Anatomy - Week 4 - Respiration Flashcards
What are the components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles
What are the components of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
What is the trachea?
It is a rigid tube that conducts air from larynx to lungs, lies anterior to oesophagus.
Extends between the level of vertebral C6, where its attaches to the cricoid cartilage of the larynx to the level of the vertebra T4, where it branches at the sternal angle
Supported by approximately 20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings-open posterior and faces towards oesophagus.
What are the differences between primary bronchi?
Right - bigger diameter, shorter, more vertical, first secondary bronchus emerges before hilum, three secondary bronchi to the 3 lobes, foreign objects traversing the trachea are more likely to enter right main bronchus.
Left - smaller diameter, longer, more horizontal, branches with the hilum, two secondary bronchi to the lobes.
Definition of bronchopulmonary segments?
Is the portion of lung supplied by a tertiary bronchus, has its own artery, vein and nerve.
Each segment is functionally and anatomically discrete allowing a single segment to be surgically resected without affecting its neighbouring segments
What is asthma?
Asthma causes spasm of smooth muscle in the bronchial tree and production of mucus
What is auscultation?
Is listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope
What is percussion?
The act of tapping the surface of a body part to learn the condition of the parts beneath by the resulting sound
What is segmentectomy?
Help to remove the lung disease without removing excess normal lung.
What is thoraconcentesis?
To remove fluid in pleural effusion from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes in case of tuberculosis. A cannula is carefully introduced into the thorax, generally after administration of local anaesthesia usually in the midaxillary line, in the ninth, or tenth intercostal space
What is the blood flow through the heart?
The superior and inferior vena cava enter the right atrium carrying deoxygenated blood from the system.
The superior vena cava returns blood from the lower limbs and abdomen
Upon contraction of the right atrium, blood passes through the right atrioventricular valve to the right ventricle.
Upon contraction of the right ventricle, blood leaves the heart to pass to the right and left lungs via the pulmonary arteries. Blood gases are exchanged in the lung.
Oxygenated blood returns via pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
Upon contraction of the left atrium, blood passes through the left atrioventricular valve to the left ventricle
Upon contraction of the left ventricle, oxygenated blood passes to systemic circulation via the aorta
What is an artery?
They carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)
Wall thick in comparison to the lumens diameter
Two main types -
1, elastic arteries (conducting)
2, muscular arteries (distributing)
What is a vein?
They carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)
Walls thin in comparison to the lumens diameter tunica media relatively thin compared to arteries
Tunica adventitia relatively larger compared to arteries
Possess valves folds of tunica intima projecting into the Lumen
What is valve action?
Blood moving towards the heart pushes the cusps of the valves which open
If gravity or muscle contractions try to pull blood backward or if blood begins to back up in a vein, the cusps are pushed closed, preventing regurgitation of blood.
Explain deep veins?
They carry vast majority of blood (occlusion of deep vein is life threatening)
Single large veins generally lie adjacent to large arteries eg subclavian artery and vein
Muscle movement helps venous return of blood
However, smaller arteries usually have two veins for every artery - vena commitants. Which wrap around the artery, pulsation of artery helps pump blood through the vein.
