Anatomy Terms Flashcards
What is the function of the muscle?
To produce varying forces across joints which enable movement
Origin
Proximal attachment of muscle to bone
Insertion
Distal attachment of muscle to bone
Antagonist
the muscle that relaxes when movement is produced (e.g. triceps are antagonists when the elbow flexes)
Synergist
the muscle(s) that assist the agonist with movement
Agonist
the muscle that contracts to produce movement (e.g. the biceps are agonists when the elbow flexes)
Monoarticular muscles
move only 1 joint
Polyarticular muscles
move multiple joints
What are the 4 types of stretching?
passive static, active static, facilitated, dynamic
Passive static stretching
relaxing into a stretch using only the weight of the body (like hanging in a foward fold)
Active static stretching
engaging agonist muscle while stretching antagonist (e.g. in a forward fold, we engage the quads to stretch the hamstrings and engage the core to stretch the low back)
Facilitated Stretching
contracting the muscle being stretched during an active static stretch (like pulling on the feet during happy baby or using a strap in a forward fold to further stretch the hamstrings)
Dynamic stretching
using movement to get into stretch (like moving around in lizard pose)
What is the function of tendons?
to attach muscles to bones
Ligament
fibrous connective tissue structures that link one bone to another at the joint. They stabilize the joint and allow for mobility.
Axial skeleton
includes the spine/trunk/neck/head
Appendicular skeleton
Opposite of axial, includes the limbs or extremities
Sagittal / medial plane
divides the body into left and right
Coronal / frontal plane
divides the body into posterior (front) and anterior (back)
Transverse plane
divides the body into superior and inferior (up and down)
Flexion
a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts
Extension
a movement that increases the angle between two body parts
Abduction
movement away from the midline
Adduction
movement toward the midline (ADD to the midline)
Internal Rotation
rotating movement toward the midline
External rotation
rotating movement away from the midline
Elevation
movement in a superior direction (e.g. shrugging the shoulders)
Depression
movement in an inferior direction (e.g. shoulders away from ears)
Retraction
squeezing shoulder blades together
Protraction
pushing shoulders forward and away from each other
Pronation
palm down (specific to forearm)
Supination
palm up (specific to forearm), seen in anatomical position
Inversion
supination of the anlkle
Eversion
pronation of the ankle
Dorsiflexion
ankle extension (top of your foot points toward your leg)
Plantar flexion
ankle flexion (top of your foot points away from your leg, pointed toes)
Plane / gliding joint
allows for smooth movement in several directions along a plane or other smooth surface. Like two planes sliding across each other. Limited movement.
Hinge joint
hinged joints formed between two bones. Allows for stable flexion and extension without sliding or deviation.
Pivot joint
rotational motion occurs without gliding movement. Always for turning motion sideways without sideways displacement or bending.
Condyloid joint
an oval shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval shaped hollow of another bone to allow angular movement along the two axes
Saddle joint
two bones that fit together in a manner similar to a rider in a saddle. Allows bending motion in several directions without sliding. Greater range of motion than the other joint types (except ball and socket).
Ball and socket joint
allows for stable movement in several directions without slippage. Highly stable, strong joints. Include the highest range of motion.
What are some examples of plane / gliding joints?
The carpals of the hand, the tarsals of the foot, the joints between the vertebrae
What are examples of hinge joints?
The elbow, the knee
What are examples of pivot joints?
The wrist joint involved in pronation / supination, the joint between the first and second vertebrae
What are some examples of condyloid joints?
the fingers, the wrist joint that allows side to side and up/down motion
What is an example of a saddle joint?
The thumb
What are some examples of ball and socket joints?
shoulder, hip
What are the 5 types of vertebrae?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
How many of each vertebrae are there?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae), coccyx (4 fused coccygeal vertebrae)
What is a spinal disc and what is its function?
it is a cartilage ring with a jelly center. It responsible for maintaining the opening between vertebrae for nerves to have room to function properly.
What are the three elements of a spinal disc injury (in order)?
Degeneration, bulge, herniation
Disc degeneration
When the disc begins to deteriorate or break down
Disc bulge
When the disc begins to bulge outside of its normal boundaries (picture a hamburger patty too big for its bun)
Disc herniation
When the disc bursts out of a crack in the outer layer of cartilage. Also known as a ruptured or slipped disc. Most likely to cause substantial pain.
How do we delay damage to spinal discs?
Improve the surrounding muscle function in both strength and flexibility
Posterior Pelvic Tilt
pubic bone toward the navel, tailbone toward floor
Anterior Pelvic Tilt
pubic bone toward floor, tailbone toward back
Lordosis
excessive inward curvature of the spine (think belly protruding forward)
Kyphosis
excessive outward curvature of the spine (e.g. hunchback)
What are the primary curves of the spine?
Thoracic, sacral
What are the secondary curves of the spine?
Cervical, lumbar
What is the anatomical function of spinal discs?
To absorb the shock of movements / gravity and to maintain the opening between vertebrae so the nerves have room for passage
How many ribs are there?
12 pairs (including 2 floating ribs)
fascia
connective tissue below that skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and internal organs (think of the white tissue on raw chicken)
What are the quadriceps and what do they do?
The quads are 4 huge muscles on the front of your thigh. It’s main functions are knee extension and hip flexion.
What are the glutes and what do they do?
The glutes are a team of 3 muscles in your booty area. They work together to extend and externally rotate the hips
What are the hamstrings and what do they do?
The hamstrings are two muscles that run down the leg. They mainly flex the knee and help extend the hip.
What are the pectorals and what do they do?
The pectorals are two muscles that make up the majority of the chest. They primarily move the arm but also help pull the ribcage during inhalation.
What are the biceps and triceps and what do they do?
The biceps and triceps are muscles that run along the humerus bone of the arm and down to the elbow. They work together extend and retract the forearm. The biceps also assist in moving the shoulder, while the triceps help stabilize the shoulder.
What are the deltoids and what do they do?
The deltoids are muscles on top of the outer parts of the shoulders. They handle most of the effort involved in arm rotation. They also protect the humerus from dislocation and injury.
What are the 4 largest back muscles?
lattisimus dorsi, rhomboids, levator scapula, and trapezius
What are the gastrocnemius and soleus and what do they do?
The gastrocnemius and the soleus are the two main calf muscles. They work together to flex the knee and plantar flex the ankle.
What are the 4 main abdominal muscles?
rectus abdominis, external obliques, internal obliques, the transverse abdominis
What are the 5 main hip flexor muscles?
the psoas major, the illiacus, rectus femoris, pectineus, and sartorius
What are the 3 hamstring muscles?
semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris
WHat are the 4 quadricep muscles?
vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris, vastus medialis
What 4 muscles make up the rotator cuff?
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor (and major), subscapularis
What 4 muscles are involved in scapular stabilization?
trapezius, rhomboid minor and major, serratus anterior, levator scapulae
What 5 muscles are the adductors?
Pectineus, Adductor Longus, Gracilis, Adductor Magnus, Adductor Brevis
