Anatomy - Week 1 bones Flashcards
What are bones?
Bones are the rigid structures that form the framework of the body
6 Functions of the bones -
Support, movement, protection, storage, hemopoieses, attachment
What does the axial skeleton include?§
Skull, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage
Name the components of the vertebral Column
Cervical vertebrae (7), thoracic vertebrae (12), lumbar vertebrae (5), sacrum (5 fused), coccyx (3-4 fuse)
Describe the features of the thoracic cage
Jugular notch, clavicular notch, manubrium, sternal angle (fibrocartilage joint), body, xiphisternal joint, xiphoid process (sternum), 1-7 true ribs, 8 - 12 false ribs , 11-12 floating ribs, intercostal spaces and costal cartilage, costal margin
(Appendicular skeleton) - what are the 3 main segments in the upper limb and what bones do they contain?
Proximal segment - (arm) humerus
Intermediate segment - (forearm) radius and ulna
Distal segment - (Hand) - carpal + metacarpal and phalanges.
(Appendicular Skeleton) - what are the main segments of the lower limb?
Proximal segment - (thigh) femur
Intermediate segment - (leg) tibia and the fibula
Distal segment - (foot) tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges (three for each toe and two for each big toe)
What is the girdle for both the upper and lower limb?
Lower limb - pelvic girdle, hip bones connected anteriorly by symphysis pubic and behind the sacrum
Upper limb - pectoral girdle, clavicle and scapula
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact bone - is a dense hard material that makes up the long bones
Spongy - is the delicate boney meshwork which fills the inside of the bone
What are the 6 bone classifications?
Long bones - consist of a long shaft and two ends
Short bones - they are cuboidal in shape. They are found in the hand and foot
Flat bones - they are thin, flattened, and often curved
Irregular bones
Pneumatic bones - they have air filled cavities within it
Sesamoid bones - they are small nodules of bone that are present in some tendons where they rub over bony surfaces
What are the 3 arterial supply’s to the bone?
Periosteal arteries - enter the bones from the periosteum. They are responsible for nourishment of the compact bone.
Nutrient arteries - enter the shaft of the bone through small opening called the nutrient foramina. Then they pass obliquely through the compacts bone, to supply the spongy bone and bone marrow
Articular arteries - enter the bone as epiphysela and metaphyseal arteries to supply the ends of the bone
What is ossification?
Ossification is when cartilage is changed into bone
What are the two types of ossification?
Membranous ossification - in which the connective tissue membranes are directly replaced by bony tissue
Endochondrial ossification - model hyaline cartilages are replaced by bony tissue. Most of the Skeleton bone are formed in this manner (primary centres / secondary centres)
