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H and N > Anatomy wk 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy wk 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Most common type of joint between bones of the skull

A

Suture (fibrous)

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2
Q

Skull is divided in 3 components - name them

A

Neurocranium
Facial skull (viscera-cranium)
Mandible

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3
Q

Name the 3 layers of the skull bone

A

Outer pericranium layer (compact bone)
Dipole (spongy bone)
Inner pericranium layer

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4
Q

What layer of the skull bone contains red bone marrow

A

Diploe

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5
Q

Name the suture that runs in the midline of the skull and which bone it lies between

A

Saggital suture

Parietal

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6
Q

Name the suture that runs in coronal plane + which bones it lies between

A

Coronal suture

Frontal + parietal

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7
Q

Name the suture at the back of the skull + which bones it lies between

A

Lambdoid suture

Parietal + occipital

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8
Q

What type of bone makes up the facial skeleton

A

Irregular

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9
Q

Name the facial bones (15, some are pairs)

A 
Frontal
Nasal x2
Maxilla x2
Lacrimal x2
Zygomatic x2
Mandible
Vomer
Palatine x2
Inferior nasal x2
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10
Q

Name the bony prominence on the external surface of the occipital bone

A

External occipital protuberance (not same as occipital condyles, they’re on the inferior surface of skull)

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11
Q

Name the bony prominences of the temporal bone

A

Mastoid process

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12
Q

Name the bony prominent feature formed by the squamous temporal and zygomatic bone

A

Zygomatic arch

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13
Q

Name the bony prominence coming off the temporal bone

A

Styloid process

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14
Q

Name the bony prominences of the occipital bones on the inferior surface of skull

A

Occipital condyles

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15
Q

What 2 bones make up the middle cranial fossa

A

Temporal + sphenoid

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16
Q

Name the 5 main parts of the sphenoid bone

A 
Greater wing
Lesser wing
Body
Pituitary fossa
Medial/lateral pterygoid plates
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17
Q

What 2 bones make up the anterior cranial fossa

A

Frontal (mostly)
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

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18
Q

What 2 bones makes up the posterior cranial fossa

A

Occipital

Temporal

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19
Q

What is the anterior + lateral boundary of the posterior cranial fossa

A

Petrous ridge of temporal bone

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20
Q

What 2 bones make up the middle cranial fossa

A

Sphenoid

Temporal

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21
Q

Function of air sinuses relating to skull

A

Decrease weight of skull

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22
Q

Name the 2 parts of the temporal bone

A

Squamous and petrous

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23
Q

Where the scalp extend to anteriorly and posteriorly and laterally

A

Anterior - eyebrows

Posterior - superior nuchal lines

Laterally - superior temporal line

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24
Q

What joint is found between the temporal and zygomatic bone where they unite to form the zygomatic arch0

A

Suture (fibrous) joint

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25
Q

Name the 5 layers of the scalp

A 
Skin
Connective tissue (Dense)
Aponeurosis of the occipitalis and frontalis (epicranial aponeurosis)
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium (periosteum of skull)
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26
Q

What 2 muscles does the epicranial aponeurosis connect

A

Frontalis (Anterior belly) and occipitalis (posterior belly) of occipitofrontalis muscle

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27
Q

Name the 4 muscles of facial expression

A

Occipitofrontalis
Orbicularis oris
Orbicularis occuli
Buccinator

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28
Q

What does contraction of the anterior belly of the occipitofrontalis do

A

Raise eyebrows and wrinkle forehead

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29
Q

Cutaneous innervation of the anterior and posterior scalp

A

Anterior scalp (anterior to auricle) - CN V1/V2/V3

Posterior scalp (posterior to auricle) - cutaneous branches of C2 & C3

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30
Q

Which spinal level doesn’t have a dermatome

A

C1

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31
Q

What is formed from the ventral rami of C5-T1

A

Brachial plexus

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32
Q

Which layer of scalp are blood vessels present

A

2nd - dense connective tissue layer

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33
Q

Wound wounds to the scalp bleed profusely or sparingly

A

Profusely because connective tissue in 2nd layer prevents vasoconstriction

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34
Q

Arterial supply of the scalp (5) + indicate whether it’s a branch of ECA or ICA

A 
Supratrochlear artery - ICA
Supraorbital artery - ICA
Superficial temporal artery - ECA
Posterior auricular artery - ECA
Occipital artery - ECA
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35
Q

2 terminal branches of ECA

A

Superficial temporal

Maxillary

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36
Q

Venous drainage of the scalp (5) (follows arterial supply) + what 2 veins in the neck do they ultimately drain into

A 
Supra-orbital vein
Supratrochlear vein
Superficial temporal vein
Posterior auricular vein
Occipital vein

IJV
EJV

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37
Q

Veins of the scalp anastomose with diploic veins via what veins
+ what does this then allow

A

via emissary veins

Allows connection between scalp and dural venous sinuses, so can spread infection intracranially from outside cranium

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38
Q

Are there lymph nodes in the scalp

A

No, they drain into lymph nodes in head and neck

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39
Q

What do muscles of facial expression lie within

A

Superficial fascia of the face

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40
Q

How do the muscles of facial expression differ from other skeletal muscles in terms of superficial/deep and in terms of attachment

A

Muscles of facial expression more superficial and attach directly onto skin

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41
Q

Function of orbicularis oculi

A

Close eyes

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42
Q

Functions of orbicularis oris

A

Open mouth

Smile

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43
Q

Function of buccinator

A

Puff cheeks

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44
Q

What is the platysma

A

Large sheet of muscle overlying SCM arising from upper chest/shoulder over collar bone to the angle of the mandible

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45
Q

Innervation of muscles of facial expression

A

CN VII

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46
Q

5 branches of facial nerve

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
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47
Q

Which foramen does CN VII emerge the cranial cavity from to the side of the face

A

Stylomastoid foramen

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48
Q

What gland does the facial nerve pass through but not actually innervate + what nerve does innervate this gland

A

Parotid

CN IX

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49
Q

If facial nerve injured, what are the deficient movements (4)

A

Can’t close eyes
Can’t smile or open mouth
Can’t raise eyebrows or wrinkle forehead
Can’t chew

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50
Q

Name the 3 salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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51
Q

What does the parotid gland extend superiorly to

A

Zygomatic arch

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52
Q

What does the parotid gland extend inferiorly to

A

Angle of the mandible

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53
Q

What part of the parotid gland lies over the masseter

A

Apex

54
Q

What muscle does the long base of the parotid gland overly

A

Anterior border of SCM

55
Q

What type of gland is the parotid gland

A

Exocrine - secretes into ducts

56
Q

Which nerve gives off branches in from the anterior border of the parotid gland

A

Facial

57
Q

What muscle does the parotid duct overlie + then what muscle does it pierce to enter the oral cavity

A

Masseter

Buccinator

58
Q

Opposite which tooth does the parotid duct open into

A

Upper maxillary second molar

59
Q

What artery passes through the parotid gland

A

ECA

60
Q

What vein passes through the parotid gland

A

Retromandibular v

61
Q

Secretomotor innervation of parotid gland

A

Parasympathetic - CN IX

62
Q

Sensory innervation of the face

A

CN V

63
Q

Divisions of CN V

A

V1 -ophthalmic
V2 - maxillary
V3 - mandibular

64
Q

What 2 things are the muscles of facial expression attached to

A

Subcutaneous tissue

Bone

65
Q

3 main arteries supplying the face

A

Superficial temporal
Facial
Maxillary - supplies deep structures of face

66
Q

What muscle lies posterior to the facial artery as it enters on the face

A

Masseter

67
Q

Just before facial artery enters onto side of face, what gland does it groove

A

Submandibular

68
Q

Name 2 veins draining the face + what do they drain into

A

Facial
Superficial temporal

IJV

69
Q

What is the odontoid peg (DENS)

A

Protuberance of the axis (C2) up towards C1 (atlas)

70
Q

Joint type between C1 and C2

A

Pivot between C1 and the odontoid peg of C2

71
Q

Name the 2 main fascial layers in the neck

A

Superficial fascia

Deep cervical fascia

72
Q

How many compartments are found within the deep cervical fascia + name them

A

4
Investing layer of fascia (surrounds all of the neck)

Pre-tracheal fascia (covers visceral compartment)

Pre-vertebral fascia (covers vertebral column and muscles around it)

Carotid sheath

73
Q

What are the 3 compartments in the neck + what fascia encloses each

A

Vertebral compartment (pre-vertebral fascia enclosing it)

Vascular compartment (carotid sheath encloses it)

Visceral compartment (pre-tracheal fascia encloses it)

Musculofascial collar (investing layer of fascia) (Encloses all of the above)

74
Q

What 3 things does the carotid sheath enclose

A

Vagus nerve
CCA
IJV

75
Q

What does the visceral compartment of the neck contain (6)

A 
Thyroid
Parathyroid glands
Pharynx
Larynx 
Trachea
Oesophagus
76
Q

What does the vertebral compartment of the neck contain

A

Cervical vertebrae and postural muscles

77
Q

How many cervical vertebrae

A

7

78
Q

What joint is between occipital condyles and C1 (atlas)

A

Condyloid (Atlanto-occipital joint)

79
Q

What passes through foramen transversarium (3)

A

Vertebral artery
Vertebral vein
Sympathetic nerve plexus

80
Q

What vertebrae is vertebra prominens

A

C7 - long spinous process

81
Q

Special feature about spinous process of cervical vertebrae

A

Bifid spinous process

82
Q

What curvature exists in cervical spine + thoracic + lumbar

A

Lordosis

Thoracic kyphosis

Lumbar lordosis

83
Q

Neck divided into what 2 triangles

A

Anterior

Posterior

84
Q

What is the posterior triangle also called

A

Lateral cervical region

85
Q

What is the

  • superior
  • posterior
  • anterior

boundary of the anterior triangle

A

Superior - inferior border of mandible
Posterior - anterior border of SCM
Anterior - midline of neck

86
Q

What is the

  • anterior
  • posterior
  • inferior

boundary of the posterior triangle

A

Anterior - posterior border of SCM

Posterior - anterior border of trapezius

Inferior - middle 1/3 of clavicle (between SCM and trapezius)

87
Q

Contents of the anterior triangle (think muscles, arteries, veins, nerves, glands, lymph nodes)

A

All suprahyoid muscles
All infra hyoid muscles

CCA, ECA, ICA, facial a

IJV, facial vein

CN VII, IX, XI, XII

Submandibular gland

Deep cervical lymph nodes

88
Q

Contents of the posterior triangle (think muscles, arteries, veins, nerves)

A

Omohyoid
Anterior, middle, posterior scalenes

Subclavian a, transverse cervical a, suprascapular a

CN XI, cervical plexus

EJV, subclavian v, transverse cervical v, suprascapular v

89
Q

What muscle splits the neck into 2 triangles

A

SCM

90
Q

Attachments of the SCM (3)

A

Superiorly to mastoid process and superior nuchal line

Inferiorly to anterior surface of manubrium (sternal head) and superior surface of medial 1/3 of clavicle (clavicular head)

91
Q

If right SCM contracts, what happens to head and face

A

Head tilts right

Face turns left

92
Q

Trapezius attachments

A

Originates from occipital bone and all along the spinous processes of T1-T12

Inserts onto lateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula

93
Q

Trapezius actions (3)

A

Upper part elevates pectoral girdle

Lower part depresses shoulders

Middle part retracts/adducts scapula

94
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates trapezius and SCM

A

CN XI

95
Q

Anterior triangle can be further subdivided into what 4 triangles

A

Submental
Submandibular
Carotid
Muscular

96
Q

What muscles form the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck (3)

A

Splenius capitis
Levator scapulae
Anterior, middle and posterior scalenes

97
Q

Contents of the submental triangle (1)

A

Submental lymph node

98
Q

Contents of the submandibular triangle (3)

A

Facial a
Facial v
Submandibular salivary gland

99
Q

Contents of the carotid triangle (3)

A

Carotid sheath - CCA (–> ICA, ECA), IJV, vagus nerve

CN XI

100
Q

Contents of the muscular triangle (2)

A

Strap muscles of the neck (infrahyoid muscles)

Thyroid gland

101
Q

What is the right/left CCA a branch of

A

R CCA - brachiocephalic artery

L CCA - aortic arch

102
Q

What level does CCA divide and where exactly does it divide

A

C4

Upper border of thyroid cartilage

103
Q

Branch of ECA that supplies thyroid gland

A

Superior thyroid artery

104
Q

Which vein of upper limb does IJV merge with to form the brachiocephalic vein

A

Subclavian

105
Q

Is EJV superficial or deep to SCM

A

Superficial

106
Q

Posterior triangle of neck subdivided into what 2 triangles

A

Occipital

Subclavian

107
Q

Vagus nerve lies anterior/posterior in relation to the vascular contents of the carotid sheath

A

Posterior

108
Q

Where does phrenic nerve lie in relation to carotid sheath

A

Lateral

109
Q

3 components of the hyoid bone

A 
Body
Lesser horn (cornu)
Greater horn (Cornu)
110
Q

Name the 4 muscles/muscle groups attached to the hyoid bone

A

Suprahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles
Hypoglossus
Middle pharyngeal constrictor

111
Q

Name the 4 suprahyoid muscles

A

Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid

112
Q

Innervation of mylohyoid

A

CN V3 (specifically inferior alveolar branch)

113
Q

Innervation of geniohyoid

A

CN XII

114
Q

Innervation of digastric (anterior/posterior belly)

A

CN V3 (specifically inferior alveolar branch) innervates ant. belly

CN VII innervates post. belly

115
Q

Innervation of stylohyoid

A

CN VII

116
Q

Action of suprahyoid muscles

A 
Elevate hyoid bone
Depress mandible (open mouth)
117
Q

Name the 4 infrahyoid (Strap) muscles

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid

118
Q

Innervation of all the infrahyoid muscles except thyrohyoid (+ its innervation)

A

Sternohyoid, sternothyroid + omohyoid: innervated by anterior rami of C1-C3 carried by a branch of the ANSA CERVICALIS

Thyrohyoid: innervated by anterior rami of C1 carried within CN XII

119
Q

Action of infrahyoid muscles (3)

A

Depress hyoid bone
Sternothyroid depresses thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid elevates larynx if hyoid bone fixed

120
Q

Root values of cervical plexus

A

C1-C4

121
Q

Between which 2 muscles do the roots of the cervical plexus emerge

A

Anterior scalene and SCM

122
Q

What nerve emerges from the cervical plexus and travels down the thorax

A

Phrenic

123
Q

What is the ansa cervicalis

A

Nerve loop formed of nerve roots of C1-C3

124
Q

Vertebral level range of thyroid gland

A

C5-T1

125
Q

3 components of the thyroid gland

A

Left lobe
Right lobe
Isthmus

126
Q

What connects the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland

A

Isthmus

127
Q

Which tracheal rings is the thyroid gland anterior to

A

2nd and 3rd

128
Q

Blood supply to the thyroid gland (2) + what are they branches of

A

Superior + inferior thyroid a

Superior thyroid branch of ECA

Inferior thyroid branch of thyrocervical trunk (which is branch of subclavian a)

129
Q

What 3 veins drain thyroid gland + what do they then drain into

A

Superior thyroid vein –> IJV

Middle thyroid vein –> IJV

Inferior thyroid vein –> brachiocephalic v

130
Q

Anatomical relation of infrahyoid muscles to thyroid gland

A

Anterior to thyroid

131
Q

Anatomical relation of SCM to thyroid gland

A

Anterolateral

132
Q

Anatomical relation of carotid sheath to thyroid gland

A

Posterolateral

H and N (14 decks)

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