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DPT Semester 1 > Anatomy Unit 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What are the bony landmarks on the femur? (12)</p>

A

<ol> <li>head</li> <li>neck</li> <li>greater trochanter</li> <li>lesser trochanter</li> <li>intertrochanteric line</li> <li>linea aspira</li> <li>M/L supracondylar ridge</li> <li>M/L epicondyle</li> <li>intercondylar fossa</li> <li>adductor tubercle</li> <li>patellar surfaces</li> <li>angles</li></ol>

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2
Q

<p>what connects the linea aspira to the lesser/greater trochanters?</p>

A

<ol> <li>pectineal line</li> <li>gluteal tuberosity</li></ol>

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3
Q

<p>name the angles of the femur</p>

A

<ol> <li>angle of inclination</li> <li>angle of torsion</li> <li>Q angle</li></ol>

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4
Q

<p>what attaches to the greater trochanter?</p>

A

<p>abductors and lateral rotators (ERs)</p>

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5
Q

<p>what attaches to the lesser trochanter?</p>

A

<p>iliopsoas muscle</p>

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6
Q

<p>what attaches at the intertrochanteric line?</p>

A

<p>iliofemoral ligament</p>

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7
Q

<p>what is the linea aspira?</p>

A

<p>a ridge on the post femur that the adductors attach to</p>

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8
Q

<p>where is the pectineal line?</p>

A

<p>runs from linea aspera to lesser trochanter</p>

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9
Q

<p>where is the gluteal tuberosity?</p>

A

<p>runs from linea aspera to greater trochanter</p>

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10
Q

<p>what is the angle of inclination?</p>

A

<p>angle between neck and shaft of the femur.</p>

<p>Results in distal femur moving medially to more effectively support the body when standing</p>

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11
Q

<p>what is the Q angle?</p>

A

<p>the angle between the shaft of the femur and tibia.</p>

<p>Determines valgus/varus at the knee</p>

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12
Q

<p>what are ligaments in the hip?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Iliofemoral</li> <li>pubofemoral</li> <li>ischiofemoral</li> <li>ligament of head of femur</li></ol>

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13
Q

<p>pectineus prox attachment</p>

A

<p>pubic bone/superior ramus</p>

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14
Q

<p>pectineus distal attachment</p>

A

<p>femur/pectineal line</p>

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15
Q

<p>pectineus innervation</p>

A

<p>femoral and obturator nerves (L2-3</p>

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16
Q

<p>pectineus action</p>

A

<p>flex, adduct, and IR femur at hip joint</p>

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17
Q

<p>iliacus prox attachment</p>

A

<p>iliac/iliac fossa</p>

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18
Q

<p>iliacus distal attachment</p>

A

<p>femur/lesser trochanter</p>

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19
Q

<p>iliacus innervation</p>

A

<p>femoral nerve (L2, 3)</p>

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20
Q

<p>iliacus action</p>

A

<ol> <li>flex femur at hip</li> <li>flex trunk at thigh</li></ol>

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21
Q

<p>psoas major prox attachmen</p>

A

<p>lower T and upper L vert bodies and transverse p</p>

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22
Q

<p>psoas major distal attachment</p>

A

<p>femur/lesser trochanter</p>

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23
Q

<p>psoas major innervation</p>

A

<p>lumbar plexus (L1, 2)</p>

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24
Q

<p>psoas major action</p>

A

<ol> <li>flex femur at hip</li> <li>can also flex trunk at thigh</li></ol>

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25
Q

<p>sartorius prox attachment</p>

A

<p>ilium/ASIS</p>

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26
Q

<p>sartorius distal attachment</p>

A

<p>prox/med/post tibia</p>

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27
Q

<p>sartorius innervation</p>

A

<p>femoral n (L2, 3)</p>

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28
Q

<p>sartorius action</p>

A

<ol> <li>hip -- flex, ER, ABD</li> <li>knee -- flex</li></ol>

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29
Q

<p>describe the force chain of the quadriceps femoris</p>

A

<p>quadriceps muscles→ quadriceps tendon→ patella→ tibia/tibial tuberosity</p>

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30
Q

<p>rectus femoris prox attachment</p>

A

<p>ilium/AIIS</p>

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31
Q

<p>rectus femoris distal attachment</p>

A

<p>quadriceps tendon/patella/patellar ligament/tibial tuberosity</p>

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32
Q

<p>rectus femoris innervation</p>

A

<p>femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4)</p>

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33
Q

<p>rectus femoris action</p>

A

<ol> <li>hip - flex femur</li> <li>knee - extend tibia</li></ol>

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34
Q

<p>vastus lateralis prox attachment</p>

A

<p>femur</p>

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35
Q

<p>vastus lateralis distal attachment</p>

A

<p>quadriceps tendon/patella/patellar ligament/tibial tuberosity</p>

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36
Q

<p>vastus lateralis innervation</p>

A

<p>femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4)</p>

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37
Q

<p>vastus lateralis action</p>

A

<ol> <li>extend leg at knee</li> <li>help stabilize patella at the knee</li></ol>

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38
Q

<p>what part of the vastus lateralis stabilizes the knee?</p>

A

<p>vastus lateralis oblique = lateral retinaculum</p>

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39
Q

<p>vastus medialis prox attachment</p>

A

<p>femur</p>

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40
Q

<p>vastus medialis distal attachment</p>

A

<p>quadriceps tendon/patella/patellar ligament/tibial tuberosity</p>

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41
Q

<p>vastus medialis innervation</p>

A

<p>femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4)</p>

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42
Q

<p>vastus medialis action</p>

A

<ol> <li>extend leg at knee</li> <li>helps stabilize knee</li></ol>

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43
Q

<p>what part of the vastus medialis stabilizes the knee?</p>

A

<p>vastus medialis oblique = medial retinaculum</p>

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44
Q

<p>vastus intermedius prox attachment</p>

A

<p>femur</p>

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45
Q

<p>vastus intermedius distal attachment</p>

A

<p>quadriceps tendon/patella/patellar ligament/tibial tuberosity</p>

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46
Q

<p>vastus intermedius innervation</p>

A

<p>femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4)</p>

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47
Q

<p>vastus intermedius action</p>

A

<ol> <li>extend at knee</li> <li>articularis genu elevates patellar bursa when leg is extending knee</li></ol>

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48
Q

<p>medial thigh muscles</p>

A

<ol> <li>adductor longus</li> <li>adductor brevis</li> <li>adductor magnus</li> <li>Gracilis</li> <li>obturator externus</li></ol>

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49
Q

<p>adductor longus prox attachment</p>

A

<p>pubis/body</p>

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50
Q

<p>adductor longus distal attachment</p>

A

<p>femur/linea aspira</p>

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51
Q

<p>adductor longus innervation</p>

A

<p>obturator nerve (L2, 3, 4)</p>

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52
Q

<p>adductor longus action</p>

A

<p>ADD, flex, IR femur at hip</p>

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53
Q

<p>adductor brevis prox attachment</p>

A

<p>pubis/inferior ramus</p>

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54
Q

<p>adductor brevis distal attachment</p>

A

<p>femur/linea aspira</p>

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55
Q

<p>adductor brevis innervation</p>

A

<p>obturator nerve (L2, 3, 4)</p>

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56
Q

<p>adductor brevis action</p>

A

<p>ADD, flex, IR femur at hip</p>

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57
Q

<p>adductor magnus note</p>

A

<p>has 2 parts:</p>

<ol> <li>hamstring part in posterior</li> <li>adductor part in anterior</li></ol>

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58
Q

<p>prox attachment adductor magnus posterior</p>

A

<p>ischium/ishial tuberosity</p>

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59
Q

<p>distal attachment adductor magnus posterior</p>

A

<p>adductor tubercle</p>

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60
Q

<p>adductor magnus posterior innervation</p>

A

<p>tibial nerve (L4)</p>

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61
Q

<p>adductor magnus posterior action</p>

A

<p>extend femur at hip</p>

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62
Q

<p>prox attachment adductor magnus anterior</p>

A

<p>pubis/inferior ramus</p>

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63
Q

<p>distal attachment adductor magnus anterior</p>

A

<p>femur/linea aspira/medial supracondular ridge</p>

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64
Q

<p>adductor magnus anterior innervation</p>

A

<p>obturator nerve (L2, 3, 4)</p>

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65
Q

<p>adductor magnus anterior action</p>

A

<p>ADD, flex, IR femur at hip</p>

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66
Q

<p>Gracilis prox attachment</p>

A

<p>pubis/body</p>

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67
Q

<p>Gracilis distal attachent</p>

A

<p>prox/medial/posterior tibia</p>

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68
Q

<p>Gracilis innervation</p>

A

<p>obturator nerve (L2, 3)</p>

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69
Q

<p>Gracilis action</p>

A

<ol> <li>hip - ADD, flex, IR femur</li> <li>knee - flex</li></ol>

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70
Q

<p>Obturator externus prox attachment</p>

A

<p>external surface of obturator membrane</p>

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71
Q

<p>obturator externus distal attachment</p>

A

<p>greater trochanter</p>

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72
Q

<p>obturator externus innervation</p>

A

<p>obturator nerve (L3, 4)</p>

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73
Q

<p>obturator externus action</p>

A

<p>ER, ABD femur at hip</p>

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74
Q

<p>what inserts at the pes anserinus?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Sartorius</li> <li>Gracilis</li> <li>Semitendinosus</li></ol>

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75
Q

<p>all medial thigh muscles but \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_ cross the hip anteriorly to flex the thigh at the hip</p>

A

<ol> <li>posterior adductor magnus</li> <li>obturator externus</li></ol>

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76
Q

<p>all medial thigh muscles but \_\_\_\_\_ contribute to IR of the thigh at the hip when the hip is laterally rotated</p>

A

<p>obturator externus</p>

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77
Q

<p>All medial thigh muscles but \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ attach distally to the linea aspira for the femur</p>

A

<p>1. Gracilis 2. Obturator Externus</p>

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78
Q

<p>what forms the adductor hiatus?</p>

A

<p>distal attachments of hamstring and adductors</p>

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79
Q

<p>what passes through the adductor hiatus?</p>

A

<p>femoral artery and vein from anterior thigh to posterior thigh</p>

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80
Q

<p>superior boundary of the femoral triangle</p>

A

<p>inguinal ligament running from ASIS to pubic tubercle</p>

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81
Q

<p>medial boundary of the femoral triangle</p>

A

<p>lateral border of the adductor longus</p>

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82
Q

<p>lateral/inf boundary of the femoral triangle</p>

A

<p>superior border of Sartorius</p>

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83
Q

<p>floor of femoral triangle</p>

A

<p>1. iliopsoas2. pectineus</p>

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84
Q

<p>roof of femoral triangle</p>

A

<p>skin and fascia</p>

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85
Q

<p>what passes through the retroinguinal space?</p>

A

<p>blood and lymph vessels, and nerves from the pelvic cavity to the leg</p>

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86
Q

<p>femoral triangle contents</p>

A

<ol> <li>femoral nerve</li> <li>femoral artery andvein</li> <li>inguinal lymph nodes</li></ol>

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87
Q

<p>lateral border of adductor (femoral) canal</p>

A

<p>vastus medialis</p>

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88
Q

<p>medial border of adductor (femoral) canal)</p>

A

<p>adductor longus and magnus</p>

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89
Q

<p>roof of adductor (femoral) canal</p>

A

<p>sartorius</p>

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90
Q

<p>origin of adductor (femoral) canal</p>

A

<p>apex of femoral triangle</p>

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91
Q

<p>terminus of adductor (femoral) canal</p>

A

<p>adductor hiatus in aponeurosis of adductor magnus</p>

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92
Q

<p>adductor (femoral) canal contents</p>

A

<ol> <li>femoral artery andvein</li> <li>saphenous nerve</li></ol>

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93
Q

<p>what is the saphenous nerve?</p>

A

<p>cutaneous branch of femoral nerve</p>

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94
Q

<p>Main arteries of the thigh</p>

A

<p>1. femoral artery 2. deep femoral artery 3. obturator artery</p>

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95
Q

<p>Femoral Artery route</p>

A

<p>from external iliac artery at inguinal ligament to adductor hiatus where ir becomes the poplieteal artery</p>

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96
Q

<p>deep femoral artery route</p>

A

<p>branch of femoral to muscles of the medial and posterior thigh and femur</p>

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97
Q

<p>obturator artery route</p>

A

<p>branch of internal iliac artery to muscles of medial and posterior thigh</p>

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98
Q

<p>Veins of the thigh</p>

A

<p>1. Femoral vein 2. Great Saphenous vein</p>

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99
Q

<p>Nerves of the Thigh</p>

A

<p>1. Femoral nerve (L2-4)2. Obturator nerve (L2-4)</p>

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100
Q

<p>terminal sensory branch of femoral nerve</p>

A

<p>saphenous nerve</p>

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101
Q

bony landmarks on the Tibia

A
  1. M/L condyle 2. M/L plateau 3. Intercondylar area 4. articular facet for head of fibula 5. tibial tuberosity 6. Gerdy tubercle 7. interosseous border 8. M malleolus 9. fibular noth10. articular surface for talus
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102
Q

bony landmarks of fibula

A
  1. head 2. interosseous boder 3. L malleolus 4. articular surface for talus
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103
Q

Knee joint articulations

A
  1. femorotibial 2. femoropatellar
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104
Q

medial femorotibial articulation

A

medial condyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia

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105
Q

lateral femorotibial articulation

A

lateral condyle femur to lateral condyle tibia

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106
Q

T/F: the patella normally articulates with the tibia

A

FALSE, not unless something bad happens

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107
Q

Knee joint capsule

A
  1. strong capsule 2. open posterior for popliteus tendon 3. intrapellar/alar synovial folds
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108
Q

purpose of intrapatellar/alar synovial folds

A

divides knee joint into M/L articulations

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109
Q

Knee extracapsular ligaments

A
  1. patellar ligament 2. M/L patellar retinacula 3. fibular (lateral) collateral 4. tibial (medial) collateral
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110
Q

role of collateral ligaments

A

relaxed when knee is flexed and taught when knee is extended. limit hyperextension and rotation

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111
Q

what does the fibular collateral ligament limit?

A

adduction

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112
Q

what does the tibial collateral ligament limit?

A

abduction

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113
Q

Knee intracapsular ligaments

A
  1. Cruciate ligmanets2. Menisci
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114
Q

what are the cruciate ligaments

A

ACL and PCL, crisscross within intercondylar space of joint capsule

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115
Q

what do the cruciate ligaments limit?

A

Medial rotation at knee and keep femur and tibia aligned during Flx/Ext

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116
Q

what are the menisci?

A

fibrocartilage wedges that act as cushions and create a lip to the shallow sockets of the tibia

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117
Q

name the menisci ligmanets

A
  1. coronary ligaments 2. transverse ligament 3. M/L meniscus
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118
Q

coronary ligament role

A

attach menisci to ridge of tibial condyle

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119
Q

transverse ligament role

A

interconnects ant surface of the M/L menisci across the intercondylar space

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120
Q

which meniscus has more mobility?

A

lateral

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121
Q

movements of the knee joint?

A
  1. Flx/Ext 2. M/L rotation (gliding)
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122
Q

Suprapatellar bursa

A

extension of the joint capsule between M/L edges of patella and femur; and between the quad tendon and the femur

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123
Q

what moves the suprapatellar bursa?

A

articualris genus (derived from vastus intermedius)

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124
Q

What is the Q angle?

A

angle between axis of femur and tibia. Purpose is to move legs more toward central axis of the body

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125
Q

Varus = ______

A

decreased Q angle

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126
Q

Valgus = ________

A

increased Q angle

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127
Q

what occurs when the knees are “locked”

A

knee is fully extended. femur medially rotates into the tibia to lock the knee

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128
Q

what unlocks the knee before flexion?

A

popliteus laterally rotates femur

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129
Q

Muscles in the superficial gluteal layer

A
  1. Gluteus Maximus 2. Gluteus medius 3. Gluteus minimus 4. Tensor fascia lata (TFL)
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130
Q

prox attachment gluteus maximus

A

ilium, sacrum, coccyx

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131
Q

distal attachment gluteus maximus deep

A

femur/gluteal tuberosity

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132
Q

distal attachment gluteus maximus superficial

A

IT band/Gerdy tubercle

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133
Q

Gluteus maximus innervation

A

inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, 2)

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134
Q

Gluteus maximus action

A

Hip Ext, ER, ABD when synergist w/TFL

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135
Q

Gluteus medius prox attachment

A

ilium/ala

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136
Q

Gluteus medius distal attachment

A

femur/greater trochanter

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137
Q

Gluteus medius innervation

A

superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)

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138
Q

Gluteus medius action

A

primarily ABD hip

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139
Q

Gluteus minimus prox attachment

A

ilium/ala

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140
Q

Gluteus minimus distal attachment

A

femur/greater trochanter

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141
Q

Gluteus minimus innervation

A

superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)

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142
Q

Gluteus minimus action

A

primarily ABD hip

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143
Q

Tensor fascia lata prox attachment

A

ilium/ASIS & crest

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144
Q

Tensor fascia lata distal attachment

A

IT band/Gerdy tubercle

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145
Q

Tensor fascia lata innervation

A

superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)

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146
Q

Tensor fascia lata action

A

Hip flx, ER, ABD in synergy with glut max

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147
Q

Muscle in deep gluteal layer

A
  1. piriformis 2. obturator internus 3. S/I gemelli 4. quadratus femoris 5. obturator externus
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148
Q

piriformis prox attachment

A

sacrum

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149
Q

piriformis distal attachment

A

femur/greater trochanter

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150
Q

piriformis innervation

A

lumbosacral plexus (S1, 2)

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151
Q

piriformis action

A

hip ER, ABD

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152
Q

obturator internus prox attachment

A

deep surface obturator membrane

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153
Q

obturator internus distal attachment

A

femur/greater trochanter

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154
Q

obturator internus innervation

A

lumbosacral plexus (L5, S1)

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155
Q

obturator internus action

A

Hip ER, ABD

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156
Q

S/I gemelli prox attachment

A

hip/ischial spine and tuberosity

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157
Q

S/I gemelli distal attachment

A

greater trochanter

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158
Q

S/I gemelli innervation

A

lumbosacral plexus (L5, S1)

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159
Q

S/I gemelli action

A

hip ER and ABD

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160
Q

quadratus femoris prox attachment

A

hip/ischial tuberosity

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161
Q

quadratus femoris distal attachment

A

femur/intertrochanteric

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162
Q

quadratus femoris innervation

A

lumbosacral plexus (L5, S1)

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163
Q

quadratus femoris action

A

Hip ER

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164
Q

Obturator externus prox attachment

A

external surface obturator membrane

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165
Q

obturator externus distal attachment

A

greater trochanter

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166
Q

obturator externus innervation

A

obturator nerve (L3, 4)

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167
Q

obturator externus action

A

Hip ER and ABD of femur

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168
Q

Nerves branching from sacral plexus and passing through greater sciatic foramen

A
  1. Superior gluteal2. interior gluteal 3. nerve to obturator internus 4. nerve to quadratus femoris 5. posterior branches of ventral rami S1 and S2 to piriformis 6. clunial nerves, S/M/I cutaneous innervations
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169
Q

Arteries of gluteal region

A
  1. Internal Iliac 2. superior gluteal artery 3. inferior gluteal artery 4. obturator artery
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170
Q

Veins of gluteal region

A
  1. internal ilia veins 2. superior gluteal vein 3. inferior gluteal vein 4. obturator vein
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171
Q

Posterior thigh muscles

A
  1. Semitendinosis 2. Semimembranosis 3. Biceps femoris
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172
Q

Semitendinosis prox attachment

A

hip/ischial tuberosity

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173
Q

semitendinosis distal attachment

A

pes anserinus

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174
Q

semitendinosis innervation

A

tibial nerve (L5, S1, 2)

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175
Q

semitendinosis action

A
  1. hip - Ext, IR 2. knee - flex
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176
Q

prox attachment biceps femoris long head

A

hip/ischial tuberosity

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177
Q

distal attachment biceps femoris long head

A

tibia/lateral plateau/fibula

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178
Q

innervation biceps femoris long head

A

tibial nerve (L5, S1, 2)

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179
Q

biceps femoris long head action

A
  1. hip - extend, ER2. knee - flex
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180
Q

prox attachment biceps femoris short head

A

femur/linea aspira

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181
Q

distal attachment biceps femoris short head

A

tibia/lateral plateau/ fibula

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182
Q

biceps femoris short head innervation

A

fibular nerve (L5, S1, 2)

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183
Q

biceps femoris short head actions

A

knee - flex, ER

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184
Q

Nerves of the posterior thigh

A
  1. sciatic nerve 2. posterior cutaneous nerve
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185
Q

branches of sciatic nerve

A
  1. tibial branch 2. fibularbranch
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186
Q

tibial nerve destination

A

anterior division to flexors

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187
Q

fibular nerve destination

A

posterior division to extensors

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188
Q

Blood vessels of the posterior thigh

A
  1. Deep artery2. Deep vein
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189
Q

<p>What are the groups ofbones of the ankle/foot?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Tarsals</li> <li>Metatarsals</li> <li>Phalanges</li></ol>

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190
Q

<p>Name the tarsal bones</p>

A

<ol> <li>talus</li> <li>calcaneus</li> <li>navicular</li> <li>cuboid</li> <li>medial/lateral/intermediate cuneiforms</li></ol>

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191
Q

<p>What does the talus articulate with to form the ankle joint?</p>

A

<p>Tibia and fibula</p>

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192
Q

<p>what articulations form the intertarsal joints?</p>

A

<p>talus with calcaneus and navicular</p>

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193
Q

<p>name the features of the talus</p>

A

<ol> <li>body</li> <li>neck</li> <li>head</li></ol>

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194
Q

<p>what does the body of the talus articulate with?</p>

A

<ol> <li>tibia</li> <li>M/L malleolus</li></ol>

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195
Q

<p>what does the neck of the talus articulate with?</p>

A

<p>navicular bone</p>

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196
Q

<p>what are the features of the calcaneus?</p>

A

<ol> <li>calcaneal tuberosity</li> <li>sustenticulum tali</li></ol>

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197
Q

<p>namethe joints at the lower leg/ankle?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Tibiofibular <ol> <li>proximal (superior)</li> <li>distal (inferior)</li> </ol> </li> <li>Talocrural</li></ol>

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198
Q

<p>proximal tibiofibular joint articulations</p>

A

<p>head of fibula and lateral epicondyle/plateau of tibia</p>

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199
Q

<p>What type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?</p>

A

<p>planar synovial joint</p>

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200
Q

<p>Ligaments of the proximal tibiofibular joint</p>

A

<ol> <li>strong joint capsule</li> <li>A/P ligaments of the fibular head</li> <li>Interosseous membrane</li></ol>

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201
Q

<p>Movements of the proximal tibiofibular joint</p>

A

<p>generally doesn't move</p>

<p>allows slight elevation during dorsiflexion to help with shock absorption</p>

202
Q

<p>Distal tibiofibular joint articulations</p>

A

<p>medial surface of the distal end of fibula with fibular notch of tibia</p>

203
Q

<p>Distal tibiofibular joint type</p>

A

<p>syndesmosis (amphiarthrosis)</p>

204
Q

<p>Ligaments of the distal tibiofibular joint</p>

A

<ol> <li>No joint capsule = not synovial joint</li> <li>interosseous tibiofibular ligament</li> <li>A/P tibiofibular ligaments</li> <li>interior transverse ligament</li></ol>

205
Q

<p>Articulations at the talocrural joint</p>

A

<ol> <li>fibulotalar - lateral malleolus of fibula with lateral trochlea of talus</li> <li>tibiotalar - distal end of tibia and lateral edge of medial malleolus with superio and medial trochlea of talus</li></ol>

206
Q

<p>which articulation at the talocrual joint is the weight bearing connection between the tibia and talus?</p>

A

<p>Tibiotalar</p>

207
Q

<p>Joint type of talocrural joint</p>

A

<p>hinge, synovial</p>

208
Q

<p>Ligaments of the Talocrual joint</p>

A

<ol> <li>interosseus ligament</li> <li>joint capsule</li> <li>collateral ligaments (M/L)</li> <li>Inferior transverse ligament</li></ol>

209
Q

<p>what are the collateral ligaments of the Talocrural joint?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Lateral (fibular) collarteral ligament</li> <li>Medial (tibial) collateral (deltoid) ligament</li></ol>

210
Q

<p>Movements at the talocrural joint</p>

A

<p>Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion with a little wobble when plantar flexion</p>

211
Q

<p>the body of the the talus is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ anterior than posterior</p>

A

<p>wider</p>

212
Q

<p>when the ankle is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ part of the talus body is between the malleoli for a tighter more \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fit</p>

A

<ul> <li>dorsiflexed</li> <li>wider anterior</li> <li>stable</li></ul>

213
Q

<p>Tibialis anterior prox attachment</p>

A

<p>tibia/fibula/IO membrane</p>

214
Q

<p>Tibialis anterior distal attachment</p>

A

<p>medial tarsals (medial cuneiform &amp; navicular) and base of metatarsal 1</p>

215
Q

<p>Tibialis anterior innervation</p>

A

<p>fibular nerve (L4, 5)</p>

216
Q

<p>Tibialis anterior action</p>

A

<ol> <li>at ankle - dorsiflex</li> <li>at intertarsal joints - inversion</li></ol>

217
Q

<p>Extensor digitorum longus prox attachment</p>

A

<p>tibial/fibula/IO membrane</p>

218
Q

<p>Extensor digitorum longus distal attachment</p>

A

<p>extensor expansion digits 2-5</p>

219
Q

<p>Extensor digitorum longus innervation</p>

A

<p>fibular nerve (L4, 5)</p>

220
Q

<p>Extensor digitorum longus action</p>

A

<ol> <li>at ankle - dorsiflex</li> <li>at digits - extension</li></ol>

221
Q

<p>what forms the extensor expansion on digits 2-5?</p>

A

<ol> <li>extensor digitorum longus</li> <li>lumbricals</li> <li>plantar interossei</li> <li>dorsal interossei</li></ol>

222
Q

<p>Extensor hallucis longus prox attachment</p>

A

<p>tibia/fibula/IO membrane</p>

223
Q

<p>Extensor hallucis longus distal attachment</p>

A

<p>extensor expansion of hallux (digit 1)</p>

224
Q

<p>Extensor hallucis longus innervation</p>

A

<p>fibular nerve (L4, 5)</p>

225
Q

<p>Extensor hallucis long action</p>

A

<ol> <li>at ankle - dorsiflex</li> <li>at hallux: extend</li> <li>at intertarsal joints - inversion</li></ol>

226
Q

<p>Fibularis teritus prox attachment</p>

A

<p>fibula/IO membrane</p>

227
Q

<p>Fibularis tertius distal attachment</p>

A

<p>base of metatarsal 5 (lateral foot)</p>

228
Q

<p>Fibularis tertius innervation</p>

A

<p>fibular nerve (L4, 5)</p>

229
Q

<p>Fibularis tertius action</p>

A

<ol> <li>at ankle - dorsiflex</li> <li>at intertarsal joints - eversion</li></ol>

230
Q

<p>What are the retinaculum?</p>

A

<p>2 bands located on distal atnerior surface of leg</p>

<p>covers anterior compartment tendons to prevent bowstringing</p>

231
Q

<p>list the retinaculum at the ankle</p>

A

<ol> <li>Superior extensor retinaculum <ol> <li>superior fibular retinaculum</li> </ol> </li> <li>Inferior extensor retinaculum <ol> <li>inferior fibular retinaculum</li> </ol> </li></ol>

232
Q

<p>where is the superior extensor retinaculum?</p>

A

<p>from tibia to fibula proximal to malleoli</p>

233
Q

<p>What is the superior fibular retinaculum?</p>

A

<p>an extension of the superior retinaculum</p>

<p></p>

234
Q

<p>where is the superior fibular retinaculum?</p>

A

<p>runs from anterior intermuscular septum to the fibula</p>

<p>contains fibularis longus and brevis tendons</p>

235
Q

<p>where is the inferior extensor retinaculum?</p>

A

<p>"Y" shaped band from medial ankle (tibia) and foot (navicular) to lateral foot (calcaneus)</p>

236
Q

<p>what is the inferior fibular retinaculum?</p>

A

<p>an extension of the inferior extensor retinaculum that passes over the fibularis longus and brevis tendons</p>

237
Q

<p>Muscles in the Anterior/Lateral Compartmentof Leg</p>

A

<ol> <li>Tibialis anterior</li> <li>Extensor digitorum longus</li> <li>Extensor hallucis longus</li> <li>Fibularis tertius</li></ol>

238
Q

<p>Lateral compartment Muscles</p>

A

<ol> <li>Fibularis longus</li> <li>Fibularis brevis</li></ol>

239
Q

<p>Fibularis longus prox attachment</p>

A

<p>fibula</p>

240
Q

<p>Fibularis longus distal attachment</p>

A

<p>base of metatarsal 1</p>

<p>medial cuneiform</p>

241
Q

<p>Fibularis longus innervation</p>

A

<p>fibular never (L5, S1, S2)</p>

242
Q

<p>Fibularis Longus Action</p>

A

<ol> <li>at ankle - plantar flex</li> <li>at intertarsal joints: <ol> <li>eversion</li> <li>maintain transverse arch</li> </ol> </li></ol>

243
Q

<p>Fibularis brevis prox attachment</p>

A

<p>fibula</p>

244
Q

<p>Fibularis brevis distal attachment</p>

A

<p>base of 5th metatarsal</p>

245
Q

<p>Fibularis brevis innervation</p>

A

<p>fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)</p>

246
Q

<p>Fibularis brevis action</p>

A

<ol> <li>at ankle - plantar flex</li> <li>at intertarsal joints - eversion</li></ol>

247
Q

<p>Posterior Compartment of Leg</p>

<p>Superficial Muscles</p>

A

<ol> <li>Gastrocnemius</li> <li>Soleus</li></ol>

248
Q

<p>Gastrocnemius prox attachment</p>

A

<p>medial and lateral condyles of femur</p>

249
Q

<p>Gastrocnemius distal attachment</p>

A

<p>Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon -> calcaneal tuberosity</p>

250
Q

<p>Gastrocnemius innervation</p>

A

<p>Tibial nerve (S1, 2)</p>

251
Q

<p>Gastrocnemius action</p>

A

<ol> <li>at knee - flex</li> <li>at ankle - plantar flex</li></ol>

252
Q

<p>T/F: the gastrocnemius is primarily made of red muscle fibers and is used for long duration activities</p>

A

<p>FALSE - it is white fibers and used in burst activities</p>

253
Q

<p>Soleus prox attachment</p>

A

<p>tibia/fibula/IO membrane</p>

254
Q

<p>Soleus distal attachment</p>

A

<p>calcanel (Achilles) tendon -> calcaneal tuberosity</p>

255
Q

<p>Soleus innervation</p>

A

<p>Tibial nerve (S1, 2)</p>

256
Q

<p>Soleus action</p>

A

<p>plantar flex</p>

257
Q

<p>Posterior Compartment of Leg</p>

<p>Deep muscles</p>

A

<ol> <li>Popliteus</li> <li>Tibialis posterior</li> <li>Flexor hallucis longus</li> <li>Flexor digitorum longus</li></ol>

258
Q

<p>Popliteus prox attachment</p>

A

<p>lateral meniscus</p>

<p>lateral condyle of femur</p>

259
Q

<p>Popliteus distal attachment</p>

A

<p>lateral edge of tibia</p>

260
Q

<p>Popliteus innervation</p>

A

<p>tibial nerve (L4, 5, S1)</p>

261
Q

<p>Popliteus action</p>

A

<p>slightly flex and rotate to<strong>unlock the knee from fully extended position</strong></p>

262
Q

<p>Popliteus action</p>

A

<ol> <li>pull the lateral meniscus posteriorly</li> <li>"unlock" knee from full extension</li></ol>

263
Q

<p>Tibialis posterior prox attachment</p>

A

<p>tibia/fibula/IO membrane</p>

264
Q

<p>Tibialis posterior distal attachment</p>

A

<p>broad attachment at tarsals (calcaneus, navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid)</p>

<p>base of metatarsals 3-4</p>

265
Q

<p>Tibialis posterior innervation</p>

A

<p>tibial nerve (L4, 5)</p>

266
Q

<p>Tibialis posterior action</p>

A

<ol> <li>at ankle - plantar flex</li> <li>at intertarsal joints: <ol> <li>inversion</li> <li>maintain transverse arch</li> </ol> </li></ol>

267
Q

<p>Flexor hallucis longus prox attachment</p>

A

<p>tibial/fibula/IO membrane</p>

268
Q

<p>Flexor hallucis longus distal attachment</p>

A

<p>distal phalange of digit 1</p>

269
Q

<p>Flexor hallucis longus innervation</p>

A

<p>tibial nerve (S2, 3)</p>

270
Q

<p>Flexor hallucis longus action</p>

A

<ol> <li>at ankle - plantar flex</li> <li>at intertarsal joints - inversion</li> <li>at digit 1 (metatarsal/phalangeal + interphalangeal) - flex</li></ol>

271
Q

<p>T/F: the flexor hallucis longus is a huge stabilizer and important for push off</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

272
Q

<p>Flexor digitorum longus prox attachment</p>

A

<p>tibia/fibula/IO membrane</p>

273
Q

<p>Flexor digitorum longus distal attachment</p>

A

<p>distal phalanges of digits 2-5</p>

274
Q

<p>Flexor digitorum longus innervation</p>

A

<p>tibial nerve (S2, 3)</p>

275
Q

<p>Flexor digitorum longus action</p>

A

<ol> <li>at ankle - plantar flex</li> <li>at intertarsal joints - inversion</li> <li>at digits 2 thru 5 - flex</li></ol>

276
Q

<p>What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?</p>

A

<ol> <li>superior lateral = biceps femoris</li> <li>superior medial = semitendinosus and semimembranosus</li> <li>inferior lateral and medial = gastrocnemius</li> <li>floor = popliteus</li></ol>

277
Q

<p>Contents of popliteus fossa</p>

A

<ol> <li>popliteal arteries and veins</li> <li>Tibial and fibular nerves</li> <li>lymph nodes and vessels</li> <li>popliteus and plantaris muscles</li></ol>

278
Q

<p>Name the different Intertarsal Joints</p>

A

<ol> <li>Subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint</li> <li>Talonavicular joint</li> <li>Surgical subtalar</li> <li>Transverse tarsal</li></ol>

279
Q

<p>what type of joint is the Talonavicular joint?</p>

A

<p>ball and socket, synovial</p>

<p></p>

280
Q

<p>What is the role of the talonavicular joint?</p>

A

<p>transfer weight from the tibia through the talus anteriorly to the balls of the feet</p>

281
Q

<p>The surgical subtalar joint is a combination of what?</p>

A

<p>the talocalcaneal and talonavicular joint</p>

<p>*also called the talocalcaneonavicular joint</p>

282
Q

<p>What ocurs at the talocalcaneonavicular (surgical subtalar) joint?</p>

A

<p>location of most movement in inversion/eversion</p>

283
Q

<p>what is the transverse tarasl joint a combination of?</p>

A

<p>calcaneocuboid + talonavicular compound joint</p>

284
Q

<p>what does the transverse tarsal joint allow?</p>

A

<p>rotation around a longitudinal axis contributing to inversion/eversion</p>

285
Q

<p>what is the role of all the other intertarsal joints?</p>

A

<p>absorb shock and dissipate shock from impact of foot with ground</p>

<p>only give a little and don't have appreciable movement</p>

286
Q

<p>Tarsometatarsal joint type?</p>

A

<p>plane type synovial joint</p>

287
Q

<p>Intermetatarsal joint type</p>

A

<p>planar synovial</p>

288
Q

<p>Ligaments of the intermetatarsal joints</p>

A

<ol> <li>strong capsule</li> <li>strong interosseous ligaments</li> <li>deep transverse ligament distally</li></ol>

289
Q

<p>role of the deep transverse ligament?</p>

A

<p>ties all 5 metatarsal together distally</p>

290
Q

<p>what joint is at the "balls of the feet"?</p>

A

<p>mmetatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint</p>

291
Q

<p>MTP joint type?</p>

A

<p>condyloid synovial</p>

292
Q

<p>Ligaments of the MTP joints</p>

A

<ol> <li>strong capsule</li> <li>collateral ligaments</li> <li>plantar ligaments</li></ol>

293
Q

<p>what do the plantar ligaments at the MTP joints limit?</p>

A

<p>extension</p>

294
Q

<p>(Feet) Interphalangeal jointtype?</p>

A

<p>hinge synovial</p>

295
Q

<p>Ligaments of the interphalangeal joints?</p>

A

<ol> <li>strong capsule</li> <li>colalteral ligaments</li> <li>plantar ligaments</li></ol>

296
Q

<p>What are the two types of arches at the feet?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Longitdudinal</li> <li>Transverse</li></ol>

297
Q

<p>name the 2 longitudinal arches of the feet?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Medial</li> <li>Lateral</li></ol>

298
Q

<p>What do the arches of the feet allow for?</p>

A

<p>distribution of body weight between heel and balls of feet for 2-point transfer to the ground</p>

299
Q

<p>Roles of arches of feet</p>

A

<ol> <li>Shock absorber</li> <li>Act as a springboard = provide propulsive force (recoil) during the push off part of the stance phase</li></ol>

300
Q

<p>which arch is the highest and most important?</p>

A

<p>Medial longitudinal arch</p>

301
Q

<p>Name the structures of the Medial Longitudinal arch from posterior to anterior</p>

A

<p>calcaneus -> talus -> navicular -> 3 cuneiforms -> metatarsals 1-3</p>

302
Q

<p>what significant ligament is found in the medial longitudinal arch?</p>

A

<p>Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament</p>

303
Q

<p>describe the weight distribution of the medial longitudinal arch</p>

A

<p>from talus (high point) to calcaneus posterior and heads of metatarsals 1-3 (medial balls of foot) anterior</p>

304
Q

<p>name the structures of the lateral longitudinal arch from posterior to anterior</p>

A

<p>calcaneus -> cuboid -> metatarsals 4 &amp; 5</p>

305
Q

<p>describe the weight distribution of the lateral longitudinal arch</p>

A

<p>from calcaneus (reveived weight from talus)</p>

<p>to cuboid (high point)</p>

<p>and heads of metatarsals 4 and 5 (anterior)</p>

306
Q

<p>name the structures of the transverse arch from lateral to medial</p>

A

<p>cuboid, cuneiforms and bases of metatarsal bones</p>

307
Q

<p>what maintains the transverse arch?</p>

A

<ol> <li>shape of bones (broader on dorsum than plantar)</li> <li>ligaments</li> <li>tendons</li> <li>muscles</li></ol>

308
Q

<p>what ligaments help maintain the transverse arch?</p>

A

<p>deep and superficial transverse and plantar intermetatarsal ligaments</p>

309
Q

<p>what tendons help maintain the transverse arch?</p>

A

<ol> <li>fibularis longus</li> <li>tibialis posterior</li></ol>

310
Q

<p>what muscle helps maintain the transverse arch?</p>

A

<p>adductor hallucis</p>

311
Q

<p>what passive factors help maintain the arches of the feet?</p>

A

<ol> <li>plantar aponeurosis</li> <li>long plantar ligmanet</li> <li>short plantar (calcaneocuboid) ligament</li> <li>spring (calcaneonavicular) ligament</li></ol>

312
Q

<p>what is the plantar aponeurosis?</p>

A

<p>deep fascia running longituindally from heel to balls of feet</p>

313
Q

<p>What muscles are in the thenar group of the intrinsic foot muscles?</p>

A

<ol> <li>abductor hallucis</li> <li>flexor hallucis brevis</li></ol>

314
Q

<p>What muscles are in the hypothenar group of the intrinsic foot muscles?</p>

A

<ol> <li>abductor digit minimi</li> <li>flexor digiti minimi</li> <li>opponens digiti minmi</li></ol>

315
Q

<p>What muscles support the medial longitudinal arch?</p>

A

<ol> <li>abductor hallucis</li> <li>flexor hallucis brevis</li> <li>flexor digitorum brevis</li> <li>flexor digitorum longus</li> <li>flexor hallucis longus</li></ol>

316
Q

<p>What muscles support the lateral longitudinal arch?</p>

A

<ol> <li>abductor digiti minimi</li> <li>flexor digiti minimi</li> <li>opponens digiti minimi</li> <li>flexor digitorum brevis</li> <li>flexor digitorum longus</li></ol>

317
Q

<p>What muscles support the transverse arch?</p>

A

<ol> <li>fibularis longus</li> <li>tibialis posterior</li> <li>adductor hallucis</li></ol>

318
Q

<p>What are the zones that the foot can be divided into?</p>

A

<ol> <li>hindfoot</li> <li>midfoot</li> <li>forefoot</li></ol>

319
Q

<p>what does the hindfoot consist of?</p>

A

<p>talus and calcaneus</p>

320
Q

<p>What does the midfoot consist of?</p>

A

<ol> <li>navicular</li> <li>cuboid</li> <li>cuneiforms</li></ol>

321
Q

<p>What does the forefoot consist of?</p>

A

<p>metatarsals and phalanges</p>

322
Q

<p>what creates longitudinal compartments in the foot?</p>

A

<p>plantar fascia that has vertical septa</p>

323
Q

<p>What are the comparments of the foot?</p>

A

<ol> <li>medial</li> <li>central</li> <li>lateral</li> <li>interosseous</li></ol>

324
Q

<p>where is the medial compartment of the foot?</p>

A

<p>located in midfoot and forefoot</p>

<p>also called the thenar compartment</p>

325
Q

<p>what is inside the medial compartment of the foot?</p>

A

<ol> <li>medial intrinsic foot muscles and tendons to the hallux</li> <li>medial plantar nerve and vessels</li></ol>

326
Q

<p>Where is the central compartment of the foot located at?</p>

A

<p>midfoot and forefoot</p>

327
Q

<p>what is in the central compartment of the foot?</p>

A

<p>intrinsic foot muscles and tendons to digits 1-5</p>

<p>lateral plantar nerves and vessels</p>

<p>flexor digitorum longus and brevis</p>

328
Q

<p>where is the lateral compartment of the foot located at?</p>

A

<p>midfoot and forefoot</p>

<p>also called the hypothenar compartment</p>

329
Q

<p>what does the lateral compartment of the foot contain?</p>

A

<p>intrinsic foot muscle and tendons to digit 5</p>

330
Q

<p>Where is the interosseous compartment of the foot?</p>

A

<p>in the forefoot only</p>

331
Q

<p>what is located within the interosseous compartment of the foot?</p>

A

<ol> <li>metatarsals</li> <li>interosseous muscles</li> <li>deep plantar blood vessels</li> <li>PADs and DABs</li></ol>

332
Q

<p>what is the overall function of the instrinsic muscles of the foot?</p>

A

<p>work together to maintain the arches of the foot when weight is loaded on them during stance phase</p>

333
Q

<p>Intrinsic foot muscles in the 1st layer</p>

A

<ol> <li>Abductor hallucis</li> <li>Flexor digitorum brevis</li> <li>Abductor digiti minimi</li></ol>

334
Q

<p>Abductor hallucis prox attachment</p>

A

<p>calcaneus &amp; plantar aponeurosis</p>

335
Q

<p>Abductor Hallucis distal attachment</p>

A

<p>proximal phalanx digit 1 (medial side)</p>

336
Q

<p>Abductor Hallucis action</p>

A

<ol> <li>abduct digit 1 (limited by deep and surface transverse ligaments)</li> <li>maintain medial longitudinal arch</li> <li>provide cushioning</li></ol>

337
Q

<p>Abductor hallucis innervation</p>

A

<p>branch of tibial nerve = medial plantar (S2, 3)</p>

338
Q

<p>Flexor digitorum brevis prox attachment</p>

A

<p>calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis</p>

339
Q

<p>Flexor digitorum brevis distal attachment</p>

A

<p>middle phalanx digit 2-5 (medial and lateral sides)</p>

<p>split attachment similar to flexor digitorum superficialis in hand</p>

340
Q

<p>Flexor digitorum brevis action</p>

A

<ol> <li>flex digits 2-5</li> <li>maintain M/L longitudinal arches</li> <li>provides cushioning</li> <li>keeps flexor digitorum longus oriented</li></ol>

341
Q

<p>Flexor digitorum brevis innervation</p>

A

<p>branch of tibial nerve = medial plantar (S2,3)</p>

342
Q

<p>Abductor digiti minimi prox attachment</p>

A

<p>calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis</p>

343
Q

<p>Abductor digiti minimi distal attachment</p>

A

<p>proximal phalanx digit 5 (lateral side)</p>

344
Q

<p>Abductor digiti minimi action</p>

A

<ol> <li>abduct digit 5 (at MTP joint)</li> <li>maintain lateral longitudinal arch</li> <li>provide cushioning</li></ol>

345
Q

<p>Abductor digiti minimi innervation</p>

A

<p>branch of tibial nerve = lateral plantar (S2, 3)</p>

346
Q

<p>Intrinsic foot muscles 2nd layer</p>

A

<ol> <li>Quadratus plantae</li> <li>Lumbricals</li></ol>

347
Q

<p>Quadratus plantae prox attachment</p>

A

<p>calcaneus</p>

348
Q

<p>Quadratus plantae distal attachment</p>

A

<p>tendon of flexor digitorum longus</p>

349
Q

<p>Quadratus plantae action</p>

A

<ol> <li>maintain orientation of flexor digitorum longus (straigtens line of pull of FDL)</li> <li>maintain longitudinal arch</li></ol>

350
Q

<p>Quadratus plantae innervation</p>

A

<p>branch of tibial nerve = medial plantar (S2, 3)</p>

351
Q

<p>Lumbricals prox attachment</p>

A

<p>tendons of flexor digitorum longus</p>

352
Q

<p>Lumbricals distal attachment</p>

A

<p>extensor expansion digits 2-5</p>

353
Q

<p>Lumbricals action</p>

A

<ol> <li>flex at MTP joints of digits 2-5</li> <li>extend at IP joints of digits 2-5</li></ol>

354
Q

<p>Lumbricals innervation</p>

A

<p>branch of tibial nerve = lateral and mediial plantar nerve (S2, 3)</p>

355
Q

<p>3rd layer of intrinsic muscles</p>

A

<ol> <li>Flexor hallucis brevis</li> <li>Adductor hallucis</li> <li>flexor digiti minimi brevis</li></ol>

356
Q

<p>Flexor hallucis brevis prox attachment</p>

A

<p>cuboid and lateral cuneiform</p>

357
Q

<p>Flexor hallucis brevis distal attachment</p>

A

<p>split attachment M/L sides of proximal phalange of digit 1</p>

<p>onto sesamoid bones</p>

358
Q

<p>Flexor hallucis brevis action</p>

A

<ol> <li>maintain orientation of flexor hallucis longus</li> <li>maintain medial longitudinal arch</li></ol>

359
Q

<p>Flexor hallucis brevis innervation</p>

A

<p>branch of tibial nerve = medial plantar (S2, 3)</p>

360
Q

<p>Adductor hallucis prox attachment</p>

A

<ol> <li>oblique head = base of metatarsals 2-4</li> <li>transverse head = plantar ligment of MTP joints</li></ol>

361
Q

<p>Adductor hallucis distal attachment</p>

A

<p>Oblique and transversehead = lateral side base of proximal phalange of digit</p>

362
Q

<p>Adductor hallucis action</p>

A

<ol> <li>Main action = maintain transverse arch of foot</li> <li>adduct digit 1</li> <li>provide cushioning</li></ol>

363
Q

<p>Adductor hallucis innervation</p>

A

<p>branch of tibial nerve = lateral plantar (S2, 3)</p>

364
Q

<p>Flexor digiti minimi brevis prox attachment</p>

A

<p>base of metatarsal 5</p>

365
Q

<p>Flexor digiti minimi brevis distal attachment</p>

A

<p>base of proximal phalange 5</p>

366
Q

<p>Flexor digiti minimi brevis action</p>

A

<p>flex digit 5</p>

367
Q

<p>Flexor digit minimi brevis innervation</p>

A

<p>branch tibial nerve = lateral plantar (S2, 3)</p>

368
Q

<p>Muscles in the 4th layer of intrinsic muscle</p>

A

<ol> <li>Plantar interossei (PADs)</li> <li>Dorsal interossei (DABs)</li></ol>

369
Q

<p>Plantar interossei (PADs) prox attachment</p>

A

<p>metatarsals 3-5</p>

370
Q

<p>Plantar interossei (PADs) distal attachment</p>

A

<p>extensor expansion 3-5</p>

371
Q

<p>Plantar interossei (PADs) action</p>

A

<ol> <li>adduct digit 3-5 (move towards digit 2 as reference)</li> <li>flex MTP joints of digits 3-5</li> <li>extend IP joints of digits 3-5</li></ol>

372
Q

<p>Plantar interossei (PADs) innervation</p>

A

<p>branch of tibial nerve = lateral plantar (S2, 3)</p>

373
Q

<p>Dorsal interossei (DABs) prox attachment</p>

A

<p>metatarsals 1-5</p>

374
Q

<p>Dorsal interossei (DABs) distal attachment</p>

A

<p>extensor expansion 2-4</p>

<p>digit 2 has a M/L DAB</p>

<p>digit 3 and 4 have lateral only</p>

375
Q

<p>Dorsal interossei (DABs) action</p>

A

<ol> <li>abduct digit 3-4 (away from 2)</li> <li>abd/adduct digit 2</li> <li>flex MTP joints digits 2-4</li> <li>extend IP joints digits 2-4</li></ol>

376
Q

<p>Dorsal interossei (DABs) innervation</p>

A

<p>branch of tibial nerve = lateral plantar (S2, 3)</p>

377
Q

<p>What muscles are on the dorsum of the foot?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Extensor digitorum brevis</li> <li>Extensor hallucis brevis</li></ol>

378
Q

<p>Extensor digitorum brevis prox attachment</p>

A

<p>calcaneus</p>

379
Q

<p>Extensor digitorum brevis distal attachment</p>

A

<p>extensor expansion 2-4</p>

380
Q

<p>Extensory digitorum brevis action</p>

A

<ol> <li>extend digits 2-4</li> <li>shock absorption, raising height of arches</li></ol>

381
Q

<p>Extensor digitorum brevis innervation</p>

A

<p>deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)</p>

382
Q

<p>Extensor hallucis brevis prox attachment</p>

A

<p>calcaneus</p>

383
Q

<p>Extensor hallucis brevis distal attachment</p>

A

<p>extensor expansion of digit 1</p>

384
Q

<p>Extensor hallucis brevis action</p>

A

<ol> <li>extend digit 1</li> <li>shock absorption, raising height of arches</li></ol>

385
Q

<p>Extensor hallucis brevis innervation</p>

A

<p>deep fibular (L5, S1)</p>

386
Q

<p>Motor nerves of the foot</p>

A

<ol> <li>Tibial nerve</li> <li>Deep fibular nerve</li></ol>

387
Q

<p>Tibial nerve route and destinations</p>

A

<p>divides into M/L plantar nerves</p>

<p>supply intrinsic muscles on plantar surface of the foot</p>

388
Q

<p>Deep fibular nerve route and destinations</p>

A

<p>to intrinsic foot muscles on dorsum of foot</p>

389
Q

<p>Sensory nerves of the foot</p>

A

<ol> <li>Sural</li> <li>Saphenous</li> <li>Fibular</li> <li>Tibial</li></ol>

390
Q

<p>Origin and destination of sural nerve</p>

A

<p>origin = tibial never</p>

<p>destination = lateral malleolus</p>

391
Q

<p>Origin and destination of saphenous cutaneous nerve?</p>

A

<p>origin = femoral nerve</p>

<p>destination = medial malleolus</p>

392
Q

<p>Destinations of cutaneous fibular nerve?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Dorsum of hallux</li> <li>Dorsum of digit 5</li> <li>Dorsum of foot</li></ol>

393
Q

<p>Destinations of cutaneous tibial nerve?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Plantar hallux</li> <li>Plantar digit 5</li> <li>Plantar foot</li></ol>

394
Q

<p>Arteries of the feet</p>

A

<ol> <li>Anterior tibial artery</li> <li>Fibular artery</li> <li>Posterior tibial artery</li></ol>

395
Q

<p>Branches of the anterior tibial artery</p>

A

<p>dorsal pedis artery</p>

396
Q

<p>branches of the fibular artery</p>

A

<p>perforating branches of fibular artery</p>

397
Q

<p>what do the anterior tibial and fibular artery combine to form?</p>

A

<p>dorsal arch</p>

398
Q

<p>Branches of hte Posterior Tibial artery</p>

A

<ol> <li>Medial plantar artery</li> <li>lateral plantar artery</li> <li>deep plantar arch</li></ol>

399
Q

<p>what is the first sphincter in the digestive tract?</p>

A

<p>the mouth (orbicularis oris)</p>

400
Q

<p>how does the mouth contribute to the process of digestion?</p>

A

<ol> <li>mechanical digestion (mastication)</li> <li>chemical digestion (saliva)</li></ol>

401
Q

<p>where is salvia secreted from?</p>

A

<p>salivary glands</p>

402
Q

<p>name the salivary glands</p>

A

<ol> <li>submandibular</li> <li>sublingual</li> <li>parotid</li></ol>

403
Q

<p>name the innervations for the salivary glands</p>

A

<ol> <li>submandibular and sublingual = CN7</li> <li>parotid = CN 9</li></ol>

404
Q

<p>muscles of mastication are innervated by what?</p>

A

<p>CN 5</p>

405
Q

<p>what nerves are responsible for taste?</p>

A

<p>CN 7, 9, and 10</p>

406
Q

<p>what nerves are responsible for the somatosensory function of the tongue?</p>

A

<p>CN 5</p>

407
Q

<p>what does the somatosensory function of the tongue include?</p>

A

<ol> <li>touch</li> <li>tactile sensation</li> <li>pain</li></ol>

408
Q

<p>what is the upper esophageal sphincter?</p>

A

<p>a thickening of the proximal esophageal wall</p>

409
Q

<p>what is the lower esophageal sphincter?</p>

A

<p>thickening of distal esophagel wall + respiratroy diaphragm crura</p>

410
Q

<p>what is the role of the lower esophagel sphincter?</p>

A

<p>prevent backflow of stomach acid to the esophagus</p>

411
Q

<p>name the sections of the stomach</p>

A

<ol> <li>cardiac</li> <li>fundus</li> <li>body</li> <li>pyloric regions</li></ol>

412
Q

<p>muscular wall of the stomach is made up of \_\_\_ layers</p>

A

<ol> <li>circular muscle</li> <li>longitudinal muscle</li> <li>transverse muscle</li></ol>

413
Q

<p>what are the ridges in the stomach muscle wall called?</p>

A

<p>rugae</p>

414
Q

<p>what does the stomach secrete and why?</p>

A

<p>gastric juice = chemical digestion of proteins</p>

415
Q

<p>what is the role of the pyloric sphincter?</p>

A

<p>regulate flow of chyme into small intestine</p>

416
Q

<p>the pyloric sphincter regulates flow from the stomach into which portion of the SI?</p>

A

<p>duodenum</p>

417
Q

<p>name the parts of the SI</p>

A

<ol> <li>duodenum</li> <li>jejunum</li> <li>ileum</li></ol>

418
Q

<p>what is the role of the SI?</p>

A

<p>primary site of absorption for water and nutrients (~90% of all absorption)</p>

419
Q

<p>what is the sphincter of Oddi?</p>

A

<p>a sphincter that controls the digestive juices from the liver and pancreas into the duodenum</p>

420
Q

<p>role of pancreatic juice in the duodenum</p>

A

<ol> <li>digests large molecules</li> <li>buffer the stomach acid that has entered the SI</li></ol>

421
Q

<p>what does the liver secrete into the duodenum?</p>

A

<p>Bile</p>

422
Q

<p>what is the role of Bile?</p>

A

<p>digests fat globs into lipid droplets</p>

423
Q

<p>what is the duodenal flexure?</p>

A

<p>a sudden right angle at the end of the duodenum</p>

424
Q

<p>what is the role of the duodenal flexure?</p>

A

<p>it is associated with a suspensory muscle which allows it to change the flow from the duodenum to the jejunum</p>

425
Q

<p>how would you describe the lumen of the SI?</p>

A

<p>modified for increased SA</p>

<ul> <li>circular fold (plicae)</li> <li>projections/villi</li> <li>brush border/microvilli</li></ul>

426
Q

<p>what connects the SI to the LI?</p>

A

<p>ileocecal sphincter</p>

427
Q

<p>name the sections of the LI</p>

A

<ol> <li>cecum/appendix</li> <li>ascending colon</li> <li>transverse colon</li> <li>descending colon</li> <li>sigmoid colon</li></ol>

428
Q

<p>what is the role of LI?</p>

A

<ol> <li>last 10% of absorption of water</li> <li>bacterial digestion = absorption of vitamins and minerals</li></ol>

429
Q

<p>last stop of the GI after the LI?</p>

A

<p>rectum/anus</p>

430
Q

<p>role of the rectum/anus</p>

A

<p>feces accumulation and defecation</p>

431
Q

<p>name the sphincters at the anus/rectum</p>

A

<ol> <li>internal anal sphincter</li> <li>external anal sphincter</li></ol>

432
Q

<p>differentiate between the internal/external anal sphincter</p>

A

<ol> <li>internal = smooth muscle and involuntary</li> <li>external = pelvic diaphragm (puborectalis) - skeletal muscle so it is voluntary</li></ol>

433
Q

<p>the blood flow in the digestive tract can be broken down into what 2 planes?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Anterior midline plane = 3 <u>unpaired </u>arteries to viscera</li> <li>lateral plane = 4 <u>paired </u>arteries to viscera</li></ol>

434
Q

<p>Name the 3 unpaired arteries that make up the anterior midline plane</p>

A

<ol> <li>Celiac Trunk</li> <li>Superior mesenteric artery</li> <li>Inferior mesenteric artery</li></ol>

435
Q

<p>what does the Celiac Trunk supply blood to?</p>

A

<ol> <li>stomach</li> <li>spleen</li> <li>pancreas</li> <li>liver</li> <li>proximal duodenum</li></ol>

436
Q

<p>what does the Superior Mesenteric Artery supply blood to?</p>

A

<ol> <li>distal duodenum</li> <li>jejunum</li> <li>ileum</li> <li>cecum</li> <li>ascending colon</li> <li>1/2 of transverse colon</li></ol>

437
Q

<p>what does the Inferior Mesenteric Artery supply blood to?</p>

A

<ol> <li>1/2 transverse colon (distal)</li> <li>descending colon</li> <li>sigmoid colon</li> <li>rectum</li> <li>proximal anus (above pectinate line)</li></ol>

<p></p>

438
Q

<p>what do all the structures supplied by the celiac, and S/I mesenteric arteries drain into?</p>

A

<p>Hepatic portal vein</p>

439
Q

<p>What arteries are in the lateral plane?</p>

A

<ol> <li>inferior phrenic</li> <li>suprarenal</li> <li>renal</li> <li>gonadal</li></ol>

440
Q

<p>what does the inferior phrenic artery supply?</p>

A

<p>inferior diaphragm</p>

441
Q

<p>what do the suprarenal arteries supply?</p>

A

<p>adrenal glands</p>

442
Q

<p>what do the renal arteries supply?</p>

A

<p>Kindeys</p>

443
Q

<p>what is the hepatic portal vein?</p>

A

<p>a large venous system that drains directly into the liver</p>

444
Q

<p>what does the liver do to blood in the hepatic portal vein?</p>

A

<ol> <li>takes glucose out of the blood and stores it</li> <li>detoxifies the blood</li></ol>

<p></p>

445
Q

<p>T/F: the sugar removed from the blood at the liver is stored to sustain us between meals?</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

446
Q

<p>how would liver disease affect venous blood flow in the hepatic portal vein?</p>

A

<p>liver BP would increase = backflow into portal system</p>

<p>=portal system shunts to azygous and inferior mesenteric veins</p>

<p>=high volumes of blood in those veins can result in hemmorrhoids</p>

447
Q

<p>the lateral plane (paired arteries) will not drain to the hepatic portal vein. Instead they drain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_</p>

A

<p>into veins with corresponding names</p>

<p>these eventually drain into the inferior vena cava</p>

448
Q

<p>describe lymph flow in the digestive tract</p>

A

<ul> <li>lymph capillaries in cavity and organ</li> <li>lymp vessels</li> <li>lymph nodes</li> <li>cisterna chyli</li> <li>thoracic duct</li> <li>left angle between jugular and subclavian veins</li></ul>

<p></p>

449
Q

<p>what is the enteric nervous system?</p>

A

<p>the gut tube's own endogenous nervous system</p>

450
Q

<p>what does the enteric nervous system allow the gut tube to do?</p>

A

<p>continue to contract and secrete even after being removed from the body</p>

451
Q

<p>what are the components of the enteric nervous system?</p>

A

<ol> <li>submucosal plexus</li> <li>myenteric plexus</li></ol>

<p></p>

452
Q

<p>what is the role of submucosal plexus?</p>

A

<p>controls secretion from the glands in the mucosa</p>

453
Q

<p>what is the role of myenteric plexus?</p>

A

<p>controls contraction of the circular and longitudinal muscles</p>

454
Q

<p>What regulates the activity of the enteric nervous system?</p>

A

<p>the automonic nervous system (ANS)</p>

455
Q

<p>how does PNS input impact the digestive tract?</p>

A

<p>increases secretion and contraction</p>

456
Q

<p>what is the main PNS input to the digestive tract from?</p>

A

<p>CN 10</p>

457
Q

<p>how does SNS input impact the digestive tract?</p>

A

<p>decreases contraction and secretion</p>

458
Q

<p>describe the layers of the gut tube</p>

A

<ol> <li>lumen surface</li> <li>muscular wall</li> <li>adventitia</li> <li>visceral peritoneum</li></ol>

<p></p>

459
Q

<p>sympathetic input to the abdominal organs come from what sources?</p>

A

<ol> <li>chain (paravertebral) ganglia</li> <li>prevertebral ganglia (unpaired sympathetic ganglia)</li></ol>

<p></p>

460
Q

<p>what are the chain (paravertebral) ganglia?</p>

A

<p>come from lateral horns of T1-L2</p>

<p>extend from cervical to sacral vertebral cord bilaterally</p>

461
Q

<p>what are the prevertebral ganglia (unpaired sympathetic ganglia)?</p>

A

<p>associated ganglia with the aorta</p>

<p>names fro blood vessels comming off the aorta they are close too</p>

462
Q

<p>Name the prevertebral ganglia</p>

A

<ol> <li>celiac</li> <li>aorticorenal</li> <li>superior mesenteric</li> <li>inferior mesenteric</li></ol>

<p></p>

463
Q

<p>what are plexi in the abdominal region?</p>

A

<p>both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves</p>

464
Q

<p>name the plexi in the abdominal region</p>

A

<ol> <li>celiac plexus</li> <li>superior mesenteric plexus</li> <li>inferior mesenteric plexus</li> <li>superior hypogastric plexus</li> <li>inferior hypogastric plexus</li></ol>

<p></p>

465
Q

<p>what are splanchnic nerves?</p>

A

<p>sympathetic nerves that connect:</p>

<ul> <li>spinal cord to chain ganglia</li> <li>sympathetic chain ganglia to prevertebral ganglia and plexi</li></ul>

<p></p>

466
Q

<p>name the serous membranes in the abdominal cavity</p>

A

<ol> <li>parietal pertioneum</li> <li>viseral peritoneum</li> <li>peritoneal cavity</li> <li>retroperitoneal</li></ol>

<p></p>

467
Q

<p>how is visceral peritoneum formed?</p>

A

<p>lining of the peritoneum is folded around abdominal organs.</p>

<p>the base of fold binds the organ to the posterior abdominal wall and contains nerves, blood, and lymph vessels</p>

468
Q

<p>What are the prominent peritoneal folds we need to know?</p>

A

<ol> <li>mesentery</li> <li>mesocolon</li> <li>falciform ligament</li> <li>lesser omentum</li> <li>greater omentum</li></ol>

<p></p>

469
Q

<p>what is the mesentery?</p>

A

<p>peritonel fold that attaches small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall</p>

470
Q

<p>what is the mesocolon?</p>

A

<p>peritoneal fold that attaches large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall</p>

471
Q

<p>what is the falciform ligament?</p>

A

<p>peritoneal fold that attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm</p>

472
Q

<p>what is the lesser omentum?</p>

A

<p>peritoneal fold that attaches stomach and duodenum to liver</p>

473
Q

<p>what is found in the lesser omentum?</p>

A

<p>portal triad/liver hylus</p>

474
Q

<p>what is the greater omentum?</p>

A

<p>peritoneal fold that attaches stomach, duodenum, and colon</p>

475
Q

<p>where is there a pectinate line in the GI tract?</p>

A

<p>at the anal canal</p>

476
Q

<p>describe sensory/innervation and blood supply superior to the pectinate line</p>

A

<ul> <li>visceral innervations (involuntary motor, unconscious sensory)</li> <li>inferior mesenteric artery/portal venous drainage</li></ul>

<p></p>

477
Q

<p>describe sensory/innervation and blood supply inferior to the pectinate line</p>

A

<ul> <li>somatic (voluntary motor, conscious sensory = pain) innervations</li> <li>internal illiac artery and caval venous drainage <ul> <li>bypasses the portal system</li> </ul> </li></ul>

<p></p>

478
Q

<p>Name the accessory organs in the digestive tract</p>

A

<ol> <li>Spleen</li> <li>Pancreas</li> <li>Liver</li> <li>Gallbladder, and Bile ducts</li></ol>

<p></p>

<p></p>

479
Q

<p>where is the spleen located?</p>

A

<p>superior left quadrant</p>

<p>within the rib cage</p>

<p>posterior to stomach</p>

<p>anterior to diaphram</p>

480
Q

<p>What is the function of the spleen?</p>

A

<p>lymphatic organ</p>

<p>remove/recycle old RBCs</p>

<p>act as blood reservoir</p>

481
Q

<p>where is the pancreas located?</p>

A

<p>retroperitoneal</p>

<p>superior right and left quadrants</p>

482
Q

<p>what is the function of the pancreas?</p>

A

<ol> <li>endocrine organ</li> <li>exocrine organ</li></ol>

<p></p>

483
Q

<p>what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?</p>

A

<p>secretes pancreatic jucie (which contains buffer and digestive enzymes) into duodenum</p>

484
Q

<p>how does pancreatic juice enter the duodenum?</p>

A

<p>hepatopancreatic ampulla duct</p>

485
Q

<p>what is the endocrine function of the pancreas?</p>

A

<p>secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood</p>

486
Q

<p>which pancreatic hormone is anabolic?</p>

A

<p>insulin</p>

<p>glucoagon is catabolic</p>

487
Q

<p>how is the pancreas connected to the duodenum?</p>

A

<ol> <li>pancreatic duct and sphincter</li> <li>accessory pancreatic duct</li></ol>

<p></p>

488
Q

<p>the main pancreatic duct is also called what?</p>

A

<ol> <li>hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater)</li> <li>hepatopancreatic sphincter (of Oddi)</li></ol>

<p></p>

489
Q

<p>where is the liver located?</p>

A

<p>largest gland</p>

<p>second largest organ</p>

<p>located inthe superior R/L quadrants</p>

490
Q

<p>what are the functions of the liver?</p>

A

<ol> <li>Digestion</li> <li>Excretion</li> <li>glucose storage</li> <li>blood detoxification</li> <li>production/secretion of plasma proteins</li> <li>calcium homeostasis</li></ol>

<p></p>

491
Q

<p>what does the liver excrete?</p>

A

<ol> <li>bile acid and salts</li> <li>cholesterole</li> <li>bilirubin</li></ol>

492
Q

<p>where is the gallbladder located?</p>

A

<p>upper R quadrant, visceral surface of liver right lobe in right sagittal fissure</p>

493
Q

<p>gallbladder and bile duct function</p>

A

<p>store, concentrate, and convey bile from liver to duodenum</p>

494
Q

<p>where is the anal canal located?</p>

A

<p>perineum in an triangle of the pevic diaphragm</p>

495
Q

<p>what are the attachments of the anal canal?</p>

A

<ol> <li>anococcygeal ligament</li> <li>central point of the perineum = peroneal body</li> <li>external sphincter is blended into the levator ani, puborectalis, of the pelvic diaphragm</li></ol>

496
Q

<p>where are the kidneys located?</p>

A

<p>posterior abdominal wal</p>

<p>retroperitoneal</p>

<p>T12-L3</p>

497
Q

<p>which kidney is higher?</p>

A

<p>Left kidney</p>

498
Q

<p>describe the cross sectional anatomy of the kidneys</p>

A

<ol> <li>tough outer capsule</li> <li>cortex</li> <li>medulla</li></ol>

<p></p>

499
Q

<p>what is in the renal cortex?</p>

A

<p>nephrons</p>

500
Q

<p>what is in the medulla?</p>

A

<ol> <li>pyramids</li> <li>renal papillae</li> <li>collecting ducts</li> <li>columns</li></ol>

<p></p>

DPT Semester 1 (12 decks)

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