Anatomy Unit 1: Chps. 1,4,5 Flashcards
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? Give examples.
• Anatomy: study of structure
• Physiology: study of function
What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
structure supports function
What are the different types of anatomy?
• Microscopic Anatomy
– Histology
– Cytology
• Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy
– Systemic
– Regional
– Surface
• Other Branches of Anatomy
– Developmental
• Embryology
– Pathological anatomy
– Radiographic anatomy
– Functional anatomy
– Comparative
What is microanatomy/ microscopic anatomy?
Microscopic anatomy: study of structures that need instruments to view
What is histology?
Histology: the study of tissues
What is gross / macroscopic anatomy?
Gross / macroscopic anatomy: the study of structures visible to unaided eyes
What categories of anatomy are there in gross anatomy?
Systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy
What is systemic anatomy? Give examples.
- Systemic anatomy: study of structures with a related function within organ systems
(EX: heart, stomach)
What is regional anatomy? Give examples.
- Regional anatomy: study of structures of a region of the body
(EX: upper limbs, lower limbs)
What is surface anatomy?
- Surface anatomy: study of structures visible on the surface of the body
(EX: hand, foot)
What is comparative anatomy?
Comparative anatomy: compare/contrast anatomy of different species
What is developmental anatomy? What type of anatomy is also included within developmental anatomy?
developmental anatomy: study of changes of structures from conception to death
- embryology
What is embryology?
Embryology: study of developmental changes before birth
What is pathological anatomy?
Pathological anatomy: structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease
What is pathology?
Pathology: study of disease
What is radiographic anatomy?
Radiographic anatomy: study of internal structures using X-ray and other imaging techniques
What is functional anatomy?
Functional anatomy: study of functional properties of body structures and efficiency of structures
Name all the levels of the hierarchy of structural organization; know the order of these levels
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Population
Communities
Ecosystem
Biosphere
What is an atom?
smallest particle of matter
What is a molecule?
made of two atoms or more
What is an organelle?
microscopic structures that carry out function of a cell
What is a cell?
smallest unit of life
What is a tissue? Name all the different types of tissues (from future chapter)
Tissue: similar cells that have a specific function
- (epithelium, CT, muscle, nervous)
What is an organ? Give examples. (use lab study guide for examples)
Organ: two or more tissues that work together for a function
- stomach, liver, esophagus
What is an organ system? Give examples
Organ system: group of organs that work together for a function
- skeletal system, digestive system, integumentary system
What is an organism?
complete individual formed of all organ systems
Name the different types of organ systems and their associated organs (use lab study guide)
MURDERS LINC
Integumentary system - Skin
Skeletal system - Femur
Muscular system - Hamstring
Nervous system - Brain, spinal cord
Endocrine system - Pituitary
Cardiovascular system - Heart
Lymphatic system - Thymus, bone marrow
Respiratory system - Lungs
Digestive system - Stomach
Urinary system - Urinary bladder
Reproductive system - Ovaries
What is anatomical positioning and the characteristics of the anatomical position?
• Anatomical position: common reference point of the human body
– Standing
– Feet flat
– Arms to side
What is supination vs pronation? What is it in anatomical positioning?
Supination: Palms forward (radius and ulna parallel)
Pronation: palms facing backward (radius and ulna cross over)
- In anatomical position, it is supination
Know when stating right and left, who’s right and left are we referring to?
The patient’s/cadaver
Name all the directional terms and what they mean?(18)
Ventral (toward belly) / Dorsal (toward the spine)
Anterior (front) / Posterior (back)
Cephalic (toward head) /Caudal (toward tail)
Rostral - toward nose/forehead (head)
Superior (above) /Inferior (below)
Medial (toward medial plane) /Lateral (away from medial plane)
Intermediate - in between structures
Proximal (toward point of attachment) /Distal (away from point of attachment)
Superficial(External); toward body surface / Deep(Internal); away from body surface
Contralateral (on opposite sides) /Ipsilateral (on the same side)
- What are the differences of these terms when referring to a two-legged animal vs a four-legged animal?
What regions are within the axial regions?
head, neck, and trunk
What body regions does the cephalic (head) from the axial region consists of?
• Frontal : forehead
• Occipital : posterior head
• Facial: face
– Orbital: eye
– Nasal: nose
– Oral: mouth
– Buccal: cheek
– Mental: chin
– Otic/auricular: ear
What other body region the axial region consists of?
– Cervical: neck
– Thoracic: region between neck and abdomen
• Sternal: medial portion of chest
• Pectoral: chest
– Mammary: breast
– Abdominal: region between thorax and pelvis
• Umbilical: navel
– Pelvic: inferiormost axial region
• Pubic: anterior region of the pelvis
• Perineal: inferior region of the pelvic floor
– Dorsum: back
• Vertebral: medial portion of the back/spinal column
• Lumbar: loins / lower portion of the back between ribs and pelvis
•Sacral: medial and inferior portion of the back between hips
What body regions does the upper appendicular region from the axial region consists of?
– Upper extremities/appendages: upper limbs
• Acromial: shoulders
• Scapular: shoulder blades
• Axillary: armpits
• Brachial: arm
• Cubital: region between arm and forearm
– Antecubitol: anterior region of elbow
– Olecranal: elbow
• Antebrachial: forearm
• Carpal: wrist
• Manus: hand
– Metacarpal: region between wrist and fingers
» Palmar: palm
» Dorsum of the manus: posterior hand
– Digital region of the manus: fingers
» Pollex: thumb
What body regions does the lower appendicular from the axial region consists of?
– Lower extremities/appendages: lower limbs
• Coxal: hips
• Inguinal: groin / medial region of lower limbs attach to pelvis
• Gluteal: buttocks
• Femoral: thigh
• Patellar: knee
• Popliteal: posterior to knee
• Crural: leg
– Sural: posterior leg/calf
– Fibular/peroneal: lateral leg/calf
• Tarsal: ankle
• Pedal/Pes: foot
– Metatarsal: region between ankle and toes
» Dorsum of the pes: dorsal side of the foot
» Plantar: sole of the foot
» Calcaneal: heel
– Digital region of the pes: toes
» Hallux big toe
What regions are found in the cephalic (head) region?
• Frontal : forehead
• Occipital : posterior head
• Facial: face
What regions are found within the facial region?
– Orbital: eye
– Nasal: nose
– Oral: mouth
– Buccal: cheek
– Mental: chin
– Otic/auricular: ear
What regions are found in the thoracic region?
• Sternal: medial portion of chest
• Pectoral: chest
– Mammary: breast
What regions are found within the abdominal region?
• Umbilical: navel
What regions are found within the pelvic region?
• Pubic: anterior region of the pelvis
• Perineal: inferior region of the pelvic floor
What regions are found within the dorsal region?
• Vertebral: medial portion of the back/spinal column
• Lumbar loins / lower portion of the back between ribs and pelvis
• Sacral: medial and inferior portion of the back between hips
What regions are found within the appendicular regions?
consist of the upper and lower extremities
What regions are part of the upper extremities/appendages?
Upper limbs
What regions are found on the cubital region?
– Antecubital: anterior region of elbow
– Olecranal: elbow
What are the regions of the manus?
- Metacarpal: region between wrist and fingers
- Digital region of the manus: fingers
What are the regions of the metacarpal region?
- Palmar: palm
- Dorsum of the manus: posterior hand
What is the pollex?
thumb
What regions are part of the lower extremities/appendages?
lower limbs
What are the regions of the crural (leg) regions?
– Sural: posterior leg/calf
– Fibular/peroneal: lateral leg/calf
What are the regions of the pes (foot)?
– Metatarsal: region between ankle and toes
– Digital region of the pes: toes
What are the regions of the metatarsal regions (between ankles and toes)?
» Dorsum of the pes: dorsal side of the foot
» Plantar: sole of the foot
» Calcaneal: heel