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Sem 2 Year 1 > Anatomy sem 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy sem 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What bone is this?

A

Ilium

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2
Q

What bone is this?

A

Pubis

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3
Q

What bone is this?

A

Ischium

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4
Q

What bone is this?

A

Saccrum

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5
Q

What bone is this?

A

Coccyx

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6
Q

What joint/ ligament is this?

A

Sacroiliac joint/ ligament

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7
Q

What is this?

A

Pubic synthesis- cartilaginous joint

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8
Q

What part of the bone is this?

A

Iliac crest

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9
Q

What part of the bone is this?

A

Gluteal surface of ilium

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10
Q

What part of the bone is this?

A

Greater sciatic notch- iliac

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11
Q

What part of the bone is this?

A

Ischial tuberosity- ischium

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12
Q

What hole is this and what are the bones that make it up?

A

Obturator foramen

Formed by pubis and ischium

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13
Q

What bony structures make up the pelvic inlet?

A

Sacrum, ilium, pubis and pubic synthesis

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14
Q

What bones and ligaments form the boundaries of the pelvic outlet?

A

Coccyx and sacrum, sarcotuberous ligament, ischium, pubis and pubic synthesis

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15
Q

What ligament is this?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

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16
Q

What is this muscle and what is it’s function?

A

Piriformis muscle

Laterally rotates and abducts thigh at hip joint

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17
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s function?

A

Obturator internus - laterally rotates and abducts thigh at hip joint

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18
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s function?

A

Coccygeus- provides structural support to adjacent pelvic structures

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19
Q

What 3 muscles make up levator ani?

A

Iliococcygeus

Pubococcygeus

Puboanalis

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20
Q

What is this muscle and what is it’s action?

A

LEVATOR ANI= Forms part of pelvic diaphragm, supporting other pelvic structures

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21
Q

What muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Coccygeus and levator ani

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22
Q

What is the function of the pelvic floor?

A

Supports pelvic viscera, resists changes in abdominal pressure (coughing, lifting heavy objects), urinary and fecal continence

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23
Q

What are these deep perineal muscles in the male?

A

A= superficial transverse perineal

B= External urethral spincter

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24
Q

What superficial muscles are these on the female?

A

A= superficial transverse perineal

B= external urethral sphincter

C= sphincter urethrovaginalis

D= Compressor urethrea

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25
Q

What are these superficial perineal muscles on a male?

A
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26
Q

What are these superficial perineal muscles on a female?

A

E= Superficial transverse perineal

F= ischiocavernous

G= bulbospongious

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27
Q

What are the two pouches present between the vagina, urinary tract and rectum on a female?

A

Recto-uterine pouch

Vestico-uterine pouch

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28
Q

What are two pouches shown (green and black)?

A

Green= vesico-uterine pouch

Black= Recto-uterine pouch

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29
Q

What are the 3 different organs shown?

A

Back- rectum and anus

Middle- ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and vagina

Front- bladder and urethra

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30
Q

What ligament is this?

A

Suspensory ligament of ovary

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31
Q

What ligament is this?

A

Broad ligament of uterus

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32
Q

What group of muscles is this?

A

Pelvic diaphragm

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33
Q

What is this?

A

Right ureter

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34
Q

What is this?

A

Fimbriae of the uterine tube

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35
Q

What are the different sections of the fallopian tube?

A
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36
Q

Where do the vaginal and uterine arteries originate from?

A

Internal iliac artery

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37
Q

Where do the gonadal arteries originate from?

A

Abdominal aorta

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38
Q

What is the main nerve of the perineum?

A

Pudendal nerve

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39
Q

What artery is this?

A

Common iliac artery, splits into internal and external iliac artery

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40
Q

What artery is this?

A

External iliac artery

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41
Q

What artery is this?

A

Internal iliac artery

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42
Q

What artery is this?

A

Ovarian artery

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43
Q

What artery is this?

A

Femoral artery

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44
Q

What are the following structures that can be seen?

A

Bladder

Prostate

Vas Deferen

Rectum

Anus

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45
Q

What are the different sections of the male urethra?

A
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46
Q

What is this?

A

Vas Deferens

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47
Q

What is this?

A

Seminal gland

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48
Q

What is this?

A

The trigone of bladder

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49
Q

At what vertebral level do the gonadal arteries emerge from the aorta?

A

L2

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50
Q

What artery is this?

A

Teticular artery

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51
Q

What ligament is this?

A

Inguinal ligament

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52
Q

What do each of the letters stand for?

A

f= ovarian follicles

MF= mature follicles

CL= corpus luteum

CA= corpus albicans

All contained within the cortex

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53
Q

What are the different layers of the uterus?

A
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54
Q

What are the lables on this diagram?

A
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55
Q

What do the ribs articulate with anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly

Some, not all onto the sternum anteriorly

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56
Q

How many ribs are there and what are the different types of ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7 are true ribs that articulate directly with sternum

Ribs 8-10 are false ribs and articulate indirectly via the costal cartilage

Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs and do not articulate with the sternum

Ribs 3-9 are typical ribs and share common features

Ribs 1,2,10,11 and 12 are atypical

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57
Q

What part of a typical rib is this?

A

Head

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58
Q

What part of a typical rib is this?

A

Neck

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59
Q

What part of a typical rib is this?

A

Tubercle

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60
Q

What part of a typical rib is this?

A

Angle

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61
Q

What part of a typical rib is this?

A

Costal groove

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62
Q

What part of a first rib is this?

A

Scalene tubercle

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63
Q

What part of a first rib is this?

A

Articular facet on head

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64
Q

What part of a first rib is this?

A

Groove for subclavian vein

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65
Q

What part of a first rib is this?

A

Groove for subclavian artery

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66
Q

What muscle attaches to the scalene tubercle?

A

Scalenus anterior

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67
Q

What part of a first rib is this?

A

Tubercle

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68
Q

What part of the sternum is this?

A

Body of sternum

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69
Q

Which part of the sternum is this?

A

Manubrium

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70
Q

Which part of the sternum is this?

A

Xiphoid process

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71
Q

What part of the sternum is this?

A

Sternal angle

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72
Q

What ribs articulate with the sternum at the sternal angle?

A

2nd ribs

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73
Q

What vertebral level is indicated by the sternal angle?

A

T4/T5

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74
Q

What other anatomical landmarks are located at the sternal angle?

A
  • The junction between ascending aorta and arch of aorta
  • Junction between the arch of the aorta and descending aorta
  • Bifurcation of trachae
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75
Q

What are the following missing labels on the diagram?

A
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76
Q

What is this joint called?

A

Costotransverse joint

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77
Q

What cartilage is this?

A

Costal cartilage

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78
Q

How do ribs and vertebrae articulate together?

A
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79
Q

Match the following up:

A
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80
Q

What articulates with the manubrium of the sternum?

A

Clavicle, cartilages of 1st ribs, part of the cartilages of 2nd ribs

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81
Q

What articulates with the body of the sternum?

A

Cartilages of ribs 2-7 (and 8-10 indirectly)

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82
Q

What is this structure?

A

Diaphragm

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83
Q

At which vertebral level does inferior vena cava pass through the diaphragm?

A

T8

8 LETTERS VENA CAVA

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84
Q

At what level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphargm?

A

T10

10 LETTERS

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85
Q

At what vertebral level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?

A

T12

AORTIC HIATUS- 12 LETTERS

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86
Q

What lobe of the diaphragm is higher than the other?

A

The right is higher, due to the position of the right lobe of liver

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87
Q

What are the following labels on the picture?

A
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88
Q

What are the following missing labels on the diagram?

A
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89
Q

What are the left and right crus?

A

The crus of diaphragm (pl. crura), refers to one of two tendinous structures that extends below the diaphragm to the vertebral column. There is a right crus and a left crus, which together form a tether for muscular contraction.

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90
Q

What is the central tendon of the diaphragm?

A

The central tendon of the diaphragm is a thin but strong aponeurosis situated near the center of the vault formed by the muscle

With inspiration the central tendon is drawn inferiorly by the diaphgram. This expands the chest cavity and creates negative inter-thoracic pressure allowing air to enter the lungs

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91
Q

What is the nerve highlighted?

A

Phrenic nerve-

Motor innervation for all of diaphragm and sensory information for the central parts

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92
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate?

A

C3,4,5

C 3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive

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93
Q

What nerves innervate the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve- middle and all motor

The peripheral parts of the diaphragm receive sensory innervation from lower intercostal and subcostal nerves.

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94
Q

What are these muscles and what is there function?

A

External intercostal muscles

Provides structural support and elevates ribs at their costovertebral joints

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95
Q

What are these muscles and what is their function? (muscles been removed)

A

Internal intercostal muscles

Depresses ribs at costovertebral joints and provides structural support

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96
Q

What muscles are these and what are their function?

A

Innermost intercostal muscles

Elevates ribs at their costovertebral joints

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97
Q

What intercostal muscles are superficial and deep to the neurovascular bundle?

A

superficial= external and internal

deep= innermost

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98
Q

What directions do the internal and external intercostal muscles point?

A
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99
Q

What are the following arteries below?

A
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100
Q

What is this muscle and what is it’s function?

A

Serratus anterior

Protracts and upwardly rotates shoulder

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101
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s action?

A

Scalenus anterior muscle

Flexes, rotates and laterally flexes neck, elevates first rib

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102
Q

Between which two layers of the intercostal muscles will you find the intercostal neurovascular bundle?

A

Between internal and innermost intercostals

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103
Q

Is the neurovascular bundle located in the superior or inferior portion of each intercostal space?

A

Superiorly, at the inferior aspect of the upper rib

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104
Q

What is the name of the groove on the corresponding rib where the neurovascular bundle runs?

A

Subcostal groove

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105
Q

Where would you insert a needle or chest drain (with respect to the ribs) when attempting to access the thoracic cavity (e.g. in a patient with pneumothorax)?

A

Just above the superior border of a rib to miss the neurovascular bundle

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106
Q

Which arteries can be found in the intercostal neurovascular bundles?

A

Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries

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107
Q

Where does the anterior intercostal arteries arise from?

A

From internal thoracic artery or it’s branch the musculophrenic artery

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108
Q

What veins can be found in the intercostal neurovascular bundle?

A

Anterior and posterior intercostal veins

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109
Q

Where does the anterior intercostal vein drain to?

A

internal thoracic vein, or musculophrenic vein

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110
Q

Where does the posterior intercostal vein drain to?

A

Azygous system

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111
Q

Which nerves are responsible for innervating the intercostal muscles?

A

Intercostal nerves – from anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves

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112
Q

What is the function of the pleural cavities?

A

They provide surface tension and cohesion to keep the lung surfaces in contact with the thoracic wall.

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113
Q

Do the lungs fill the pleural cavity?

A

No, the lungs do not completely fill the pleural cavity, creating two pleural recesses

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114
Q

Which costomediastinal recess is larger than the other?

A

Left is larger than right, due to the presence of the cardiac notch in the left lung, which is more pronounced than the notch in the parietal pleural surrounding the left lung.

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115
Q

Can you see the costomediastinal recesses in prosections?

A

No, it is only a potential space and can only be seen in the living

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116
Q

Where is the carina?

A

Where the trachea biforcates

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117
Q

What is the Hilum of the lung?

A

Where the trachea enters the lung as well as arteries and veins

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118
Q

What is the name of the muscle forming the posterior wall of the trachea?

A

Trachealis muscle

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119
Q

What are the differences between the left and right bronchi?

A

Right main bronchus – wider, shorter and more vertical than the left main bronchus

Left main bronchus – thin, long and more horizontal than right main bronchus.

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120
Q

What do the main bronchi divide into?

A

R main bronchus= 3 lobar bronchi

L main bronchus= 2 lobar bronchi

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121
Q

What prevent the alveoli from collapsing?

A

They are covered in a thin layer of pulmonary surfactant

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122
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the lung?

A

Diaphragmatic, mediastinal and costal surfaces

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123
Q

What are the 3 borders of the lung?

A

Anterior, inferior and posterior

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124
Q

What features can be used to identify a left and right lung?

A

Left lung – lingual and cardiac notch
Right lung – Middle lobe and horizontal fissure

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125
Q

What are the following labels of the hilum of the lung?

A
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126
Q

What structures pass through the hilum?

A
  • Bronchioles
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Pulmonary vein
  • Bronchial arteries and veins
  • Lymph vessels
  • nerves
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127
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament and what is it’s function?

A

It is a roughly triangular extension of the pleura from the hilum of the lung

Stabilise the position of the inferior lobe of the lung, may also accommodate for movement of the lungs during respiration.

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128
Q

On which lung would you find the lingula and cardiac notch?

A

Left lung

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129
Q

On which lung is the horizontal fissure found?

A

Right lung

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130
Q

What is the apex of the lung?

A

The blunt superior end of it

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131
Q

What is the lingula and what lung is it on?

A

Left

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132
Q

What are the different fissures of the lung?

A
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133
Q

Where are there impressions on the lungs?

A
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134
Q

Where are the boundaries of mediastinum?

A

The superior thoracic aperture= thoracic inlet

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135
Q

What are the different sections of the mediastinum?

A

Anterior, middle and posterior = all the inferior

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136
Q

Which landmarks divide the mediastinum into the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

Sternal angle and intertebral disc between T4 and 5

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137
Q

What is this? (back view)

A

Thoracic aorta

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138
Q

What vein is this and where does it drain to?

A

Azygos vein, drains to superior vena cava

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139
Q

What is this nerve?

A

Phrenic nerve

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140
Q

What lies in the superior mediastinum?

A

Oesophagus, trachea, phrenic nerves

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141
Q

What lies in the middle mediastinum?

A

Heart, ascending aorta, great vessels (term given to the major arteries and veins that convey blood to and away from the heart) and trachea

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142
Q

What lies within the posterior mediastinum?

A

Thoracic aorta, azygous vein, main bronchus and oesophagus

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143
Q

What innervates the costal parietal pleura?

A

Intercostal nerves

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144
Q

What areas of the mediastinum does the phrenic nerves innervate?

A

Innervates the mediastinal pleura

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145
Q

Which structures of the thorax does the vagus nerve provide parasympathetic innervation to?

A

Lungs and heart

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146
Q

The vagus nerve passes posterior to which structure of the respiratory system?

A

The root of the lung

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147
Q

What bone is this?

A

Nasal bone

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148
Q

What bone is this?

A

Ethmoid bone

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149
Q

What bone is this?

A

Spenoid bone

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150
Q

What bone is this?

A

Palantine bone

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151
Q

What bone is this?

A

Lacrimal bone

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152
Q

What is this?

A

Inferior concha

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153
Q

What 3 structures form the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone.

Vomer bone.

Septal nasal cartilage.

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154
Q

What are the bony structures inside the nose and what bones contribute to them?

A

Conchae

Ethmoid and inferior concha

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155
Q

What is the purpose of creating a turbulent flow of air in the nasal cavity?

A

To warm and humidify the air as much as possible in the nasal cavity

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156
Q

What features of the mucosal lining of the nasal cavity enable it to warm and humidify the inhaled air?

A

It is highly vascularised (warming) and secrets mucus (humidifying)

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157
Q

How are smells perceived communicated to the olfactory bulb?

A

The olfactory bulb has small nerves projecting through the ethmoid bone into the nasal cavity that can detect the presence of odorous molecules in the air.

158
Q

What are the following sinuses?

A
159
Q

What are the following structures shown below?

A
160
Q

What 3 areas is the pharynx divided into?

A

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

161
Q

What structure forms the boundary between the naso- and oro-pharynx?

A

The soft palate

162
Q

What structures form the boundary between the oro- and laryngo-pharynx?

A

The upper margin of the epiglottis

163
Q

What are the 3 different areas shown?

A
164
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the nasopharynx?

A

The posterior nares of the nasal cavity

165
Q

What tube opens on the lateral wall of the nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian tube

166
Q

What tonsils are found on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?

A

find the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids). These are aggregations of lymphoid tissue which act to protect the airway from inhaled bacteria and viruses.

167
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils and what is their function ?

A

At the lateral wall of the oropharynx

They protect the airway from inhaled bacteria and viruses

168
Q

What is the function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

Elevates the pharynx

169
Q

What is the function of the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A

Constricts the pharynx

170
Q

Which nerves provide motor innervation to the pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal branches of vagus nerve (carrying cranial root of accessory nerve) and glossopharyngeal nerve

171
Q

What is this cartilage?

A

Thyroid cartilage

172
Q

What catilage is this?

A

Cricoid cartilage

173
Q

What cartilage is this?

A

Epiglottic cartilage

174
Q

What is this cartilage called? (parts missing)

A

Arytenoid cartilage

175
Q

What is this structure?

A

Lateral throhyoid ligament

176
Q

What structure is this?

A

Cricothyroid ligament

177
Q

What are the different arrows pointing to on the layrnx

A
178
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

179
Q

Around which structure does the left current laryngeal nerve loop ?

A

Aortic arch

180
Q

Around which structure does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve loop?

A

Right subclavian artery

181
Q

What tissue are the vocal cords, and all other structures within the larynx covered in?

A

Mucosa

182
Q

What are the following structures in the larynx?

A
183
Q

What structure lies immediately posterior to the trachea?

A

Oesophagus

184
Q

What is the following gland?

A

Thyroid gland

185
Q

What are the following cells on respiratory epithelium?

A
186
Q

What are the following things in the histology of the trachea?

A
187
Q

What are the following structures on lung parenchyma?

A
188
Q

What are the following structures on the bronchus?

A
189
Q

What are the nerves highlighted called?

A

Sympathetic chain/ trunk

190
Q

What vein is this?

A

Azygous vein

191
Q

What structure is this?

A

Thoracic duct

192
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Connective tissue sac that lines the heart

193
Q

What are the 3 different layers of pericardium?

A
194
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

Formed as a result of the embryological folding of the heart tube, the transverse pericardial sinus is a passage through the pericardial cavity.

It is located:

Posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk.

Anterior to the superior vena cava.

Superior to the left atrium.

195
Q

What are the labels of this heart diagram?

A
196
Q

What is the musculi pectinati?

A

Small muscular ridges on the inner wall of the auricular appendage of the left and the right atria of the heart

197
Q

Where is the position of the SA node?

A
198
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis?

A

The right atrium of the heart

199
Q

What are the crista terminalis?

A

The crista terminalis is a smooth ridge of tissue that begins at the roof of the right atrium anterior to the superior vena cava orifice and extends inferiorly to the anterior lip of the inferior vena cava.

200
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

The coronary sinus is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the heart muscle

201
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

Between right atrium and right ventricle

202
Q

What are the chordae tendineae?

A

The chordae tendineae (singular: chorda tendinea, is rarely used) are thin strong inelastic fibrous cords that extend from the free edge of the cusps of the atrioventricular valves

203
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

From right atrium to pulmonary artery

204
Q

What are the papillary muscles?

A

The papillary muscles are muscles located in the ventricles of the heart.

205
Q

What are the trabeculae carneae?

A

the trabeculae carneae are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricle of the heart.

206
Q

What is the left auricular appendage?

A

The left atrial appendage (LAA) is a small pouch/sac in the wall of the left atrium of the heart.

207
Q

Where is the mitral valve?

A

Between the left atrium and ventricle

208
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

Between left ventricle and aorta

209
Q

What is the interventricular septum?

A

The interventricular septum, also known as the ventricular septum, refers to the triangular wall of cardiac tissue that separates the left and right ventricles

210
Q

How do the right and left ventricles differ from one another?

A
211
Q

What artery is this?

A

Circumflex artery

212
Q

What artery is this?

A

Left coronary artery

213
Q

What artery is this?

A

Right coronary artery

214
Q

What artery is this?

A

Left marginal artery

215
Q

What artery is this?

A

Right marginal artery

216
Q

What artery is this?

A

Inferior interventricular artery

217
Q

What artery is this?

A

Anterior interventricular artery

218
Q

What structure is this?

A

Arch of aorta

219
Q

What artery is this?

A

Ascending aorta

220
Q

What artery is this?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

221
Q

What artery is this?

A

Right subclavian artery

222
Q

Whst artery is this?

A

Right common carotid

223
Q

What artery is this?

A

Left external carotid artery

224
Q

What artery is this?

A

Left internal carotid artery

225
Q

What vein is this?

A

Superior vena cava

226
Q

What vein is this?

A

Left brachiocephalic vein

227
Q

What vein is this?

A

Right brachiocephalic vein

228
Q

What vein is this?

A

Left subclavian vein

229
Q

What vein is this?

A

Left internal jugular vein

230
Q

What vein is this?

A

Left external jugular vein

231
Q

What is this artery?

A

Descending aorta

232
Q

What landmark can be used to identify both the beginning and the end of the arch of aorta?

A

The sternal angle

233
Q

What anatomical features are located at the sternal angle?

A
  • The beginning and end of arch of aorta
  • The seperation of the superior and inferior mediastina
  • The bifurcation of the trachea (carina)
  • The drainage of the azygos veins into the superior vena cava
  • second rib
234
Q

What landmark is used to define the transition of the thoracicl aorta into the abdominal aorta? Wht vertebrae level is it at?

A

Passage across the diaphragm at the aortic hiatus- T12

235
Q

What two vessels does the abdominal aorta branch into?

A

The left and right common iliac arteries

236
Q

What happens to the common iliac arteries?

A

These will bifurcate into the external and internal iliac arteries anterior to the sacroiliac jloint and the external iliac artery will exit the abdomopelvic cavity inferior to the inguinal ligament

237
Q

What are the 3 different layers of artery?

A

The innermost layer is the tunica intima: a single layer of endothelial cells supported by a thin layer of connective tissue and elastic fibres. The elastin fibres form a very thin, pale band below the thicker, darker pink connective tissue, that is only clearly visible at the highest magnification.

Surrounding this layer is the tunica media, which is formed primarily of smooth muscle. This is very distinctive in a muscular artery, with multiple layers of relatively irregular looking smooth muscle fibres.

Finally, the outermost layer of the vessel is the tunica adventitia, comprised of circumferential layers of irregular connective tissue. It will contain a high collagen component, along with elastic fibres which provide support and stability.

238
Q

What are the labels on the diagram?

A

TI= tunica intima

TM= tunica media

iEL= internal elastic laminae

xEL= external elastic laminae

239
Q

What are the different layers of the vein?

A

M= tunica media

Ad= tunica adventitia

Tunica intima not labelled, but lines lumen (space in middle)

240
Q

What structures run within the carotid sheet within the neck?

A

The common carotid artery

The internal jugular vein

Vagus nerve

241
Q

How many branches are there from the common carotid artery?

A

There is no branches from the common carotid artery, apart from it’s bifurcation

242
Q

Out of the internal cartoid artery and internal, which is located more anteriorly?

A

The external is typically positioned more anteriorly

243
Q

Does the external or internal carotid artery feel more swollen at the bifuraction?

A

The internal carotid artery may feel larger because it contains the carotid sinus: a site for monitoring blood pressure and O2 concentration.

244
Q

What are the following branches of the external carotid artery?

A
245
Q

What artery is this?

A

Facial artery

246
Q

What artery is this?

A

Lingual atery

247
Q

What artery is this?

A

Inferior alveolar artery

248
Q

What artery is this?

A

Maxillary artery

249
Q

What artery is this?

A

Superficial temporal artery

250
Q

What are the 3 main veins that drain the head and neck?

A

There are three jugular veins on each side – internal, external and anterior. The internal jugular vein is the primary vein responsible for drainage of the head and neck. The anterior drains the anterior neck region, and the external primarily drains the external face region.

251
Q

What vein is this?

A

Anterior jugular vein

252
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein begin?

A

As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus, at the jugular foramen.

253
Q

At which vertebral level do the common carotids bifurcate?

A

C3/C4

254
Q

Which specialised system drains venous blood from the brain and meninges back towards the internal jugular veins?

A

Internal dural venous system

255
Q

What are the 3 circular muscles of the pharynx and what is their function?

A

Constrictors, as the name suggests, decrease the diameter of the pharynx and propel food along the pharynx towards the oesophagus.

Superior, middle and inferior constrictor

256
Q

What is this muscle?

A

Superior constrictor

257
Q

What is this muscle?

A

Middle constrictor

258
Q

What is this muscle?

A

Inferior constrictor

259
Q

What are the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx and what is their function?

A

Longitudinal muscles are responsible for shortening and widening the pharynx during swallowing, and elevation of the larynx during swallowing.

stylopharyngeus

Salpingopharynheus

Palatopharyngeus

260
Q

What is this muscle?

A

Salpingopharyngeus

261
Q

What is this muscle?

A

Palatopharyngeus

262
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Stylopharyngeus

263
Q

From which vessels do the right subclavian and left subclavian arteries branch?

A

Left= arch of aorta

Right= brachiocephalic trunk

264
Q

What landmark indicated the change between the subclavian and axilla arteries?

A

The lateral border of the first rib

265
Q

What are the 3 parts of the axillary artery? And what seperates them?

A

the first part, between the lateral border of the first rib and the medial margin of pectoralis minor;

the second part lies deep to pectoralis minor;

the third part lies between the lateral margin of pectoralis minor and the termination of the axilla at the inferior border of teres major.

266
Q

Where does the brachial artery bifurcate?

A

Immediately distal to the elbow

267
Q

What muscle seperates the radial and ulnar arteries?

A

Pronator teres

268
Q

What arteries are dominent in the two palmar arches?

A

The ulnar artery is typically the dominant artery in the superficial palmar arch

The radial artery is the dominant artery in the deep palmar arch

269
Q

What are the missing labels on the diagram?

A
270
Q

What are the missing labels

A
271
Q

What artery is this?

A

Femoral artery

272
Q

What branch of the internal ilic artery provides blood supply to muscles of the thigh and what muscles does it supply?

A

The ‘major’ branch of the internal iliac artery is the obturator artery, which provides some blood to the medial compartment of the thigh.

273
Q

What branches of the internal iliac artery supply the gluteal region?

A

The superior and inferior gluteal arteries

274
Q

What artery is this?

A

Obturator artery

275
Q

What artery is this?

A

Supeior gluteal artery

276
Q

What artery is this?

A

Inferior gluteal artery

277
Q

What mnemonics help differentiate the structures in the femoral triangle?

A

Navel: nerve, artery, vein, empty space, lymphatics (also going lateral – medial).

278
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A
279
Q

When the femoral artery nears the knee, it passes through an opening in the adductor magnus muscle to become the popliteal artery, posterior to the knee. What is this opening called?

A

The femoral artery passes through the adductor hiatus to become the popliteal artery.

280
Q

What is the purpose of the profunda femoris (deep femoral artery)?

A

The profunda femoris provides blood to the femur and the posterior and medial thigh.

281
Q

What artery is this?

A

Popliteal artery

282
Q

What is this artery?

A

Posterior tibial artery

283
Q

What artery is this?

A

Anterior tibial artery

284
Q

What artery is this?

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

285
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
286
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
287
Q

What artery is this and what does it supply?

A

Left internal thoracic artery

Structures of the thoracic and abdominal wall, the thymus, sternum and skin

288
Q

Where does the internal thoracic artery originate from?

A

Subclavian artery

289
Q

What arteries are these?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries

290
Q

What arteries are these?

A

Left anterior intercostal branches of the internal thoracic artery

291
Q

What major blood vessel gives rise to the posterior intercostal arteries?

A

Thoracic aorta

292
Q

What is the azygos system of veins?

A

Drains blood from the body wall and some thoracic viscera, and return it to the heart

293
Q

What vein is this?

A

Superior vena cava

294
Q

What veins are these?

A

Anterior intercostal veins

295
Q

What veins are these?

A

Posterior intercostal veins

296
Q

What vein is this?

A

Right internal thoracic vein

297
Q

What vein is this?

A

Azygos vein

298
Q

What vein is this?

A

Hemiazygos vein

299
Q

What vein is this?

A

Accessory hemiazygos vein

300
Q

Where does the azygos vein drain into?

A

The superior vena cava

301
Q

Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain to?

A

The internal thoracic vein

302
Q

Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain to?

A

The azygos system

303
Q

What are the missing labels in the diagram?

A
304
Q

Where is the lymphatic duct? (in the thorax)

A

As it ascends through the thoracic cavity, it can be found:

‐ Anterior to the thoracic vertebrae

‐ To the right of the midline

‐ Between the thoracic aorta and azygos vein

As it ascends, it moves to the left and ultimately drains into the left internal jugular on subclavian veins.

305
Q

What are the two missing labels on the diagram?

A
306
Q

What are the branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the gut tube?

A
  • Celiac Trunk

‐ Superior Mesenteric Artery

‐ Inferior Mesenteric Artery

All midline branches

307
Q

What are the 3 pairs of arteries which emerge from the lateral sides of the aorta to supply abdominal viscera?

A

Suprarenal (these may be very hard to see)

‐ Renal

‐ Gonadal

308
Q

What arteries arise from the posterio-lateral aspects of the abdominal aorta?

A

There are a series of lumbar arteries

309
Q

Which vein does the left gonadal vein drain blood into?

A

Left renal vein

310
Q

Which vein does the right gonadal vein drain blood into?

A

Inferior vena cava

311
Q

What does the celiac trunk artery supply?

A

Foregut

312
Q

What structures does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Midgut

313
Q

What structures does the gonadal arteries supply?

A

Gonads

314
Q

What structures does the renal artery supply?

A

Kidneys

315
Q

What structure does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

The hindgut

316
Q

What are the missing labels on this diagram?

A
317
Q

At what vertebral level do the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries supply?

A

Superior= L1

Inferior= L3

318
Q

What are the structures seen here?

A
319
Q

What structures can be seen here?

A
320
Q

What happens to the external and internal iliac arteries?

A

The internal iliac artery enters the pelvis and supplies the majority of the pelvic viscera.

The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery and supplies the lower limb.

The internal iliac bifurcates into anterior and posterior branches.

o The anterior branch supplies the pelvic viscera and perineum.

o The posterior branch supplies the gluteal region.

321
Q

What artery is this?

A

Celiac trunk

322
Q

What artery is this?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

323
Q

What artery is this?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

324
Q

What artery is this?

A

Gonadal

325
Q

What artery is this?

A

Renal

326
Q

What artery is this?

A

Suprarenal artery

327
Q

What vein is this?

A

External iliac vein

REVIEW

328
Q

What vein is this?

A

External iliac vein

329
Q

What vein is this?

A

Internal iliac vein

330
Q

What vein is this?

A

Anterior Branch of internal iliac vein

331
Q

What vein is this?

A

Posterior Branch of Internal iliac vein

332
Q

What abdominal organs drain via the portal system?

A

Gut tube plus gall bladder, pancreas and spleen.

333
Q

What abdominal organs drain via the caval system?

A

Kidneys, suprarenal gland

334
Q

How does the portal system differ from a systemic system?

A

Blood that drains via the portal system does not go straight back to the heart, as it does in the caval system. Instead it is diverted to the liver for detoxification and metabolism.

335
Q

What are the missing labels?

A
336
Q

Where are the 4 locations in the body which are sites of porto-caval anastomosis?

A

Anal canal
Distal esophagus
Peri‐umbilical region
The posterior aspects of retroperitoneal viscera

337
Q

What day does the heart start to beat?

A

Day 21-23

338
Q

What does the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm go onto produce in the embryo?

A

Ectoderm= produces epidermis, CNS/PNS and eyes and ears

Endoderm= epithelial linings of digestive and respiratory tracts

Mesoderm- skeletal muscles, blood cells and most of the CV system.

339
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The process by which the single layered blastocyst turns into a multi-layered structure

340
Q

What is the primative node in an embryo?

A

The area through which migrating cells are channelled into a rodlike mass of mesenchymal cells callked the notochord

The two heart fields form around the notochord into a cresent shape

341
Q

How is the primary heart tube formed?

A

The heart fields fold into each other towards the midline and they start ‘zipping up’ into a single tube

342
Q

What occurs in the embryo’s heart after the primary heart tube is formed?

A
  1. Cardiac tube elongation
  2. 2 bulges form; bulbus cordis and primordial ventricle
  3. Cardiac looping
343
Q

When does septa form in the heart?

A

24 days, the dorsal and ventral thickenings of the heart wall fuse together to become septa

344
Q

What are the names of the areas of cells that form the septa in the embryonic heart?

A

The septum primum from the top, the fused atrioventricular endocardial cushions from the middle and the primordial interventricular septum from below

345
Q

In early foetal stages where does blood flow through the heart?

A

Because the fetus doesnot have functioning lungs, he blood enters the right atrium and it is shunted to the left atria.

Once the secondary septum has grown, a hole appears known as the foramen ovale.

At most cases at birth, this fuses

346
Q

What is patent foramen ovale?

A

Abnormal resorption of septum primum results in a shorter septum primum and faremen ovale is still open after birth

347
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus?

A

When the connection between pulmonary artery and aorta in the foetus remains open after birth

348
Q

Where does the carotid sheath sit?

A

Deep to the sternocleidomastoid

349
Q

What do the lingual, facial, maxillary, superficial temporal artery and middle meningeal artery supply?

A

LIGUAL= tongue and floor of mouth

FACIAL= facial blood and all of face

MAXILLARY= nasal and oral cavity

ST= temple and ear area

MM= meninges

350
Q

What artery is this?

A

Middle meningeal artery

351
Q

What is another name for the circle of Willis?

A

Cerebral arterial circle

352
Q

What is the name of the venous drainage system of the brain and where does it drain to?

A

Dural venous sinuses

Come together in the cranial cavity to the jugular foramen and then the internal jugular vein

353
Q

Where does profunda brachii supply blood to and where does it originate?

A

Posterior compartment of arm

Brachial artery

354
Q

What are the deep veins in the upper limb?

A

Deep veins follow names and pattern of arterial supply

355
Q

What are the two superficial venous drainage networks of the upper arm?

A

Begins as a network of veins on the dorsal side of the hand. This network forms two major vessels after the wrist- laterally cephalic and medially basilic vein. These are single, larger veins.

The median cubital vein is very varied, crosses from lateral to medial side

356
Q

What is the deep venous drainage system of the lower limb?

A

Deep lower limbs perfectly follow the arterial supply

357
Q

What is the superficial venous drainage system of the lower limbs?

A

The great saphenous vein ascends the entire limb until it reaches the femoral triangle and drains into femoral vein.

358
Q

How many suprarenal arteries are there?

A

3 pairs; superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries

359
Q

At what vertebral level is the origin of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

L1

360
Q

What do the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries supply?

A

SMA= small and proximal half of large intestine (shown)

IMA= distal half or large intestine and part of rectum

361
Q

What is the hepatic portal system formed by?

A

The HP vein is formed by the union of two veins-

Superior mesenteric vein, which drains blood from the small intestine, portions of the large intestine, stomach and pancreas

Splenic vein, which drains the spleen and receives tributaries from the stomach, pancreas and portions of the large intestine.

362
Q

What intercostal space is the heart apex found at?

A

5th intercostal space

363
Q

How is the heart orintated in a CT?

A
364
Q

What path does blood take through the heart?

A

right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary vein -> pulmonary arteries -> left atrium -> mitral valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve

365
Q

What are the different branches of the left and right coronary artery?

A

ight has the marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch. Left are the circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery.

366
Q

What drains into the coronary sinus?

A

The great, middle and small cardiac veins

367
Q

What are the muscles of the pharynx innervated by?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CNV2)

368
Q

What vertebral level is the larynx?

A

C3-C6

369
Q

What innervates the muscles of the larynx?

A

Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve

Except for stylopharyngeus which is the glossopharyngeal nerve

370
Q

What vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate?

A

T4

371
Q

What are the shapes of the cartilage in the trachea?

A

C shaped- the posterior wall of the trachea isn’t held open. Instead is formed of sooth muscle

372
Q

What do the pulmonary arteries branch into?

A

The arteries branch off to give the lobar branches to the superior and inferior lobe (and middle), these then branch to give the segmental arteries, following same structure as the bronchiole tree.

373
Q

What are these structures in the superior mediastinum?

A
374
Q

What structures are located within the superior mediastinum?

A
  • Great vessels
  • Thymus
  • Oesophagus
  • Trachea
  • Vagus nerve
  • Phrenic nerves
  • Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • Thoracic nerve
375
Q

What is located within the middle mediastinum?

A
  • Heart
  • Pericardium
  • Great vessels
  • Trachea
376
Q

What is located within the posterior mediastinum?

A
  • Thoracic aorta
  • Azygous vein
  • Main bronchi
  • Oesophagus
  • Vagus nerves
  • Phrenic nerves
  • Posterior intercostal arteries and veins
  • Thoracic duct
377
Q

What are the structures shown within the posterior mediastinum?

A
378
Q

What is the superior surface of the sternum like?

A

On the superior surface of the manubrium is the jugular notch. Either side are large oval fossa’s for articulation with the clavicles

379
Q

What passes through the diaphragm at T12?

A

Aorta

Thoracic duct

Azygous vein

380
Q

What passes through the diaphragm at T8?

A

Inferior vena cava

Right phrenic nerve

381
Q

What passes through the diaphragm at T10?

A

Oesphagus

Vagus nerve

382
Q

What are the following ligaments?

A
383
Q

Where are the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments?

A
384
Q

What is the order of pelvic muscles, from internal to external?

A
385
Q

What are the different branches of the anteriuor division of the internal iliac artery? (male and female)

A

Both= umbilical, obturator, superior vesicle artery, middle rectal artery, internal pudendal artery and inferior gluteal artery

Female= uterine artery and vaginal artery

Male= inferior vesical artery

386
Q

Where do the following arteries?

A
387
Q

What drains into the internal iliac vein?

A

Pelvic plexuses from venous plexuses surrounding:

Bladder, rectum, prostate, uterus and vagina

388
Q

What does autonomic innervation of the bladder and female reproductive organs come from?

A

Sympathetic- T11 and T12 for bladder

T10-L1 for reproductuive organs

389
Q

What nerves for female are around the pelvic area?

A

Inferior rectal nerve

Dorsal nerve of the clitoris

Perineal nerve

390
Q

What nerves for male are around the pelvic area?

A
  • Pudendal
  • Scrotal branches
  • Dorsal nerve of the penis
  • Perineal nerve
  • Inferior rectal nerve
391
Q

What is this artery?

A

Inferior phrenic artery

392
Q
A

Sem 2 Year 1 (12 decks)

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