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H and N > Anatomy wk 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy wk 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What bone do the nasal bones articulate with superiorly at the nasion

A

Frontal

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2
Q

What process articulates with the nasal bones laterally

A

Frontal process of maxilla

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3
Q

The roof of the nose is formed from what 4 bones

A

Nasal
Part of frontal
Ethmoid (containing cribriform plate)
Body of sphenoid

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4
Q

What 2 bones form the floor of the nasal cavity

A

Palatine processes of maxilla
Palatine bones

Both form hard palate

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5
Q

Floor of the nasal cavity extends posteriorly as what beyond the hard palate

A

Soft palate

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6
Q

What 2 bones form the nasal septum

A

Vomer

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

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7
Q

What lies anterior to the vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid to complete the nasal septum

A

Nasal/septal cartilage

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8
Q

What passes through cribriform plate into nasal cavity

A

CN I

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9
Q

What dural fold attaches to the crista gali

A

Falx cerebri

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10
Q

Name 5 parts of the ethmoid bone

A 
Cribriform plate
Crista galli
Perpendicular (central) plate
Superior and middle conchae
Ethmoid air cells
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11
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity (same as resp mucosa)

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar + goblet cells

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12
Q

Roof of nasal cavity is lined by what type of special mucosa

A

Olfactory

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13
Q

Nasal cavity has projections on lateral wall called what (3)

A

Superior turbinate
Middle turbinate
Inferior turbinate

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14
Q

Space inferior to each turbinate/concha is called what

A

Meatus

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15
Q

Name the space above the superior turbinate

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

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16
Q

Inferior concha is a separate bone from the superior and middle concha, what bones are they made from

A

Superior and middle - ethmoid

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17
Q

Nose receives rich arterial supply from branches of what 2 arteries

A

ICA and ECA

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18
Q

What clinical implication does the rich vascular supply of the nose have

A

Epistaxis

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19
Q

Where to press if you have a nose bleed

A

Soft cartilaginous part, not the top bony part

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20
Q

Name branches of ICA and ECA that supply the nose (+sub branches of the branches)

A

ICA:

Ophthalmic a
-Anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery

ECA:

Maxillary artery
-sphenopalatine artery

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21
Q

What is the area called in the nose where 5 arteries anastomose

A

Kiesselbach’s area

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22
Q

General sensory and special sensory innervation of the nose

A

General - CN V1 & V2

Special - CN I

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23
Q

What are paranasal air sinuses

A

Air filled extensions of the resp part of nasal cavity into the cranial bones - frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla

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24
Q

2 functions of paranasal air sinuses

A

Humidify inspired air

Reduce weight of skull

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25
Q

5 functions of the nose

A 
Traps dirt - immune barrier
Airway passage
Humidify inspired air
Olfaction
Drains secretions from nasal mucosa, paranasal air sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
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26
Q

Nasal cavity is divided into 2 by what in the midline

A

Nasal septum

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27
Q

What does the nasal cavity continue posteriorly as

A

Nasopharynx

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28
Q

What mucosa lines the paranasal air sinuses

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells

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29
Q

Clinical significance of the respiratory mucosa lining the nasal cavity also lining the paranasal sinuses

A

Infection can spread from nasal cavity to the sinuses –> sinusitis

Sinuses can also spread infection into orbit or cranial cavity

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30
Q

Name the 4 meatuses/recess

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess
Superior meatus
Middle meatus
Inferior meatus

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31
Q

Name the sinuses

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Sphenoid
Anterior/middle/posterior ethmoid sinus (air cells)

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32
Q

What drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess (1)

A

Sphenoid sinus

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33
Q

What drains into the superior meatus (!)

A

Posterior ethmoidal air cells

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34
Q

What drains into the middle meatus (4)

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Anterior ethmoidal air cells
Middle ethmoidal air cells

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35
Q

What drains into the inferior meatus (1)

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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36
Q

Which sinus doesn’t drain as well because its opening isn’t at its most inferior part

A

Maxillary

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37
Q

Which air sinus’ floor is indented by tooth sockets

A

Maxillary

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38
Q

Which cranial nerve are the air sinuses innervated by

A

CN V

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39
Q

Which branch of CN V innervates the frontal sinus

A

CN V1

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40
Q

Which branch of CN V innervates the maxillary sinus

A

CN V2

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41
Q

Which 2 branches of CN V innervate the sphenoid sinus

A

CN V1 & V2

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42
Q

Which branch of CN V innervates the ethmoidal air cells

A

CN V1

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43
Q

Name the 3 parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx

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44
Q

Is the pharynx complete anteriorly

A

No

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45
Q

What does the pharynx extend from and to

A

Base of skull to start of oesophagus

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46
Q

The pharynx is an entrance for which 2 tracts

A

GI
Respiratory

Food and air needs to enter pharynx first before it can go down oesophagus and larynx respectively

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47
Q

What bone forms the roof of nasopharynx

A

Sphenoid

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48
Q

Name 2 important things in the nasopharynx

A

Adenoids (nasopharyngeal tonsils)

Orifice of eustachian tube

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49
Q

What muscle overlies the opening of the eustachian tube in the nasopharynx

A

Salpingopharyngeus

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50
Q

Other name for eustachian tube

A

Pharyngotympanic

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51
Q

What happens to the adenoids after childhood

A

They undergo atrophy after puberty usually

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52
Q

Why does otitis media often present with throat infection as well

A

Because Eustachian tube in nasopharynx (pharynx = throat) connects with middle ear

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53
Q

Name the different parts of the mandible (8)

A 
Body
Coronoid process
Condylar process (head of mandible)
Angle
Mandibular notch
Mental tubercles
Mental protuberance (in the middle of the mental tubercles)
Mental spine (on inner chin)
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54
Q

What are the 2 main foramen in the mandible + what passes through them

A

Mandibular foramen

Mental foramen - mental nerve

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55
Q

Name the 2 processes of the mandible

A

Coronoid (more anterior)

Condylar process (head of mandible) - more posterior

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56
Q

How many teeth do adults have and how many of each

A

32:

8 incisors
4 canines
8 premolars
12 molars

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57
Q

How many teeth do children have

A

20:

8 incisors
4 canines
8 molars

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58
Q

What type of joint is the temporo-mandibular joint

A

Modified hinge joint

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59
Q

2 articular processes that form the TMJ joint

A

Condylar process of mandible

Mandibular fossa of temporal bone

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60
Q

Name 5 movements of the mandible that occur at the TMJ

A 
Elevation (close mouth)
Depression (open mouth)
Protrusion
Retraction
Side to side
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61
Q

What group of muscles act on the TMJ during chewing

A

Muscles of mastication

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62
Q

Name the 4 muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial/lateral pterygoid

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63
Q

Temporalis muscle shape

A

Fan shaped muscle on side of head

64
Q

Orientation of the

  • anterior fibres
  • posterior fibres

of the temporalis

A

Anterior fibres - vertical

Posterior fibres - horizontal

65
Q

Action of the anterior fibres of the temporalis

Action of the posterior fibres of the temporalis

A

Elevate mandible

Retract mandible - pull chin inwards

66
Q

Bony attachments of the masseter

  • proximal
  • distal
A

Proximally - zygomatic bone/zygomatic arch

Distally - mandible

67
Q

Masseter action

A

Elevate mandible

68
Q

What bony plate do the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles attach to

A

Lateral pterygoid plate

69
Q

Lateral pterygoid muscle proximally attaches to…

Medial pterygoid muscle proximally attaches to the…

A

Lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

Medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

70
Q

Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle attach distally

Where does the medial pterygoid muscle attach distally

A

Enters into TMJ and inserts onto the neck of mandible

Medial surface of ramus of mandible (inferior to mandibular foramen)

71
Q

Bilateral action of the lateral pterygoids

A

Protraction of mandible

72
Q

Ipsilateral lateral pterygoid and ipsilateral medial pterygoid contraction causes what action

A

Mandible swings to contralateral side

73
Q

Bilateral medial pterygoid contraction causes what actions

A

Elevation of mandible

Partial protrusion (lateral pterygoids do most of protrusion)

74
Q

What bony structure are the medial/lateral pterygoid muscles deep to

A

Zygomatic arch

75
Q

What 3 suprahyoid muscles depress the mandible + what other muscle of mastication depresses

A

Digastric
Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid

Lateral pterygoid

76
Q

What 3 muscles elevate the mandible

A

Masseter
Medial pterygoids
Temporalis

77
Q

What 2 muscles protrude the mandible + which more so

A

BILATERAL contraction of the lateral pterygoids - more so

Bilateral contraction of the medial pterygoids

78
Q

What muscle retracts the mandible

A

Temporalis (horizontal fibres)

79
Q

What muscles produces side to side movements of the mandible

A

Unilateral contraction of the ipsilateral medial and lateral pterygoids

80
Q

Innervation of muscle of mastication

A

CN V3

81
Q

What sensory branch of CN V3 enters the mandibular foramen and provides sensation to the mandibular area

A

Inferior alveolar

82
Q

Oral cavity is made up of what 2 things

A

Oral cavity proper

Oral vestibule

83
Q

What is the oral vestibule

A

Space bounded anteriorly by lips, laterally by cheeks, posteriorly + medially by teeth/gums

84
Q

What muscle lies in the lateral walls of the oral cavity + what nerve is it innervated by

A

Buccinator

Facial

85
Q

Which muscle of facial expression causing closing/pursing of lips

A

Orbicularis oris

86
Q

Posterior opening of the oral cavity is called what

A

Oropharyngeal isthmus

87
Q

Roof of mouth (hard palate) formed by what (2)

A

Bony hard palate - palatine processes of maxilla and horizontal plates of palatine bone

88
Q

Name the 5 muscles of the soft palate (can’t distinguish visually)

A 
Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus
Musculus uvulae
89
Q

Innervation of soft palate muscles apart from one (+ name its innervation)

A

CN X

EXCEPT TENSOR VELI PALATINI - innervated by branch of CN V3

90
Q

Collective action of soft palate muscles

A

Elevate soft palate posteriorly against posterior wall of pharynx to close off nasopharynx and prevent food regurgitating out of nose

91
Q

Anterior boundary of the oropharynx

A

Right and left palatoglossal arches (anterior pillars of the fauces)

92
Q

Contents of oropharynx

A

Palatine tonsils (oropharyngeal tonsils)

93
Q

BOUNDARIES of oral cavity (anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, lateral)

A 
Anterior - lips
Posteriorly - right and left palatoglossal arches
Superior - hard/soft palate
Inferior - floor of mouth
Lateral - buccal mucosa
94
Q

What muscles make the palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch + what are the muscles covered by to from the arch

A

Palatoglossus

Palatopharyngeus

Folds of mucosa

95
Q

What 2 arches do the oropharyngeal tonsils sit between anteriorly and posteriorly

A

Anteriorly - palatoglossal arch

Posteriorly - palatopharyngeal arch

96
Q

What tissue makes up the adenoids, oropharyngeal tonsils, lingual tonsils

A

Lymphoid

97
Q

What lymphoid tissue is present on the tongue

A

Lingual tonsils

98
Q

Tongue formed of what muscle

A

Skeletal

99
Q

3 functions of tongue

A

Move food during chewing + swallowing
Taste
Speech

100
Q

Tongue divided into 2 parts, separated by a sulcus called…

A

Anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3

Terminal sulcus

101
Q

Name the foramen in the posterior 1/3 tongue + the embryological significance of it

A

Foramen caecum

Non-functional remnant of the thyroglossal duct from which the thyroid gland developed

102
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue has surface projections called what

A

Papillae

103
Q

Name the 4 types of papillae + which most abundant +which doesn’t have taste buds

A

Filiform - most abundant, no taste buds
Foliate
Vallate (circumvallate)
Fungiform

104
Q

Posterior 1/3 tongue doesn’t have papillae but has what surface projections

A

Lingual tonsils

105
Q

Name the fold of mucous membrane that fixes tongue to floor of mouth

A

Frenulum

106
Q

General + special sensory innervation of anterior 2/3 tongue

A

General - lingual nerve (branch of CN V3)

Special - chord tympani (branch of CN VII)

107
Q

General + special sensory innervation of posterior 1/3 tongue

A

General - CN IX

Special - CN IX

108
Q

2 types of muscles in the tongue + their actions

A

Intrinsic muscles - change shape + size of tongue

Extrinsic muscles - change position + direction of tongue

109
Q

Intrinsic tongue muscles attachment

  • origin
  • insertion
A

Originate and insert within tongue

110
Q

Extrinsic tongue muscles attachment

  • origin
  • insertion
A

Originate in tongue and attach to surrounding bones or soft palate

111
Q

Where are intrinsic muscles of the tongue concentrated in

A

Superficial part of tongue

112
Q

Name the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus

113
Q

2 actions of genioglossus

A

Protrude tongue

Depress tongue centrally

114
Q

2 actions of hyoglossus

A

Depresses + Retracts tongue

115
Q

2 actions of styloglossus

A

Retracts + elevates sides of the tongue (i.e. curls it)

116
Q

Action of palatoglossus (also a muscle of the soft palate)

A

Elevates posterior tongue - to narrow nasopharynx when swallowing

117
Q

If nerve innervating right hyoglossus damaged, resulting in muscle paralysis, which side would the tongue deviate to if patient was asked to protrude tongue

A

Deviates to paralysed side so the right in this case because left genioglossus unaffected

118
Q

All intrinsic and extrinsic muscles are the tongue are innervated by what + except which muscle (+its innervation)

A

CN XII

Except palatoglossus innervated by CN X

119
Q

What muscle divides the submandibular gland into superficial and deep part

A

Mylohyoid

120
Q

Number of submandibular vs sublingual duct(s)

A

1 submandibular duct

Several sublingual ducts

121
Q

Innervation of parotid gland

A

Parasympathetic fibres in CN IX

122
Q

Innervation of submandibular gland

A

Parasympathetic fibres in CN VII

123
Q

Innervation of sublingual gland

A

Parasympathetic fibres in CN VII

124
Q

What is the larynx continuous with superiorly

A

Pharynx

125
Q

What is the larynx continuous with inferiorly

A

Trachea

126
Q

Name the 3 parts of the larynx

A

Supraglottis
Glottis = vocal cords
Subglottis

127
Q

Name the cartilages of the larynx (3 single + 3 paired)

A

Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis

Paired arytenoid cartilages
Paired corniculate cartilages
Paired cuneiform cartilages

128
Q

What forms the Adam’s apple

A

Prominence of thyroid cartilage

129
Q

Which cartilage of the larynx is a complete ring shaped cartilage

A

Cricoid

130
Q

What membrane connects the hyoid bone with the thyroid cartilage

A

Thyrohyoid membrane

131
Q

What ligament connects the anterior parts of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage

A

Cricothyroid ligament

132
Q

What ligament is inferior to the vocal cords and sometimes pierced in emergency situations to maintain airway

A

Cricothyroid ligament

133
Q

Name the 4 parts that form the laryngeal inlet

A

Epiglottis anteriorly
Aryepiglottic folds laterally
Arytenoid cartilages
Inter-arytenoid muscle

134
Q

Name the 3 parts of the lumen of the larynx + describe what they area

A

Vestibule - between laryngeal inlet and vestibular fold (false vocal cord)

Central cavity - middle part between vestibular fold and vocal fold (true vocal cord)

Infraglottic cavity - lower part between true vocal cord and lower border of cricoid cartilage

135
Q

What do intrinsic muscles of the larynx do

A

Regulate movement of vocal cords and control diameter of laryngeal inlet

136
Q

Name the lateral spaces between the vestibular and vocal fold

A

Laeryngeal ventricle

137
Q

Innervation of intrinsic muscles of larynx + except which one (+its innervation)

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of CN X)

Cricothyroid - superior laryngeal nerve (branch of CN X)

138
Q

Signs of recurrent laryngeal nerve damage

A

Hoarseness

Vocal cord paralysis

139
Q

Sensory innervation to mucous membrane of larynx

A

CN X

140
Q

In normal respiration, vocal folds are…

A

Abducted

141
Q

In rapid breathing, vocal folds are…

A

Fully abudcted

142
Q

In speaking/singing, vocal folds are…

A

Adducted

143
Q

All intrinsic muscles of the larynx adduct the vocal cords apart from which (it abducts)

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid (ONLY MUSCLE THAT ABDUCTS VOCAL CORDS)

144
Q

Roof of nasopharynx formed by what 2 bones

A

Sphenoid and occipital

145
Q

Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx) lies where in relation to larynx

A

Posterior to laryngeal inlet/posterior surface of larynx

146
Q

Name the 3 layers of the pharynx

A

Outer muscular layer
Middle fibrous layer
Inner mucous membrane

147
Q

What 3 muscles form the outer circular layer (subdivision) of the outer muscular layer of the pharynx

A

Superior/middle/inferior constrictor muscles

148
Q

What 2 layers is the outer muscular layer of the pharynx further divided into

A

Outer circular layer

Inner longitudinal layer

149
Q

What 3 muscles form the inner longitudinal layer (pharyngeal elevators) of the outer muscular layer of the pharynx

A

Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

150
Q

Innervation of pharynx

A

Pharyngeal plexus (CN IX & X)

151
Q

Which nerve of pharyngeal plexus is sensory to pharynx + which is motor

A

CN IX

CN X

152
Q

CN X innervates all pharyngeal muscles except which (+its innervation)

A

Stylopharyngeus - CN IX

153
Q

Action of constrictor muscles of pharynx

A

Constrict walls of pharynx to propel food bolus into oesophagus

154
Q

Actions of inner longitudinal layer of muscles of pharynx

A

Elevate larynx

shorten + widen pharynx

155
Q

What is the pharyngeal lymphoid ring (Waldeyer’s ring) + what makes it up

A

Collection of lymphoid tissue protecting entrance to oropharynx - oropharyngeal (palatine) tonsils, adenoids, lingual tonsils, tubal tonsils

156
Q

Purpose of waldeyer’s ring

A

Barrier to infection

H and N (14 decks)

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