Anatomy & Physiology of Throat

Question 1

Oral cavity consists of 2 parts

Answer 1

Oral vestibule

Oral cavity proper

Question 2

Boundaries of oral vestibule

• anteriorly
• laterally
• posteriorly

Answer 2

Anterior - lips
Laterally - buccal mucosa
Posterior - gums/teeth

Question 3

Oral cavity proper boundaries

• superiorly
• laterally
• inferiorly

Answer 3

Superiorly - palate
Laterally - cheeks
Inferiorly - floor of mouth

Question 4

What is the oral cavity continuous with posteriorly and where does this happen at

Answer 4

Oropharynx at the oropharyngeal isthmus

Question 5

Boundaries of general oral cavity

• anterior
• lateral
• superior
• inferior

Answer 5

Anterior - lips
Laterally - buccal mucosa (cheeks)
Superiorly - palate
Inferiorly - floor of mouth

Question 6

Where does parotid duct open into

Answer 6

Pierces the buccinator muscle and opens into upper oral cavity on the inner surface of the cheek, opposite the upper second molar

Question 7

The floor of the mouth consists of what 4 things

Answer 7

Muscular diaphragm
Geniohyoid muscles
Tongue
Salivary glands (submandibular/sublingual) + ducts

Question 8

What’s the different between the duct of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

Answer 8

Submandibular gland has one duct whereas sublingual has several ducts

Question 9

Tongue is split into 2 parts

Answer 9

Anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3

Question 10

Sensory innervation of the oral cavity

Answer 10

V2 & V3 branch of trigeminal

Question 11

Sensory innervation (describe general and special sensory) of anterior 2/3 tongue (2)

Answer 11

General sensory - Lingual nerve (branch of V3)

Special sensory - Taste innervation by chorda tympani (branch of CN VII)

Question 12

Anterior 2/3 tongue is formed by what branchial arch

Answer 12

1st

Question 13

GENERAL + SPECIAL sensory innervation of posterior 1/3 tongue (1)

Answer 13

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

- both general and special sensory

Question 14

Dorsal surface of tongue is made of what epithelium

Answer 14

Stratified squamous

Question 15

4 types of papillae present on dorsal surface of tongue

Answer 15

Filiform
Fungiform
Folliate
Circumvallate/vallate

Question 16

Which 3 types of papillae contain taste buds

Answer 16

Fungiform, folliate and circumvallate

Question 17

What do intrinsic muscles of tongue do

Answer 17

Alter shape and size

Question 18

What do extrinsic muscles of tongue do

Answer 18

Alter position and direction

Question 19

Name the extrinsic muscles of tongue (4)

Answer 19

Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Hypoglossus
Palatoglossus

Question 20

Innervation of extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles

Answer 20

Hypoglossal (CN XII)

EXCEPT PALATOGLOSSUS - innervated by pharyngeal plexus

Question 21

What attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

Answer 21

Frenulum

Question 22

Oral cavity functions + what in the oral cavity allows each function (5)

Answer 22

Taste - by tongue

Mastication - by teeth + tongue

Swallowing - by tongue + hard/soft palate

Digestion - by salivary enzymes

Speech - by tongue, cheek + lips

Question 23

4 muscles of mastication

Answer 23

Masseter
Temporalis
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid

Question 24

Innervation of muscles of mastication

Answer 24

CN V3

Question 25

Collective function of muscles of mastication

Answer 25

Act on TMJ to assist chewing/grinding of food by teeth, tongue and cheek

Question 26

Where is the oropharynx + lined by what epithelium

Answer 26

Behind oral cavity | Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

Question 27

What ring does the oropharynx contain

Answer 27

Waldeyer's ring (adenoids, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, tubal tonsils)

Question 28

Boundaries of the oropharynx (5) - anterior - posterior - superior - inferior - lateral

Answer 28

``` Anterior - Palatoglossal arch Posterior - posterior pharyngeal wall Superior - lower border of soft palate Inferior - upper margin of epiglottis Lateral - palatine tonsils ```

Question 29

Sensory + motor innervation of oropharynx

Answer 29

Pharyngeal plexus (CN IX - X)

Question 30

Where is the hypopharynx

Answer 30

Behind the larynx, below oropharynx

Question 31

Boundaries of the hypopharynx - superior - inferior - anterior

Answer 31

Superior - upper margin of epiglottis Inferior - lower border of cricoid cartilage Anterior - posterior wall of larynx

Question 32

Hypopharynx is divided into what 3 things

Answer 32

Pyriform sinus Post cricoid area Posterior pharyngeal wall

Question 33

Sensory + motor innervation of hypopharynx

Answer 33

Pharyngeal plexus

Question 34

Larynx is made up of how many cartilages + name them

Answer 34

9 (3 single + 3 paired): ``` Cricoid Thyroid Epiglottis Paired arytenoids Paired corniculates Paired cuneiforms ```

Question 35

What are the components of the larynx (4)

Answer 35

Cartilage, ligaments, muscles and mucous membrane

Question 36

What do the extrinsic muscles of the larynx do

Answer 36

Move the larynx superiorly/inferiorly

Question 37

What do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx do

Answer 37

Regulate movement of vocal cords (regulate sound production)

Question 38

3 functions of larynx

Answer 38

Air passage into lungs Produces voice Assists in swallowing

Question 39

3 components of larynx

Answer 39

Supraglottis Glottis (vocal cords) Subglottis

Question 40

Motor innervation of larynx (i.e. intrinsic muscles of larynx) + exception of this (i.e. which intrinsic muscle innervated by something else)

Answer 40

Reccurent laryngeal nerve (branch of CN X) EXCEPT CRICOTHYROID - innervated by external laryngeal nerve (branch of superior laryngeal which is also branch of CN X)

Question 41

Sensory innervation of larynx (2) - supraglottis - glottis/subglottis

Answer 41

Supraglottis - internal laryngeal nerve (branch of superior laryngeal which is brach of CN X) Glottis + subglottis - recurrent laryngeal nerve (direct branch of CN X)

Question 42

5 principles of voice production (speech)

Answer 42

``` Respiration Phonation Resonation Articulation Prosody ```

Question 43

How is respiration involved in voice production

Answer 43

Provides air flow which is the source of energy for speech

Question 44

What is prosody in terms of voice production

Answer 44

Rhythm, stress and tone of speech

Question 45

How is prosody involved in voice production

Answer 45

Produces different rhythm, emphasis and tone of voice