Anatomy Unit 2: Chps. 6-13 Flashcards
How many bones are there in an adult skeleton?
206 bones in adult skeleton
How does the amount of bones compare to an adult vs a fetus?
There more bones when younger but they get fused as we get older
What are sesamoid bones? Name examples
Sesamoid bones: bones formed within tendons usually due to stress varies from person to person
• Patella
• Pisiform
What does articulated vs disarticulated mean?
• Articulated skeleton: a skeleton that has all the bones together; forms a joint
• Disarticulated skeleton: a skeleton that has bones separated; bones by itself
What is the difference between axial vs appendicular skeletons? Which bones are in each?
– Axial skeleton: bones from the central axis
• Skull with auditory ossicles and hyoid bone
• Vertebral column
• Thoracic cage: ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae
– Appendicular skeleton: bones of the upper and lower extremities and pectoral and pelvic girdles
What are the different skull cavities (6)? Describe each one
Cranial cavity: protect brain
Orbit: houses the eyes (made from the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla, lacrimal, palatine, and zygomatic bones)
Nasal cavity: air passageway
- choanae/internal nares :passage way from nasal cavity to pharynx
Oral/buccal cavity: air/food passageway
Middle and inner ear cavities: sound vibration/protect middle and inner ear organs for hearing and equilibrium
Paranasal sinuses: lighten skull and resonant voice
– Frontalsinus
– Maxillary sinus
– Ethmoid sinus/air cells
– Sphenoid sinus
Name the different bones of the orbital complex (7)
– Frontal bone
– Sphenoid
– Maxilla
– Zygomatic bone
– Palatine bone
– Lacrimal bone
– Ethmoid
What are sutures? Name the different types of sutures
• Suture: immovable joints between skull bones made of dense regular connective tissue which can fuse as we age
– Sagittal suture
– Coronal suture
– Squamous suture
– Lambdoid suture
Name the bones of the skull
• Skull (22)
– Cranial Bones (8):
• Frontal
• Parietal (2)
• Temporal (2)
• Occipital
• Sphenoid
• Ethmoid
– Facial Bones (14):
• Nasal (2)
• Maxillary (2)
• Lacrimal (2)
• Zygomatic (2)
• Palatine (2)
• Inferior nasal conchae (2)
• Vomer
• Mandible
Name the cranial bones and what do these do?
– Cranial Bones (8): form the cranium that surrounds/protects the brain
• Frontal
• Parietal (2)
• Temporal (2)
• Occipital
• Sphenoid
• Ethmoid
Name the facial bones and what does it do?
– Facial Bones (14): form the face and protect entrance of digestive and respiratory systems; do not have direct contact with brain, supporting teeth and face
• Nasal (2)
• Maxillary (2)
• Lacrimal (2)
• Zygomatic (2)
• Palatine (2)
• Inferior nasal conchae (2)
• Vomer
• Mandible
What feature can we find on the frontal bone? What does it do again?
– Frontal sinus: lighten skull and resonant voice
Where are the parietal bones located at?
posterior to frontal bone
What features are on the temporal bones(7) and describe them?
Zygomatic process: forms zygomatic arch with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone
Mandibular fossa: articulates with mandible
External acoustic meatus / External auditory meatus / Auditory canal: opening to ear canal
Styloid process: attach muscles of tongue, pharynx, and hyoid bone
Mastoid process: sinus that communicate with the middle-ear cavity
Internal acoustic meatus / Internal auditory meatus: passageway for vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Carotid canal: passageway for internal carotid artery
What features (4) are on the occipital bone and describe them?
Foramen magnum: passageway for spinal cord
Occipital condyle: articulates with atlas (C1)
Hypoglossal canal: passageway for hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
External occipital protuberance: where nuchal ligament binds skull to vertebral column
What feature is formed between the temporal and occipital bone? What does it do?
Jugular foramen: passageway for internal jugular vein
What features are on the sphenoid (4) and describe them?
Sphenoid sinus: lighten skull and resonant voice
Sella turcica: where the pituitary gland (hypophysis) resides
Optic foramen: passageway for optic nerve (CN II)
Choanae/posterior nasal apertures/internal nares: passageway from nasal cavity to pharynx
What features are on the ethmoid (6) and describe them?
Perpendicular plate: forms the superior part of nasal septum (divides right and left nasal cavity)
Crista galli: attachment for meninges
Cribriform plate / Horizontal plate: roof of nasal cavity
Olfactory foramina / Cribriform foramina: passageways for olfactory nerves (CN I)
Ethmoid sinuses / Ethmoid air cells: lighten skull and resonant voice
Middle nasal conchae: lateral to perpendicular plate; causing air turbulence to clean, humidify, and warm air during inhalation
What features are on the maxilla (3) and describe them?
Maxillary sinus: lighten our jaw and moisten the air; lighten skull and resonant voice
Alveolar margin of maxilla: location where the teeth articulates with the maxilla (teeth are NOT bones)
Palatine process: forms part of the hard palate (bony part of the roof of the mouth) along with the horizontal plate of the palatine bone
What features are on the palatine bones and describe them?
Horizontal plate: forms the rest of the hard palate and articulates with the palatine process of the maxilla
What bones and features forms the hard palate?
The palatine process of the maxilla + horizontal plate of the palatine bone = hard palate
What features are on the zygomatic bones and describe them?
Temporal process: forms part of the zygomatic arch (along with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone)
What bones and features forms the zygomatic arch?
Temporal process of the zygomatic bone + Zygomatic process of the temporal bone = zygomatic arch
What does the lacrimal bones form?
Forms part of the medial orbit
– Flatter and “wider” than nasal bone
What does the nasal bones form?
forms bridge of the nose
– Longer and “thinner” than lacrimal bone
What do the inferior nasal conchae do?
For air turbulence to humidify, moisten, cleanse air during inhalation
What does the vomer form?
forms inferior half of the nasal septum
What two bones is the nasal septum made of? What feature of the other bone forms this?
Vomer + Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone = nasal septum
What features are on the mandible (5) and describe them?
Condylar process: posterior process that contains the mandibular condyle
Mandibular condyle: articulates with mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
Coronoid process: insertion of the temporalis muscle
Alveolar margin of the mandible: location where the teeth articulates with the mandible (teeth are NOT bones)
Mental foramen: passageway for nerves and bv’s for the chin; anterior side of the mandible
What are the bones that are associated with the skull?
Auditory ossicles and hyoid
What are the auditory ossicles?
• Auditory ossicles: transmit sound vibrations from tympanic membrane (eardrum) to produce sound sensation
– Malleus: known as hammer
– Incus: known as anvil
– Stapes: known as stirrup
What is the hyoid?
• Hyoid: bone for muscle attachment but doesn’t articulate with another bone
What are fontanels? Name the different fontanels
• Fontanels: fibrous membrane between unfused cranial bones
Anterior fontanel / Frontal fontanel
Posterior fontanel / Occipital fontanel
Anterolateral fontanel / Sphenoidal fontanel
Posterolateral fontanel / Mastoid fontanel
What bones of the skull are different between a fetus and an adult?
Frontal bone and mandible are separate at first, but fuse into one bone later in life
What is the vertebral column and what is its description?
• Vertebral column(26/33): protects the spinal cord, absorb stress, supports skull and trunk
• Functions of the vertebral column
– Support for the body and head
– Maintain upright position
– Transfer weight from axial to lower appendicular skeleton
– Passageway for spinal nerves
– Protect spinal cord
How many vertebrae of each type do we have?
– Cervical (7)
– Thoracic (12)
– Lumbar (5)
– Sacrum (1, but fusion of 5)
– Coccyx (1, but fusion of ~4)
What are intervertebral discs? What tissue makes this?
• Intervertebral disc: FIBROCARTILAGE between most vertebrae to help absorb shock and support weight of the body.
What are the differences between primary and secondary curvatures?
• Primary curvatures: C-shape curve developed during fetal development (posteriorly)
• Secondary curvatures: curvatures developed after birth (anteriorly)
What are the primary curvatures we retain as an adult?
– Thoracic curvature
– Sacral curvature
What are the secondary curvatures that we develop? How is it developed?
– Cervical curvature: forms when lifting head while crawling
– Lumbar curvature: forms when starting to walk
Name some of the abnormal spinal curvatures and how they differ
Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature usually at thoracic region
Kyphosis: exaggerated thoracic curvature
Lordosis: exaggerated lumbar curvature
For the general vertebra, name the features (10) and their descriptions
Body: weight-bearing part of vertebra where intervertebral discs connect to other vertebrae
Vertebral arch: posterior structure
Pedicle: posterolateral margins from the body (“walls”)
Lamina: extend from pedicles posteromedially (“roof”)
Spinous process: extend from laminae; for muscle/ligament attachments
Transverse process: for muscle/ligament attachments
Vertebral foramen: passageway for spinal cord
Superior articular process with facets: locations where vertebrae articulate with another vertebrae’s inferior articular process with facets
Inferior articular process with facets: locations where vertebrae articulate with each other
Intervertebral foramen (articulated): passageway for spinal nerves to pass through in an articulated vertebral column
What structures forms the vertebral arch?
The pedicle (“wall”) and lamina (“roof”)
What are some of the features on a cervical vertebra?
– Features
• Smaller body
• Shorter spinous process and bifid (except for C7)
!! • Transverse foramina: passageway for vertebral arteries and veins
– Specialized cervical vertebrae
• Atlas (C1)
• Axis (C2)
What do you call C1? What does it do?
What do you call C2? What does it do? What feature allows this to occur?
• Atlas (C1): contains no body or spinous process; superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyle for nodding
• Axis (C2)
– Dens/odontoid process: for shaking head
What features are on the thoracic vertebrae?
– Costal facets vs demifacets: articulates with ribs; demifacets = half of facet
• Superior costal facets/demifacets on the lateral body articulating with head of rib
• Inferior costal facets/demifacets on the lateral body articulating with head of rib
• Transverse costal facets (except T11-T12) on transverse process articulating with tubercle of rib
– Spinous process pointed and angled downward
– Superior articular facets face posteriorly
– Inferior articular facets face anteriorly (except T12)
What features are on the lumbar vertebrae?
– Superior articular facets face medially
– Inferior articular facets face laterally
– Spinal process tends to be flatter
– Body tends to be bigger
How many bones are fused for the sacrum?
5 vertebrae
What features do you find on the sacrum(4)?
Ala: lateral, superior features
Apex: inferior feature that articulates with the coccyx
Promontory: anterior portion of the body
Body
What is the sacroiliac joint?
joint between the sacrum and ossa coxae on auricular surfaces
How many bones are fused for the coccyx?
~4 fused vertebrae
What bones forms the thoracic cage? What is its function?
– Thoracic cage: protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, etc
Thoracic vertebrae
Sternum
Ribs
What are the different regions of the sternum?
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
How many ribs do we have?
12 pairs
How are ribs categorized and how many of each do we have in each category?
True ribs (1-7 pairs): those that connect to costal cartilages that connect to sternum
False ribs (8-12 pairs): those that connect to costal cartilages that connect to other costal cartilages that connect to the sternum or do not connect to the sternum
Floating ribs (11-12 pairs): those that do not connect to the sternum; no tubercles
What features are there on the ribs and their descriptions?
Head: articulates w/ thoracic vertebra’s body (superior/inferior costal facet/demifacet)
Tubercle: articulates w/ thoracic vertebra’s transverse costal facet
Costal groove: inferior, medial margin where intercostal nerves and blood vessels run
Know which features / bones of the axial skeleton articulate with each other
What bones are on the pectoral girdle?
• Pectoral girdle: articulates with the trunk and supports upper extremities
– Clavicle
– Scapula
Name the features on the clavicle and their descriptions.
Sternal end / Medial end: rounded, medial end; articulates with manubrium of sternum
Acromial end / Lateral end: flat, lateral end
Conoid tubercle: near acromial end and on the
inferior side
Name the features on the scapula (9) and their descriptions.
Medial border / Vertebral border: medial edge
Lateral border / Axillary border: edge closest to axilla
Subscapular fossa: ANTERIOR surface of scapula
Scapular spine: POSTERIOR ridge
Supraspinous fossa: depression superior to the spine
Infraspinous fossa: depression inferior to the spine
Acromion: articulates with the clavicle
Coracoid process: anterior attachment for tendons of biceps brachii
Glenoid cavity / Glenoid fossa: articulates with head of humerus
What are the bones of the upper extremity (6)?
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal Bones (8)
Metacarpal Bones (5)
Phalanges (14)
Name the features on the humerus and their descriptions.
Head: proximal end that articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula
Surgical neck: narrow portion distal to tubercles
Greater tubercle: located lateral end for muscle attachment
Lesser tubercle: located anterior, medial and muscle attachment
Deltoid tuberosity: rough area of the shaft insertion of deltoid muscle
Capitulum: lateral where articulates with the head of radius
Trochlea: medial where articulates with the trochlear notch of ulna
Lateral epicondyle: distal part for muscle attachment
Medial epicondyle: distal part for muscle attachment
Olecranon fossa: posterior that accommodates for olecranon of ulna
Name the features on the radius and their descriptions.
Head: circular in shape and articulates with the capitulum and radial fossa of humerus
Radial tuberosity: attaches to biceps brachii tendon
Radial styloid process: lateral, distal process
Ulnar notch: medial, distal that articulates with head of ulna
Name the features on the ulna and their descriptions.
Olecranon: posterior and goes into the olecranon fossa of the humerus
Coronoid process: anterior and goes into coronoid fossa of the humerus
Radial notch: lateral that articulates with the head of the radius
Head: on the distal end
Ulnar styloid process: posteromedial process
Name all the different carpal bones and their locations
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetral
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
How many bones are in phalanx I?
*Know the numbering of the metacarpal bones
*Know the naming of each phalanx
2 bones: distal phalanx I and proximala phalanx 1
What bones are in the pelvis?
• Pelvis: protects viscera of pelvic cavity
Sacrum
Coccyx
Ossa coxae / coxal bones / pelvic bones / innominate bones
What are the bones that make up the ossa coxae?
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
What are the features of the ilium?
Iliac crest
Greater sciatic notch
Where is the ilium, ischium, and pubis located relative to each other?
• Ilium: largest and superior bone of os coxae
• Ischium: inferior, posterior bone of os coxae
• Pubis: inferior, anterior bone of os coxae
What are the features of the ossa coxae?
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Pubic symphysis
How do male vs female pelvis differ?
– Females: wider with larger pelvic inlet & outlet; > 90° pubic arch
– Males: denser; < 90° pubic arch
What are the bones of the lower extremity?
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal Bones (7)
Metatarsal Bones (5)
Phalanges (14)
What are the features of the femur and their descriptions?
Head: articulates with acetabulum of os coxa
Fovea capitis: depression where ligament that connects to acetabulum
Neck: joins head to shaft of femur
Greater trochanter: lateral projection
Lesser trochanter: posteromedial projection
Linea aspera: where many thigh muscles attaches
Medial condyle: articulates with the tibia
Lateral condyle:articulates with the tibia
Intercondylar fossa: depression between condyles