Anatomy Unit 2 cont Flashcards
1
Q
superior surface of abdomen
A
diaphragm (domed to 4th intercostals space)
2
Q
inferior surface of abdomen
A
pelvic inlet (superior pelvic apeture)
3
Q
anterolateral surface of abdomen
A
muscular wall
4
Q
posterior surface of abdomen
A
lumber vertebrae
5
Q
what lines the abdominal cavity?
A
Peritoneum
6
Q
what is visceral peritoneum?
A
serous membrane covering abdominal organs
7
Q
what is parietal peritoneum?
A
serous membrane lining cavity
8
Q
what is the peritoneal cavity?
A
fluid filled space in abdomen
9
Q
what is the mesentery?
A
continuation of visceral and parietal peritoneum that attaches organ to body wall
10
Q
what planes create the abdominal quadrants?
A
Transumbilicial plane (S/I halves)
Median plane (R/L halves)
11
Q
what is in the right upper quadrant?
A
1) . R lobe of liver
2) . gallbladder
3) . Stomach: pylorus
4) . Pancreas head
5) . R kidney
12
Q
what is in the right lower quadrant?
A
1) . Cecum
2) . Appendix
3) . Most of ileum
4) . R Ovary, Uterine tube
5) . R ureter & spermatic cord
13
Q
what is in the left upper quadrant?
A
1) . Liver L lobe
2) . spleen
3) . stomach
4) . Jejunum & prox ileum
5) . Pancreas: body and tail
14
Q
what is in the left lower quadrant?
A
1) . Sigmoid colon
2) . Descending colon: Inf part
3) . L ovary & uterine tube
4) . L ureter & spermatic cord
15
Q
anterior peripheral attachment of the diaphragm
A
xiphoid process
16
Q
lateral peripheral attachment of the diaphragm
A
costal cartilage and ribs 5-10
17
Q
posterior peripheral attachment of the diaphragm
A
L1-3 vertebrae and floating ribs
18
Q
Deep attachment of the diaphragm
A
central tendon
19
Q
Major organs superior to diaphragm
A
1). pericardium (heart) attached to central tendon 2). R/L pleura (lungs)
20
Q
Organs inferior to diaphragm
A
1). liver (Ant R side) 2). stomach and spleen (ant L side) 3). kidneys (post)
21
Q
What muscles pass through the diapgragm?
A
Psoas major (under med arcuate lig) and quadrates lumborum (under lat arcuate lig)
22
Q
What blood & lymph vessels pass through the diaphragm?
A
1) . descending aorta
2) . Inf vena cava
3) . Sup epigastric arteries and veins
4) . azygous and hemiazygous veins
5) . thoracic duct
23
Q
How does the descending aorta pass through the diaphragm?
A
via the aortic hiatus formed by L/R crus
24
Q
How does the inferior vena cava pass through the diaphragm?
A
via the caval opening in central tendon
25
how do the superior epigastric arteries and veins pass through the diaphragm?
via sternocostal triangle
26
how do the azygous and hemiazygous veins along with the thoracic duct pass through the diaphragm?
via aortic hiatus
27
what passes through the aortic hiatus?
1) . descending aorta
2) . azygous and hemiazygous veins
3) . thoracic duct
28
how does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?
via esophageal hiatus
29
what nerves pass thru the diaphragm?
1) . sympathetic trunk (level of vert column)
2) . A/P vagus (via esophageal hiatus)
30
Diaphragm innervation
phrenic nerve (C3, 4, 5)
31
vascular supply of superior surface of diaphragm
thoracic aorta and internal thoracic artery
32
vascular supply of inferior surface of diaphragm
abdominal aorta
33
Diaphragm actions
inhale - contract
exhale - relax
34
Layers of anterolateral muscular wall of abdomen
1) . skin
2) . Camper fascia
3) . Scarpa fascia
4) . muscles (External, Internal Oblique, Transverse Abdominis)
5) . deep fascia of transverse abdominis
6) . extra-peritoneal fat
7) . parietal peritoneum
35
External Oblique origin
ribs 5-12
36
External oblique insertion
rectus sheath
37
External oblique innervation
spinal nerves T7-12
38
Internal Oblique origin
vertebral column via thoracolumbar fascia; hips
39
Internal oblique insertion
lower ribs; rectus sheath
40
Internal oblique innervation
spinal nerves T6-T12
41
Action of Internal and External Oblique
Bi: flex at trunk
Uni: ab-/adduct; rotate
Respiration: pull rib cage down & compress abdomen to exhale
42
Transversus abdominis origin
lower ribs; vertebral column via thoracolumbar fascia; hips
43
Transversus abdominis insertion
rectus sheath
44
Transversus abdominis innervation
spinal nerves T7-T12
45
Transversus abdominis action
Uni: ab-/adduct; rotate
Respiration: compress abdomen to exhale
46
Rectus abdominis origin
pubic symphysis
47
Rectus abdominis insertion
lower ribs; xiphoid
48
Rectus abdominis innervation
spinal nerves T6-T12
49
Rectus abdominis action
Bi: flex at trunk
Respiration: pull rib cage down & compress abdomen to exhale
50
Superior rectus sheath components
1) . Skin
2) . Camper's
3) . Scarpa
4) . External oblique aponeurosis
5) . Internal Oblique aponeurosis
6) . Rectus Abdominus muscle
7) . Internal oblique aponeurosis
8) . Transversus abdominus aponeurosis
51
Inferior rectus sheath components
Ant: formed from ext oblique, int oblique and transverses aponeuroses
Post: no aponeuroses
52
What is the arcuate line?
abrupt transition from sup to inf rectus sheath composition; located below umbilicus 1/3 of distance to pelvis
53
what does the musculophrenic artery supply blood to?
anterolateral diagram and abdominal wall near diaphragm
54
what does the superior epigastric artery supply blood to?
anterior abdominal wall
55
what is the inguinal canal?
tubular passage about 4 cm long, through the inferior ant abdominal wall
56
what does the inguinal canal cross?
1) . peritoneum
2) . retroinguinal space of Bogros
3) . transversalis fascia forms covering of the canal contents
4) . transversus abdominal muscle
5) . internal oblique muscle
6) . external oblique muscle
57
what is found in the inguinal canal?
males = spermatic cord
females = round ligament
58
where is the deep internal inguinal ring?
forms an opening in the peritoneum and transversalis fascia called the myopectineal orifice
59
where is the superficial (external) inguinal ring?
forms the opening in the external oblique aponeurosis in to the subcutaneous tissue of the medial pelvis
60
what does the inguinal canal run parallel to?
inguinal ligament and the iliopubic tract
61
What are the superficial extrinsic back muscles?
1) . trapezius
2) . latissimus dorsi
3) . rhomboids
4) . levator scapulae
62
What are the intermediate extrinsic back muscles?
S/I serratus posterior
63
where is the serratus posterior superior located?
deep to the rhomboids
64
where is the serratus posterior inferior located?
deep to latissimus dorsi
65
what do the intermediate extrinsic back muscles do?
rib cage proprioception (innervated by intercostal nerves)
66
what is the general action of the intrinsic (deep) back muscles?
maintain posture (balance) and extend, ab-/adduct, and rotate the vertebral column
67
which layer of the intrinsic back muscles is longer?
superficial and intermediate layers (span 5-8 segments)
68
intrinsic back muscles (superficial layer)
Splenius (capitis and cervicis)
69
prox attachment of splenius capitis
nuchal ligament
70
distal attachment of splenius capitis
mastoid process
71
prox attachment of splenius cervicis
lower C and upper T spinous processes
72
distal attachment of splenius cervicis
superior cervical transverse process
73
innervation of splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
dorsal rami
74
intrinsic back muscles (intermediate layer)
Erector spinae muscles
75
erector spinae muscles
1) . Iliocostalis
2) . Longissimus
3) . Spinalis
76
all erector spinae have how many parts?
3
77
what are the 3 parts of the Iliocostalis?
lumborum, thoracis, cervicis
78
what are the 3 parts of the longissimus?
thoracis, cervicis, and capitis
79
what are the 3 parts of the spinalis?
thoracis, cervicis, capitis
80
origin of Iliocostalis
pelvis and lumbar spinous processes
81
insertion of Iliocostalis
ribs & lower cervical transverse processes
82
origin of longissimus
vertebral column spinous processes
83
intrinsic back muscles (deep layer)
1) . semispinalis
2) . multifidus
3) . Rotatores
84
intrinsic back muscles (deep layer) location?
"gutter" between spinous and transverse processes
85
what is the intrinsic deep layer also called?
Transversospinalis muscle group
86
what are the 3 parts of the semispinalis?
thoracis, cervicis, and capitis
87
origin of semispinalis
lower cervical & thoracic transverse processes
88
insertion of semispinalis
thoracic, cervical spinous processes & occipital/nuchal lines 4-6 segments above origin
89
3 parts of the multifidus
lumborum, thoracis, cervicis
90
where is multifidus largest?
lumborum lordotic curve
91
origin of multifidus
pelvis, lumber, thoracic, lower cervical transverse processes
92
insertion of multifidus
spinous process 2-4 segments above origin
93
where are the rotatores mostly located?
thoracic region
94
rotatores origin
transverse process of thoracic vert
95
rotatores insertion
spinous process of lamina 1 (brevis) or 2 (longus) segements above origin
96
muscles in the minor deep layer
1) . Interspinales
2) . Intertransversari cervicis; lumborum
3) . Levatores costarum, thoracicis
97
unique feature of minor deep layer
cross 1 intervertebral joint
98
what is the function of the minor deep layer?
stabilize vertebral column (posture)
99
Interspinales attachments
spinous processes to spinous process
100
Intertransversari attachments
transverse process to transverse process
101
Levatores costarum/thoracicis attachment
thoracic transverse process -\> adjacent rib
102
what is the function of the Levatores costarum:thoracicis?
functions in respiration to assist in lifting the rib cage for inspiration
103
Suboccipital muscles
1) . rectus capitis posterior major
2) . rectus capitis posterior minor
3) . obliquus capitis inferior
4) . Obliquus capitis superior
104
innervation of all suboccipital muscles
suboccipital nerve (dorsal rami C1)
105
Rectus capitis post major attachments
C2 spinous p -\> occipital bone/lateral nuchal line
106
Rectus capitis post min attachments
C1/post tubercle of posterior arch -\> occipital bone/medial nuchal line
107
Obliquus capitis inf attachments
C2/spinous process -\> C1 transverse process
108
Obliquus capitis superior attachments
C1/transverse process -\> occipital bone/lateral nuchal lines
109
Superior/medial boundary of the suboccipital triangle
rectus capitis post major
110
Inferolateral boundary of the suboccipital triangle
obliquus capitis inf
111
superolateral boundary of the suboccipital triangle
obliquus capitis superior
112
Floor of the suboccipital triangle
post altanto-occipital membrane
113
Roof of the suboccipital triangle
semispinalis capitis
114
Suboccipital triangle contents
vertebral artery/vein andsuboccipital nerve
115
Nerves around the suboccipital triangle
Cutaneous nerves (greater occipital; lesser occipital; great auricular) dorsal rami of C3-C7
116
layers of protective covering in the spinal cord
1) . epidural space
2) . dura mater
3) . arachnoid mater
4) . pia mater
117
what is the epidural space?
lipid filled space between wall of vertebral canal and dura mater
118
what is the dura mater layer?
CT membrane covering of spinal cord. Runs from foramen magnum to sacral hiatus. Also called dural sac.
119
What is the dural sac?
continuous with epineurium, covering dorsal/ventral roots & spinal nerves; and dural covering of the brain
120
what is between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?
subdural space/dura-arachnoid interface
121
what is in the subdural space?
interstitial fluid
122
what is the arachnoid mater?
CT membrane (thinner than dura) covering the spinal cord, roots, and dorsal root ganglion
123
what is between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?
subarachnoid space
124
what is in the subarachnoid space?
CSF and CT traceculae connecting arachnoid and pia maters
125
what is the pia mater?
thin, translucent, covering adhering to spinal cord
126
2 components of pia mater in spine
1) . denticulate ligaments
2) . filum terminal
127
what are the denticulate ligaments?
lateral sheets of pia running from sacrum to foramen magnum, attach laterally to the arachnoid and help hold the spinal cord in place
128
what is the filum terminal?
an inferior continuation of pia connecting the conus medullaris to the coccyx
129
length of spinal cord
2/3 of vert column. Runs from foramen magnum thru vert canal to level of L1/2 ending in the conus medullaris
130
components of a spinal cord segment
dorsal root/dorsal root ganglion and ventral root. These exit the spinal cord then fuse to form proximal spinal nerves
131
where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?
intervertebral foramena
132
after spinal nerves exit how do they divide further?
distally in to ventral and dorsal rami
133
how many spinal cord segments are there?
31 (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)
134
how many total spinal nerves?
62 (all 31 are paired R/L)
135
what is the cauda equina?
structure in lumbosacral vertebral canal consisting of roots from lumbosacral spinal cord segments
136
what is the filum terminal?
continuation of pia matter attaching the conus meduallaris to the coccyx
137
what are the main arteries supplying the spinal cord?
1) . vertebral, subclavian arteries
2) . intercostal arteries
3) . lumbar arteries
4) . lateral sacral arteries
138
segmental branches from the main arteries form what?
longitudinal arteries that run anterior and posterior
139
how many posterior spinal arteries are there?
2
140
function of pelvic girdle (pelvis)
1) . weight bearing linkage between legs and axial skeleton
2) . muscle attachment point
3) .protects organs in pelvic cavity
141
Hip bones
Ilium, ischium, pubis
142
landmarks on the ilium
1) . ala & body
2) . iliac crest
3) . iliac fossa
4) . ASIS and AIIS
5) . PSIS and PIIS
6) . auricular surface
7) . tuberosities
8) . arcuate line
143
function of auricular surface of ilium
synovial articulation with sacrum
144
landmarks on the ischium
1) . body
2) . ramus of ischium
3) . ischial tuberosity
4) . ischial spine
5) . lesser sciatic notch
145
landmarks on the pubis
1) . S/I ramus
2) . body
3) . pubic crest
4) . pubic tubercle
5) . pectin pubis (pectineal line)
146
what are the composite structures in the pelvis?
1) . acetabulum
2) . obturator foramen
3) . greater sciatic notch
4) . pelvic brim (pelvic inlet)
147
what forms the acetabulum?
ilium, ischium, and pubis
148
what forms the obturator foramen?
ischium and pubis
149
what forms the greater sciatic notch?
ilium and ischium
150
T/F: the pelvic brim is different between males and females?
TRUE, reflective functional difference due to childbirth
151
what forms the pelvic brim?
1) . sacral promontory
2) . arcuate line of ilium
3) . pectineal line of pubis
4) . crest of pubis
152
what forms the pelvic outlet?
1) . ischial tuberosities
2) . inferior pubic symphysis
3) . coccyx
153
what are the divisions of the pelvis?
1) . greater (false) pelvis
2) . lesser (true) pelvis
3) . perineum
154
what is the greater (false) pelvis?
lies above pelvic brim, contains inferior abdominal organs (ileum, sigmoid colon)
155
what is the lesser (true) pelvis?
lies between the pelvic brim and pelvic diaphragm and contains pelvic organs (urinary bladder/distal ureters; rectum, genital organs)
156
what is the perineum?
not part of the pelvic cavity but consists of soft tissue below the pelvic diaphragm between the base of the thighs
157
what articulates at the sacroiliac joint?
sacrum and ilium
158
what type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?
complex joint, both a syndesmosis and synovial joint
159
which portion of the sacroiliac joint is synovial?
Anterior - modified planar with interlocking irregular articular surface
160
which portion of the sacroiliac joint is syndesmosis?
Posterior - formed by interosseus sacroiliac ligaments
161
what do the interosseus sacroiliac ligaments do?
limit the tilt of the pelvis
162
name the sacroiliac ligaments
1) . anterior sacroiliac ligament
2) . posterior sacroiliac ligament
3) . sacrotuberous ligament
4) . sacrospinous ligament
5) . iliolumbar ligament
163
anterior sacroiliac ligament function
capsule thickening
164
posterior sacroiliac ligament function
limits depression of the sacrum (or elevation of the hips) - continuation of interosseus sacroiliac ligaments
165
sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligament function
limit upward rotation of inf sacrum (post tilt of coccyx)
166
what forms the greater sciatic foramen?
1) . greater sciatic notch (superior, anterior)
2) . sacrotuberous ligament (posterior)
3) . sacrospinous ligament (inferior)
167
what passes thru the greater sciatic foramen?
1) . sciatic nerve
2) . S/I gluteal nerves, arteries, and veins
3) . piriformis muscle
168
what forms the lesser sciatic foramen?
1) . lesser sciatic notch (ant, inf)
2) . sacrotuberous ligament (post)
3) . sacrospinous ligament (sup)
169
what movements occur at the sacroiliac joint?
limited gliding and rotation act as shock absorber
170
what articulates at the pubic symphysis?
pubic bones of R/L hip
171
pubic symphysis joint type
cartilaginous disk = symphysis
172
pubic symphysis ligaments
S/I pubic ligments
173
what does the inferior pubic ligament form?
apex of pubic arch
174
functional joint type of pubic symphysis
syn- or amphiarthrosis depending on age
175
what forms the anterior wall of the true pelvis?
pubic bones (body and rami) and pubic symphysis
176
what forms the lateral wall of the pelvis?
1) . obturator foramen
2) . obturator membrane
3) . obturator internus muscle
4) . tendinous arch of the levator ani muscle
177
what forms the posterior wall of the pelvis?
1) . sacrum
2) . ilium
3) . posterior sacroiliac joint ligaments
4) . piriformis muscle
178
what forms the floor of the pelvis?
pelvic diaphragm
179
pelvic diaphragm role
1) . regulate abdominal pressure
2) . supports abdominopelvic organs
3) . functions in micturition, defecation, and respiration
180
what structures pass through the pelvic diaphragm?
1) . urethra
2) . rectum
3) . vagina
4) . nerves of lumbosacral plexus
5) . branches of internal iliac artery & vein
181
pelvic floor muscles
1) . coccygeus muscle
2) . levator ani
182
Coccygeus muscle
also called ischeococcgeus - attached sacrum/coccyx to ischial spine
183
Coccygeus muscle prox attachment
sacrum/coccyx
184
Coccygeus muscle distal attachment
ischial spine
185
Coccygeus muscle action
supports pelvic organs; regulate abdominal pressure
186
Coccygeus innervation
ventral rami
187
Levator ani
composite of 3 muscles:
1) . puborectalis
2) . pubococcygeus
3) . iliococcygeus
188
puborectalis prox attachment
anococcygeal body (ligament)
189
puborectalis distal attachment
pubis
190
puborectalis action
supports pelvic organs; forms external anal sphincter
191
puborectalis innervation
ventral rami
192
pubococcygeus prox attachment
coccyx
193
pubococcygeus distal attachment
pubis
194
pubococcygeus action
supports pelvic organs' regulate abdominal pressure
195
pubococcygeus innervation
ventral rami
196
iliococcygeus prox attachment
coccyx
197
iliococcygeus distal attachment
tendinous arch between ischial spine and pubic body
198
iliococcygeus action
supports pelvic organs' regulate abdominal pressure
199
iliococcygeus innervation
ventral rami
200
what is the urogenital hiatus?
"V" shaped opening in pelvic diaphragm between puborectalis muscle - from pubis symphysis to perineal body of rectum
201
urogenital hiatus contents
peroneal structures including:
1) . deep transverse perineal muscle
2) . external urethral sphincter/compressor urethra
3) . perineal body
202
what is the perineal body?
CT running down center of perineum
connects the rectum to prostate/urethra
203
Pelvic vasculature: arteries
1) . paired internal iliac
2) . S/I rectal
3) . median sacral
4) . paired ovarian
204
paired internal iliac arteries are branches off of what?
common iliac
205
S rectal artery is a branch from what?
inferior mesenteric artery
206
median sacral artery is from what?
abdominal aorta
207
Venous route in pelvic vasculature
organs -\> venous plexi -\> internal iliac veins -\> common iliac veins -\> inferior vena cava
208
what is the Lumbosacral plexus?
ventral rami L1-S4
209
Sympathetic innervation of pelvic region
sympathetic chain ganglia; hypogastric plexus; sacral splanchnic nerves
210
Parasympathetic innervation of pelvic region
pelvic splanchnic nerves = ventral rami S2-4
211
what is the role of the ilolumbar ligament?
stabilize L5 and holds it to the posterior ilium bone,
212
what is found in the soft tissue of the perineum?
external genitalia
213
what shape is the pelvic floor/diaphragm?
diamond,
can be further divided into 2 triangles
214
what 2 triangles can the pelvic floor/diaphragm be divided into?
1. urogential (anterior)
2. anal (posterior)
215
what provides parasympathetic innervation to the pelvic region?
Pelvic splanchnic nerve (ventral rami S2-4)
216
what is the central point of the perinum called?
perineal body
connects rectum to prostate/urethra
217
Where is the perinal body?
Between the urogenital hiatus and the external anal spinchter
218
what are the muscles of the perineum?
1. external anal sphincter
2. bulbospongiosus
3. ischocavernosus
4. superficial transverse perineal muscle
5. perineal membrane
6. deep transverse perineal muscle
7. external urethral sphincter/compressor urethrae
219
What is the origin of the external anal sphincter?
coccyx via the anococcyceal ligament
220
insertion of the external anal sphincter?
perineal body
221
External anal sphincter action?
1. resists/regulates defecation
2. supports and fixes perineal body and pelvic floor
222
External anal sphincter innervation
inferior anal (rectal) nerve
223
Bulbospongiosus origin to insertion
median raphe on ventral surface wraps around the bulb of the penis (in males) and perineal body (in females)
224
Bulbospongiosus main action
1. males = ejaculation
2. females = maintain erection
225
Ischiocavernosus origin
internal surface of ishiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity
226
Ischiocavernosus insertion
surrounds the crus
227
Ischiocavernosus main action
responsible for erection in both males and females
228
Ischiocavernosus innervation
Muscular branch of perineal nerve
229
superficial transverse perineal muscle origin
internal surface of ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity
230
Superficial transverse perineal muscle insertion
perineal body
231
Superficial transverse perineal muscle action
supports and fixes perineal body/pelvic floor to support abdominopelvic viscera and regulate abdominal pressure
232
Superficial transverse perineal muscle innervation
muscular branch of perineal nerve
233
deep transverse perineal muscle origin
internal surface of ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity
234
deep transverse perineal muscle insertion
perineal body and external anal sphincter
235
deep transverse perineal muscle action
supports and fixes perineal body/pelvic floor to support abdominopelvic viscera and help regulate abdominal pressure
236
deep transverse perineal muscle innervation
muscular branch of perineal nerve
237
T/F: the external urethral sphincter/compressor urethrae is skeletal muscle and thus under voluntary control?
TRUE, main action is voluntary control of urine flow
238
what is the external urtheral sphincter/compressor urethrae formed by?
1. thickening of the wall – called the external urethral sphincter
2. sling around the urethrae associated with the thickening called the compressor urethrae – acts like the puborectalis – squeezes the tube
