fall of the Old Kingdom?

A

Power struggles, crop failures, cost of building pyramids

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45
Q

major accomplishments Middle Kingdom pharaohs were able to make?

A

Large drainage project, creating vast new stretches of farmable land, the end of powers and privileges of the regional aristocrats, Egyptian armies occupied part of the gold-rich land of Nubia, traders had greater contacts with the people’s of the Middle East and the Mediterranean island of Crete

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46
Q

What group invaded Egypt and ended the Middle Kingdom

A

The Hyksos

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47
Q

What did Egypt learn from the Hyksos and what did the Hyksos learn from Egypt?

A

Egyptians learned to use horse-drawn war chariots.

Hyksos adopted Egyptian customs, beliefs, and names

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48
Q

Why characterizes the accomplishments of New kingdom pharaohs?

A

They created a large empire, reaching as far north as Syria during its height

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49
Q

Accomplishment of Hatshepsut?

A

Encourage trade with the eastern Mediterranean lands and along the Red Sea coast of Africa

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50
Q

Where did Hatshepsut carve her accomplishments?

A

The walls of funeral temples

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51
Q

What accomplishment did Thutmose III have?

A

He was a great military general who extended Egypt’s borders to their greatest extent

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52
Q

What is Ramses II famous for writing?

A

His accomplishments/ conquests

53
Q

With whom did Ramses II sign a treaty? Why is it significant?

A

The Hittites. It is the first document in history known to have survived

54
Q

What area south of Egypt was conquered by Ramses II?

A

Nubia

55
Q

What was the impact on Egypt after its contact with Nubia?

A

The gold was used to pay charioteers on the army. Nubians served in the Egyptian armies and now much Egyptian art shows Nubian soldiers, musicians, and prisoners

56
Q

Four conquerers of Egypt after 1100 BCE?

A

Assyrians, Persians, Romans, Greek

57
Q

What pharaoh built the Great Pyramid of Giza?

A

Khufu

58
Q

Who built the pyramid?

A

Farmers

59
Q

Who was the most powerful of all the gods in Ancient Egypt?

A

The sun god. (Amon-Re, Re, Amon, Amun)

60
Q

From where did pharaohs claim to get the right to rule during the new kingdom?

A

Amun

61
Q

Explain Osirus’s role in mythology

A

God of Underworld and Nile. Ruled Egypt until killed by Set. Controlled the Nile’s flooding

62
Q

Explain Isis’ role in mythology

A

Wife and sister of Osirus. Reassembled Osirus and brought him back to life. Controlled the Nile’s flooding. Special appeal to women who believed she taught women to grind corn, spin flax, weave cloth, and care for children

63
Q

Explain Set’s role in mythology

A

Killed Osirus and chopped him into pieces

64
Q

What test needed to be passes to get into Underworld?

A

Dead person’s heart must be weighed against the feather of truth

65
Q

What was contained in the book f the dead?

A

Spells, charms, and formulas to be used in the afterlife

66
Q

What did mummification tell us about religious views?

A

Body is needed in afterlife

67
Q

What did Egyptians believe afterlife to be like?

A

Much like life on Earth

68
Q

What is mummification?

A

The preservation of dead bodies by embalming and wrapping them in cloth

69
Q

Who originally could be mummified and how did this change in the Middle Kingdom?

A

Originally rulers and nobles ONLY

Middle Kingdom- everyone, including pets, can be mummified

70
Q

What eventually happened to most tombs in the Valley of the Kings?

A

Robbed

71
Q

Who discovered King Tutankhamen’s tomb?

A

Howard Carter, a British archaeologist

72
Q

What was King Tut’s status as a ruler?

A

Minor King

73
Q

What was the occupation of most Egyptians?

A

Peasant farmers

74
Q

Some women’s rights?

A

Inherit property, enter business deals, buy and sell goods, go to court, obtain a divorce

75
Q

Women’s status?

A

Higher than men’s generally

76
Q

Women’s occupations?

A

Manufactured perfume and textiles, managed farming estates, served as doctors

77
Q

What areas of learning did scribes make progress in?

A

Mathematics, medicine, and engineering

78
Q

What are hieroglyphics?

A

A system in which symbols or pictures represent objects, concepts, or sounds

79
Q

What was recorded with hieroglyphs?

A

Important economic, administrative, and royal information

80
Q

What is a hieratic?

A

A simpler script for everyday use

81
Q

What script grew out of the hieratic system?

A

Demotic

82
Q

What is a papyrus?

A

A plant that grew along the banks of the Nile

83
Q

Who deciphered the Rosetta Stone (according to book)?

A

Jean Champollion

84
Q

What is the Rosetta Stone?

A

A flat stone that presents the same passage carved in hieroglyphics, demotic script, and Greek

85
Q

Egyptian advancements in medicine?

A

Performed complex surgical operations and prescribed medicines such as anise, castor beans, and saffron

86
Q

What did Egyptian astronomers develop that we still use?

A

Calendars

87
Q

What did Egyptians develop to survey the land flooded by the Nile?

A

Mathematics

88
Q

Common characteristics of Egyptian art?

A

Gods an pharaohs are larger. Size indicated importance. Heads and limbs profile but eyes and shoulders facing viewer

89
Q

What types of Egyptian literature do we have?

A

Hymns and prayers to gods, proverbs, love poems

90
Q

What famous folk-tale helps us see what is important to Egyptians!

A

The Tale of Sinuhe

91
Q

How were boats built?

A

Skin first held together by reeds and ropes

92
Q

Nefertiti is portrayed in carvings and papyrus as…

A

Nearly equal to her husband

93
Q

The function of the Narmer Palette is…

A

To ceremonially put makeup on the god in the temple

94
Q

After the death of Akhenaten…

A

There were only two royal people alive that we know of

95
Q

Important elements of Egyptian society and religion taken from mythology include…

A

Pharaoh as hero, anthropoid coffins, Egyptian burial

96
Q

The step pyramid of Saqqara was…

A

Simply a mastaba on top of a mastaba, designed by Imhotep, and possiy influenced by the ziggurat of the Middle East

97
Q

Evidence of Tutenkhamen being murdered is supported by…

A

Aye’s marriage to Ankhesenamen, Ankhesenamen’s letter to the Hittite king, and a blow to the back of his head

98
Q

About help many miles did the Nile flow?

A

4,000

99
Q

Who brought 100s of scholars to Egypt to study with him?

A

Napoleon

100
Q

Why did Egyptian wear eye makeup? (3 reasons)

A

To prevent bugs, to prevent sun glare, to look good

101
Q

What city did Akhenaten move to?

A

Akhetaten

102
Q

West Bank of Nile represents?

A

Death

103
Q

East bank of Nile represents?

A

Life

104
Q

Akhenaten’s original name?

A

Amenhotep IV

105
Q

Who took over akhenaten’s death, wife, and throne?

A

Aye

106
Q

Who did Tutankhamen marry?

A

Ankesenamen, his half sister

107
Q

King Tut enjoyed…

A

Hunting

108
Q

Who erased all traces of Akhenaten’s rule?

A

Horemheb

109
Q

An earlier form of a cartouche is a…

A

Serekh

110
Q

What are the three pillars Akhenaten changed?

A

The role of the pharaoh, religion, and military

111
Q

Bench in Arabic?

A

Mastaba

112
Q

Basic idea?

A

Ideagram

113
Q

Main foods eaten?

A

Bread and beer

114
Q

Last queen of Egypt?

A

Cleopatra

115
Q

God of artisans?

A

Ptah

116
Q

Snefru built the first…

A

Corbelled ceiling

117
Q

Substance originally used to preserve bodies?

A

Sand

118
Q

Who laid out a city in Lower Egypt and installed Greek pharaohs?

A

Alexander the Great

119
Q

Who is the goddess of magic? (She who knows all names)

A

Isis

120
Q

Pyramids built by snefru?

A

Bent, broken, red

121
Q

Nubian reign order?

A

King to brother to king’s son

122
Q

What Nubian king was pushed out of Egypt by the Assyrians?

A

Taharka

123
Q

How many stones did the Great pyramid of Giza have?

A

3 million

124
Q

What early pharaoh built the first step pyramid?

A

Zoser (Djoser) (designed by Imhotep)

125
Q

Who is the goddess of divine order?

A

Ma’aat

126
Q

Learned sounds from this language…

A

Coptic

127
Q

Who Realized hieroglyphs were not picture writing?

A

Thomas young

128
Q

What cloth was mainly used in ancient Egypt?

A

Linen

129
Q

What color is the crown of Upper Egypt?

A

White

130
Q

Who is the destructive lion headed goddess?

A

Sekhmet

131
Q

Hatshepsut took control of Egypt while she was acting as regent to…

A

Thutmose III

History (5 decks)

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