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Anatomy wk 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Most common type of joint between bones of the skull

A

Suture (fibrous)

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2
Q

Skull is divided in 3 components - name them

A

Neurocranium
Facial skull (viscera-cranium)
Mandible

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3
Q

Name the 3 layers of the skull bone

A

Outer pericranium layer (compact bone)
Dipole (spongy bone)
Inner pericranium layer

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4
Q

What layer of the skull bone contains red bone marrow

A

Diploe

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5
Q

Name the suture that runs in the midline of the skull and which bone it lies between

A

Saggital suture

Parietal

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6
Q

Name the suture that runs in coronal plane + which bones it lies between

A

Coronal suture

Frontal + parietal

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7
Q

Name the suture at the back of the skull + which bones it lies between

A

Lambdoid suture

Parietal + occipital

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8
Q

What type of bone makes up the facial skeleton

A

Irregular

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9
Q

Name the facial bones (15, some are pairs)

A 
Frontal
Nasal x2
Maxilla x2
Lacrimal x2
Zygomatic x2
Mandible
Vomer
Palatine x2
Inferior nasal x2
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10
Q

Name the bony prominence on the external surface of the occipital bone

A

External occipital protuberance (not same as occipital condyles, they’re on the inferior surface of skull)

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11
Q

Name the bony prominences of the temporal bone

A

Mastoid process

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12
Q

Name the bony prominent feature formed by the squamous temporal and zygomatic bone

A

Zygomatic arch

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13
Q

Name the bony prominence coming off the temporal bone

A

Styloid process

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14
Q

Name the bony prominences of the occipital bones on the inferior surface of skull

A

Occipital condyles

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15
Q

What 2 bones make up the middle cranial fossa

A

Temporal + sphenoid

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16
Q

Name the 5 main parts of the sphenoid bone

A 
Greater wing
Lesser wing
Body
Pituitary fossa
Medial/lateral pterygoid plates
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17
Q

What 2 bones make up the anterior cranial fossa

A

Frontal (mostly)
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

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18
Q

What 2 bones makes up the posterior cranial fossa

A

Occipital

Temporal

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19
Q

What is the anterior + lateral boundary of the posterior cranial fossa

A

Petrous ridge of temporal bone

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20
Q

What 2 bones make up the middle cranial fossa

A

Sphenoid

Temporal

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21
Q

Function of air sinuses relating to skull

A

Decrease weight of skull

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22
Q

Name the 2 parts of the temporal bone

A

Squamous and petrous

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23
Q

Where the scalp extend to anteriorly and posteriorly and laterally

A

Anterior - eyebrows

Posterior - superior nuchal lines

Laterally - superior temporal line

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24
Q

What joint is found between the temporal and zygomatic bone where they unite to form the zygomatic arch0

A

Suture (fibrous) joint

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25
Name the 5 layers of the scalp
``` Skin Connective tissue (Dense) Aponeurosis of the occipitalis and frontalis (epicranial aponeurosis) Loose connective tissue Pericranium (periosteum of skull) ```
26
What 2 muscles does the epicranial aponeurosis connect
Frontalis (Anterior belly) and occipitalis (posterior belly) of occipitofrontalis muscle
27
Name the 4 muscles of facial expression
Occipitofrontalis Orbicularis oris Orbicularis occuli Buccinator
28
What does contraction of the anterior belly of the occipitofrontalis do
Raise eyebrows and wrinkle forehead
29
Cutaneous innervation of the anterior and posterior scalp
Anterior scalp (anterior to auricle) - CN V1/V2/V3 Posterior scalp (posterior to auricle) - cutaneous branches of C2 & C3
30
Which spinal level doesn't have a dermatome
C1
31
What is formed from the ventral rami of C5-T1
Brachial plexus
32
Which layer of scalp are blood vessels present
2nd - dense connective tissue layer
33
Wound wounds to the scalp bleed profusely or sparingly
Profusely because connective tissue in 2nd layer prevents vasoconstriction
34
Arterial supply of the scalp (5) + indicate whether it's a branch of ECA or ICA
``` Supratrochlear artery - ICA Supraorbital artery - ICA Superficial temporal artery - ECA Posterior auricular artery - ECA Occipital artery - ECA ```
35
2 terminal branches of ECA
Superficial temporal | Maxillary
36
Venous drainage of the scalp (5) (follows arterial supply) + what 2 veins in the neck do they ultimately drain into
``` Supra-orbital vein Supratrochlear vein Superficial temporal vein Posterior auricular vein Occipital vein ``` IJV EJV
37
Veins of the scalp anastomose with diploic veins via what veins + what does this then allow
via emissary veins Allows connection between scalp and dural venous sinuses, so can spread infection intracranially from outside cranium
38
Are there lymph nodes in the scalp
No, they drain into lymph nodes in head and neck
39
What do muscles of facial expression lie within
Superficial fascia of the face
40
How do the muscles of facial expression differ from other skeletal muscles in terms of superficial/deep and in terms of attachment
Muscles of facial expression more superficial and attach directly onto skin
41
Function of orbicularis oculi
Close eyes
42
Functions of orbicularis oris
Open mouth | Smile
43
Function of buccinator
Puff cheeks
44
What is the platysma
Large sheet of muscle overlying SCM arising from upper chest/shoulder over collar bone to the angle of the mandible
45
Innervation of muscles of facial expression
CN VII
46
5 branches of facial nerve
``` Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical ```
47
Which foramen does CN VII emerge the cranial cavity from to the side of the face
Stylomastoid foramen
48
What gland does the facial nerve pass through but not actually innervate + what nerve does innervate this gland
Parotid CN IX
49
If facial nerve injured, what are the deficient movements (4)
Can't close eyes Can't smile or open mouth Can't raise eyebrows or wrinkle forehead Can't chew
50
Name the 3 salivary glands
Parotid Submandibular Sublingual
51
What does the parotid gland extend superiorly to
Zygomatic arch
52
What does the parotid gland extend inferiorly to
Angle of the mandible
53
What part of the parotid gland lies over the masseter
Apex
54
What muscle does the long base of the parotid gland overly
Anterior border of SCM
55
What type of gland is the parotid gland
Exocrine - secretes into ducts
56
Which nerve gives off branches in from the anterior border of the parotid gland
Facial
57
What muscle does the parotid duct overlie + then what muscle does it pierce to enter the oral cavity
Masseter Buccinator
58
Opposite which tooth does the parotid duct open into
Upper maxillary second molar
59
What artery passes through the parotid gland
ECA
60
What vein passes through the parotid gland
Retromandibular v
61
Secretomotor innervation of parotid gland
Parasympathetic - CN IX
62
Sensory innervation of the face
CN V
63
Divisions of CN V
V1 -ophthalmic V2 - maxillary V3 - mandibular
64
What 2 things are the muscles of facial expression attached to
Subcutaneous tissue | Bone
65
3 main arteries supplying the face
Superficial temporal Facial Maxillary - supplies deep structures of face
66
What muscle lies posterior to the facial artery as it enters on the face
Masseter
67
Just before facial artery enters onto side of face, what gland does it groove
Submandibular
68
Name 2 veins draining the face + what do they drain into
Facial Superficial temporal IJV
69
What is the odontoid peg (DENS)
Protuberance of the axis (C2) up towards C1 (atlas)
70
Joint type between C1 and C2
Pivot between C1 and the odontoid peg of C2
71
Name the 2 main fascial layers in the neck
Superficial fascia | Deep cervical fascia
72
How many compartments are found within the deep cervical fascia + name them
4 Investing layer of fascia (surrounds all of the neck) Pre-tracheal fascia (covers visceral compartment) Pre-vertebral fascia (covers vertebral column and muscles around it) Carotid sheath
73
What are the 3 compartments in the neck + what fascia encloses each
Vertebral compartment (pre-vertebral fascia enclosing it) Vascular compartment (carotid sheath encloses it) Visceral compartment (pre-tracheal fascia encloses it) Musculofascial collar (investing layer of fascia) (Encloses all of the above)
74
What 3 things does the carotid sheath enclose
Vagus nerve CCA IJV
75
What does the visceral compartment of the neck contain (6)
``` Thyroid Parathyroid glands Pharynx Larynx Trachea Oesophagus ```
76
What does the vertebral compartment of the neck contain
Cervical vertebrae and postural muscles
77
How many cervical vertebrae
7
78
What joint is between occipital condyles and C1 (atlas)
Condyloid (Atlanto-occipital joint)
79
What passes through foramen transversarium (3)
Vertebral artery Vertebral vein Sympathetic nerve plexus
80
What vertebrae is vertebra prominens
C7 - long spinous process
81
Special feature about spinous process of cervical vertebrae
Bifid spinous process
82
What curvature exists in cervical spine + thoracic + lumbar
Lordosis Thoracic kyphosis Lumbar lordosis
83
Neck divided into what 2 triangles
Anterior | Posterior
84
What is the posterior triangle also called
Lateral cervical region
85
What is the - superior - posterior - anterior boundary of the anterior triangle
Superior - inferior border of mandible Posterior - anterior border of SCM Anterior - midline of neck
86
What is the - anterior - posterior - inferior boundary of the posterior triangle
Anterior - posterior border of SCM Posterior - anterior border of trapezius Inferior - middle 1/3 of clavicle (between SCM and trapezius)
87
Contents of the anterior triangle (think muscles, arteries, veins, nerves, glands, lymph nodes)
All suprahyoid muscles All infra hyoid muscles CCA, ECA, ICA, facial a IJV, facial vein CN VII, IX, XI, XII Submandibular gland Deep cervical lymph nodes
88
Contents of the posterior triangle (think muscles, arteries, veins, nerves)
Omohyoid Anterior, middle, posterior scalenes Subclavian a, transverse cervical a, suprascapular a CN XI, cervical plexus EJV, subclavian v, transverse cervical v, suprascapular v
89
What muscle splits the neck into 2 triangles
SCM
90
Attachments of the SCM (3)
Superiorly to mastoid process and superior nuchal line Inferiorly to anterior surface of manubrium (sternal head) and superior surface of medial 1/3 of clavicle (clavicular head)
91
If right SCM contracts, what happens to head and face
Head tilts right | Face turns left
92
Trapezius attachments
Originates from occipital bone and all along the spinous processes of T1-T12 Inserts onto lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
93
Trapezius actions (3)
Upper part elevates pectoral girdle Lower part depresses shoulders Middle part retracts/adducts scapula
94
Which cranial nerve innervates trapezius and SCM
CN XI
95
Anterior triangle can be further subdivided into what 4 triangles
Submental Submandibular Carotid Muscular
96
What muscles form the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck (3)
Splenius capitis Levator scapulae Anterior, middle and posterior scalenes
97
Contents of the submental triangle (1)
Submental lymph node
98
Contents of the submandibular triangle (3)
Facial a Facial v Submandibular salivary gland
99
Contents of the carotid triangle (3)
Carotid sheath - CCA (--> ICA, ECA), IJV, vagus nerve | CN XI
100
Contents of the muscular triangle (2)
Strap muscles of the neck (infrahyoid muscles) | Thyroid gland
101
What is the right/left CCA a branch of
R CCA - brachiocephalic artery L CCA - aortic arch
102
What level does CCA divide and where exactly does it divide
C4 Upper border of thyroid cartilage
103
Branch of ECA that supplies thyroid gland
Superior thyroid artery
104
Which vein of upper limb does IJV merge with to form the brachiocephalic vein
Subclavian
105
Is EJV superficial or deep to SCM
Superficial
106
Posterior triangle of neck subdivided into what 2 triangles
Occipital | Subclavian
107
Vagus nerve lies anterior/posterior in relation to the vascular contents of the carotid sheath
Posterior
108
Where does phrenic nerve lie in relation to carotid sheath
Lateral
109
3 components of the hyoid bone
``` Body Lesser horn (cornu) Greater horn (Cornu) ```
110
Name the 4 muscles/muscle groups attached to the hyoid bone
Suprahyoid muscles Infrahyoid muscles Hypoglossus Middle pharyngeal constrictor
111
Name the 4 suprahyoid muscles
Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Digastric Stylohyoid
112
Innervation of mylohyoid
CN V3 (specifically inferior alveolar branch)
113
Innervation of geniohyoid
CN XII
114
Innervation of digastric (anterior/posterior belly)
CN V3 (specifically inferior alveolar branch) innervates ant. belly CN VII innervates post. belly
115
Innervation of stylohyoid
CN VII
116
Action of suprahyoid muscles
``` Elevate hyoid bone Depress mandible (open mouth) ```
117
Name the 4 infrahyoid (Strap) muscles
Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid Omohyoid
118
Innervation of all the infrahyoid muscles except thyrohyoid (+ its innervation)
Sternohyoid, sternothyroid + omohyoid: innervated by anterior rami of C1-C3 carried by a branch of the ANSA CERVICALIS Thyrohyoid: innervated by anterior rami of C1 carried within CN XII
119
Action of infrahyoid muscles (3)
Depress hyoid bone Sternothyroid depresses thyroid cartilage Thyrohyoid elevates larynx if hyoid bone fixed
120
Root values of cervical plexus
C1-C4
121
Between which 2 muscles do the roots of the cervical plexus emerge
Anterior scalene and SCM
122
What nerve emerges from the cervical plexus and travels down the thorax
Phrenic
123
What is the ansa cervicalis
Nerve loop formed of nerve roots of C1-C3
124
Vertebral level range of thyroid gland
C5-T1
125
3 components of the thyroid gland
Left lobe Right lobe Isthmus
126
What connects the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland
Isthmus
127
Which tracheal rings is the thyroid gland anterior to
2nd and 3rd
128
Blood supply to the thyroid gland (2) + what are they branches of
Superior + inferior thyroid a Superior thyroid branch of ECA Inferior thyroid branch of thyrocervical trunk (which is branch of subclavian a)
129
What 3 veins drain thyroid gland + what do they then drain into
Superior thyroid vein --> IJV Middle thyroid vein --> IJV Inferior thyroid vein --> brachiocephalic v
130
Anatomical relation of infrahyoid muscles to thyroid gland
Anterior to thyroid
131
Anatomical relation of SCM to thyroid gland
Anterolateral
132
Anatomical relation of carotid sheath to thyroid gland
Posterolateral

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