Anatomy sem 2 Flashcards
What bone is this?
Ilium
What bone is this?
Pubis
What bone is this?
Ischium
What bone is this?
Saccrum
What bone is this?
Coccyx
What joint/ ligament is this?
Sacroiliac joint/ ligament
What is this?
Pubic synthesis- cartilaginous joint
What part of the bone is this?
Iliac crest
What part of the bone is this?
Gluteal surface of ilium
What part of the bone is this?
Greater sciatic notch- iliac
What part of the bone is this?
Ischial tuberosity- ischium
What hole is this and what are the bones that make it up?
Obturator foramen
Formed by pubis and ischium
What bony structures make up the pelvic inlet?
Sacrum, ilium, pubis and pubic synthesis
What bones and ligaments form the boundaries of the pelvic outlet?
Coccyx and sacrum, sarcotuberous ligament, ischium, pubis and pubic synthesis
What ligament is this?
Sacrotuberous ligament
What is this muscle and what is it’s function?
Piriformis muscle
Laterally rotates and abducts thigh at hip joint
What muscle is this and what is it’s function?
Obturator internus - laterally rotates and abducts thigh at hip joint
What muscle is this and what is it’s function?
Coccygeus- provides structural support to adjacent pelvic structures
What 3 muscles make up levator ani?
Iliococcygeus
Pubococcygeus
Puboanalis
What is this muscle and what is it’s action?
LEVATOR ANI= Forms part of pelvic diaphragm, supporting other pelvic structures
What muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?
Coccygeus and levator ani
What is the function of the pelvic floor?
Supports pelvic viscera, resists changes in abdominal pressure (coughing, lifting heavy objects), urinary and fecal continence
What are these deep perineal muscles in the male?
A= superficial transverse perineal
B= External urethral spincter
What superficial muscles are these on the female?
A= superficial transverse perineal
B= external urethral sphincter
C= sphincter urethrovaginalis
D= Compressor urethrea
What are these superficial perineal muscles on a male?
What are these superficial perineal muscles on a female?
E= Superficial transverse perineal
F= ischiocavernous
G= bulbospongious
What are the two pouches present between the vagina, urinary tract and rectum on a female?
Recto-uterine pouch
Vestico-uterine pouch
What are two pouches shown (green and black)?
Green= vesico-uterine pouch
Black= Recto-uterine pouch
What are the 3 different organs shown?
Back- rectum and anus
Middle- ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and vagina
Front- bladder and urethra
What ligament is this?
Suspensory ligament of ovary
What ligament is this?
Broad ligament of uterus
What group of muscles is this?
Pelvic diaphragm
What is this?
Right ureter
What is this?
Fimbriae of the uterine tube
What are the different sections of the fallopian tube?
Where do the vaginal and uterine arteries originate from?
Internal iliac artery
Where do the gonadal arteries originate from?
Abdominal aorta
What is the main nerve of the perineum?
Pudendal nerve
What artery is this?
Common iliac artery, splits into internal and external iliac artery
What artery is this?
External iliac artery
What artery is this?
Internal iliac artery
What artery is this?
Ovarian artery
What artery is this?
Femoral artery
What are the following structures that can be seen?
Bladder
Prostate
Vas Deferen
Rectum
Anus
What are the different sections of the male urethra?
What is this?
Vas Deferens
What is this?
Seminal gland
What is this?
The trigone of bladder
At what vertebral level do the gonadal arteries emerge from the aorta?
L2
What artery is this?
Teticular artery
What ligament is this?
Inguinal ligament
What do each of the letters stand for?
f= ovarian follicles
MF= mature follicles
CL= corpus luteum
CA= corpus albicans
All contained within the cortex
What are the different layers of the uterus?
What are the lables on this diagram?
What do the ribs articulate with anteriorly and posteriorly?
12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
Some, not all onto the sternum anteriorly
How many ribs are there and what are the different types of ribs?
Ribs 1-7 are true ribs that articulate directly with sternum
Ribs 8-10 are false ribs and articulate indirectly via the costal cartilage
Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs and do not articulate with the sternum
Ribs 3-9 are typical ribs and share common features
Ribs 1,2,10,11 and 12 are atypical
What part of a typical rib is this?
Head
What part of a typical rib is this?
Neck
What part of a typical rib is this?
Tubercle
What part of a typical rib is this?
Angle
What part of a typical rib is this?
Costal groove
What part of a first rib is this?
Scalene tubercle
What part of a first rib is this?
Articular facet on head
What part of a first rib is this?
Groove for subclavian vein
What part of a first rib is this?
Groove for subclavian artery
What muscle attaches to the scalene tubercle?
Scalenus anterior
What part of a first rib is this?
Tubercle
What part of the sternum is this?
Body of sternum
Which part of the sternum is this?
Manubrium
Which part of the sternum is this?
Xiphoid process
What part of the sternum is this?
Sternal angle
What ribs articulate with the sternum at the sternal angle?
2nd ribs
What vertebral level is indicated by the sternal angle?
T4/T5
What other anatomical landmarks are located at the sternal angle?
- The junction between ascending aorta and arch of aorta
- Junction between the arch of the aorta and descending aorta
- Bifurcation of trachae
What are the following missing labels on the diagram?
What is this joint called?
Costotransverse joint
What cartilage is this?
Costal cartilage
How do ribs and vertebrae articulate together?
Match the following up:
What articulates with the manubrium of the sternum?
Clavicle, cartilages of 1st ribs, part of the cartilages of 2nd ribs
What articulates with the body of the sternum?
Cartilages of ribs 2-7 (and 8-10 indirectly)
What is this structure?
Diaphragm
At which vertebral level does inferior vena cava pass through the diaphragm?
T8
8 LETTERS VENA CAVA
At what level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphargm?
T10
10 LETTERS
At what vertebral level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?
T12
AORTIC HIATUS- 12 LETTERS
What lobe of the diaphragm is higher than the other?
The right is higher, due to the position of the right lobe of liver
What are the following labels on the picture?
What are the following missing labels on the diagram?
What are the left and right crus?
The crus of diaphragm (pl. crura), refers to one of two tendinous structures that extends below the diaphragm to the vertebral column. There is a right crus and a left crus, which together form a tether for muscular contraction.
What is the central tendon of the diaphragm?
The central tendon of the diaphragm is a thin but strong aponeurosis situated near the center of the vault formed by the muscle
With inspiration the central tendon is drawn inferiorly by the diaphgram. This expands the chest cavity and creates negative inter-thoracic pressure allowing air to enter the lungs
What is the nerve highlighted?
Phrenic nerve-
Motor innervation for all of diaphragm and sensory information for the central parts
Where does the phrenic nerve originate?
C3,4,5
C 3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive
What nerves innervate the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve- middle and all motor
The peripheral parts of the diaphragm receive sensory innervation from lower intercostal and subcostal nerves.
What are these muscles and what is there function?
External intercostal muscles
Provides structural support and elevates ribs at their costovertebral joints
What are these muscles and what is their function? (muscles been removed)
Internal intercostal muscles
Depresses ribs at costovertebral joints and provides structural support
What muscles are these and what are their function?
Innermost intercostal muscles
Elevates ribs at their costovertebral joints
What intercostal muscles are superficial and deep to the neurovascular bundle?
superficial= external and internal
deep= innermost
What directions do the internal and external intercostal muscles point?
What are the following arteries below?
What is this muscle and what is it’s function?
Serratus anterior
Protracts and upwardly rotates shoulder
What muscle is this and what is it’s action?
Scalenus anterior muscle
Flexes, rotates and laterally flexes neck, elevates first rib
Between which two layers of the intercostal muscles will you find the intercostal neurovascular bundle?
Between internal and innermost intercostals
Is the neurovascular bundle located in the superior or inferior portion of each intercostal space?
Superiorly, at the inferior aspect of the upper rib
What is the name of the groove on the corresponding rib where the neurovascular bundle runs?
Subcostal groove
Where would you insert a needle or chest drain (with respect to the ribs) when attempting to access the thoracic cavity (e.g. in a patient with pneumothorax)?
Just above the superior border of a rib to miss the neurovascular bundle
Which arteries can be found in the intercostal neurovascular bundles?
Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries
Where does the anterior intercostal arteries arise from?
From internal thoracic artery or it’s branch the musculophrenic artery
What veins can be found in the intercostal neurovascular bundle?
Anterior and posterior intercostal veins
Where does the anterior intercostal vein drain to?
internal thoracic vein, or musculophrenic vein
Where does the posterior intercostal vein drain to?
Azygous system
Which nerves are responsible for innervating the intercostal muscles?
Intercostal nerves – from anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves
What is the function of the pleural cavities?
They provide surface tension and cohesion to keep the lung surfaces in contact with the thoracic wall.
Do the lungs fill the pleural cavity?
No, the lungs do not completely fill the pleural cavity, creating two pleural recesses
Which costomediastinal recess is larger than the other?
Left is larger than right, due to the presence of the cardiac notch in the left lung, which is more pronounced than the notch in the parietal pleural surrounding the left lung.
Can you see the costomediastinal recesses in prosections?
No, it is only a potential space and can only be seen in the living
Where is the carina?
Where the trachea biforcates
What is the Hilum of the lung?
Where the trachea enters the lung as well as arteries and veins
What is the name of the muscle forming the posterior wall of the trachea?
Trachealis muscle
What are the differences between the left and right bronchi?
Right main bronchus – wider, shorter and more vertical than the left main bronchus
Left main bronchus – thin, long and more horizontal than right main bronchus.
What do the main bronchi divide into?
R main bronchus= 3 lobar bronchi
L main bronchus= 2 lobar bronchi
What prevent the alveoli from collapsing?
They are covered in a thin layer of pulmonary surfactant
What are the 3 surfaces of the lung?
Diaphragmatic, mediastinal and costal surfaces
What are the 3 borders of the lung?
Anterior, inferior and posterior
What features can be used to identify a left and right lung?
Left lung – lingual and cardiac notch
Right lung – Middle lobe and horizontal fissure
What are the following labels of the hilum of the lung?
What structures pass through the hilum?
- Bronchioles
- Pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary vein
- Bronchial arteries and veins
- Lymph vessels
- nerves
What is the pulmonary ligament and what is it’s function?
It is a roughly triangular extension of the pleura from the hilum of the lung
Stabilise the position of the inferior lobe of the lung, may also accommodate for movement of the lungs during respiration.
On which lung would you find the lingula and cardiac notch?
Left lung
On which lung is the horizontal fissure found?
Right lung
What is the apex of the lung?
The blunt superior end of it
What is the lingula and what lung is it on?
Left
What are the different fissures of the lung?
Where are there impressions on the lungs?
Where are the boundaries of mediastinum?
The superior thoracic aperture= thoracic inlet
What are the different sections of the mediastinum?
Anterior, middle and posterior = all the inferior
Which landmarks divide the mediastinum into the superior and inferior mediastinum?
Sternal angle and intertebral disc between T4 and 5
What is this? (back view)
Thoracic aorta
What vein is this and where does it drain to?
Azygos vein, drains to superior vena cava
What is this nerve?
Phrenic nerve
What lies in the superior mediastinum?
Oesophagus, trachea, phrenic nerves
What lies in the middle mediastinum?
Heart, ascending aorta, great vessels (term given to the major arteries and veins that convey blood to and away from the heart) and trachea
What lies within the posterior mediastinum?
Thoracic aorta, azygous vein, main bronchus and oesophagus
What innervates the costal parietal pleura?
Intercostal nerves
What areas of the mediastinum does the phrenic nerves innervate?
Innervates the mediastinal pleura
Which structures of the thorax does the vagus nerve provide parasympathetic innervation to?
Lungs and heart
The vagus nerve passes posterior to which structure of the respiratory system?
The root of the lung
What bone is this?
Nasal bone
What bone is this?
Ethmoid bone
What bone is this?
Spenoid bone
What bone is this?
Palantine bone
What bone is this?
Lacrimal bone
What is this?
Inferior concha
What 3 structures form the nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone.
Vomer bone.
Septal nasal cartilage.
What are the bony structures inside the nose and what bones contribute to them?
Conchae
Ethmoid and inferior concha
What is the purpose of creating a turbulent flow of air in the nasal cavity?
To warm and humidify the air as much as possible in the nasal cavity
What features of the mucosal lining of the nasal cavity enable it to warm and humidify the inhaled air?
It is highly vascularised (warming) and secrets mucus (humidifying)
How are smells perceived communicated to the olfactory bulb?
The olfactory bulb has small nerves projecting through the ethmoid bone into the nasal cavity that can detect the presence of odorous molecules in the air.
What are the following sinuses?
What are the following structures shown below?
What 3 areas is the pharynx divided into?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
What structure forms the boundary between the naso- and oro-pharynx?
The soft palate
What structures form the boundary between the oro- and laryngo-pharynx?
The upper margin of the epiglottis
What are the 3 different areas shown?
What is the anterior boundary of the nasopharynx?
The posterior nares of the nasal cavity
What tube opens on the lateral wall of the nasopharynx?
Eustachian tube
What tonsils are found on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?
find the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids). These are aggregations of lymphoid tissue which act to protect the airway from inhaled bacteria and viruses.
Where are the palatine tonsils and what is their function ?
At the lateral wall of the oropharynx
They protect the airway from inhaled bacteria and viruses
What is the function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
Elevates the pharynx
What is the function of the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?
Constricts the pharynx
Which nerves provide motor innervation to the pharynx?
Pharyngeal branches of vagus nerve (carrying cranial root of accessory nerve) and glossopharyngeal nerve
What is this cartilage?
Thyroid cartilage
What catilage is this?
Cricoid cartilage
What cartilage is this?
Epiglottic cartilage
What is this cartilage called? (parts missing)
Arytenoid cartilage
What is this structure?
Lateral throhyoid ligament
What structure is this?
Cricothyroid ligament
What are the different arrows pointing to on the layrnx
The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?
Vagus nerve
Around which structure does the left current laryngeal nerve loop ?
Aortic arch
Around which structure does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve loop?
Right subclavian artery
What tissue are the vocal cords, and all other structures within the larynx covered in?
Mucosa
What are the following structures in the larynx?
What structure lies immediately posterior to the trachea?
Oesophagus
What is the following gland?
Thyroid gland
What are the following cells on respiratory epithelium?
What are the following things in the histology of the trachea?
What are the following structures on lung parenchyma?
What are the following structures on the bronchus?
What are the nerves highlighted called?
Sympathetic chain/ trunk
What vein is this?
Azygous vein
What structure is this?
Thoracic duct
What is the pericardium?
Connective tissue sac that lines the heart
What are the 3 different layers of pericardium?
What is the transverse pericardial sinus?
Formed as a result of the embryological folding of the heart tube, the transverse pericardial sinus is a passage through the pericardial cavity.
It is located:
Posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk.
Anterior to the superior vena cava.
Superior to the left atrium.
What are the labels of this heart diagram?
What is the musculi pectinati?
Small muscular ridges on the inner wall of the auricular appendage of the left and the right atria of the heart
Where is the position of the SA node?
Where is the fossa ovalis?
The right atrium of the heart
What are the crista terminalis?
The crista terminalis is a smooth ridge of tissue that begins at the roof of the right atrium anterior to the superior vena cava orifice and extends inferiorly to the anterior lip of the inferior vena cava.
What is the coronary sinus?
The coronary sinus is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the heart muscle
Where is the tricuspid valve?
Between right atrium and right ventricle
What are the chordae tendineae?
The chordae tendineae (singular: chorda tendinea, is rarely used) are thin strong inelastic fibrous cords that extend from the free edge of the cusps of the atrioventricular valves
Where is the pulmonary valve?
From right atrium to pulmonary artery
What are the papillary muscles?
The papillary muscles are muscles located in the ventricles of the heart.
What are the trabeculae carneae?
the trabeculae carneae are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricle of the heart.
What is the left auricular appendage?
The left atrial appendage (LAA) is a small pouch/sac in the wall of the left atrium of the heart.
Where is the mitral valve?
Between the left atrium and ventricle
Where is the aortic valve?
Between left ventricle and aorta
What is the interventricular septum?
The interventricular septum, also known as the ventricular septum, refers to the triangular wall of cardiac tissue that separates the left and right ventricles
How do the right and left ventricles differ from one another?
What artery is this?
Circumflex artery
What artery is this?
Left coronary artery
What artery is this?
Right coronary artery
What artery is this?
Left marginal artery
What artery is this?
Right marginal artery
What artery is this?
Inferior interventricular artery
What artery is this?
Anterior interventricular artery
What structure is this?
Arch of aorta
What artery is this?
Ascending aorta
What artery is this?
Brachiocephalic trunk
What artery is this?
Right subclavian artery
Whst artery is this?
Right common carotid
What artery is this?
Left external carotid artery
What artery is this?
Left internal carotid artery
What vein is this?
Superior vena cava
What vein is this?
Left brachiocephalic vein
What vein is this?
Right brachiocephalic vein
What vein is this?
Left subclavian vein
What vein is this?
Left internal jugular vein
What vein is this?
Left external jugular vein
What is this artery?
Descending aorta
What landmark can be used to identify both the beginning and the end of the arch of aorta?
The sternal angle
What anatomical features are located at the sternal angle?
- The beginning and end of arch of aorta
- The seperation of the superior and inferior mediastina
- The bifurcation of the trachea (carina)
- The drainage of the azygos veins into the superior vena cava
- second rib
What landmark is used to define the transition of the thoracicl aorta into the abdominal aorta? Wht vertebrae level is it at?
Passage across the diaphragm at the aortic hiatus- T12
What two vessels does the abdominal aorta branch into?
The left and right common iliac arteries
What happens to the common iliac arteries?
These will bifurcate into the external and internal iliac arteries anterior to the sacroiliac jloint and the external iliac artery will exit the abdomopelvic cavity inferior to the inguinal ligament
What are the 3 different layers of artery?
The innermost layer is the tunica intima: a single layer of endothelial cells supported by a thin layer of connective tissue and elastic fibres. The elastin fibres form a very thin, pale band below the thicker, darker pink connective tissue, that is only clearly visible at the highest magnification.
Surrounding this layer is the tunica media, which is formed primarily of smooth muscle. This is very distinctive in a muscular artery, with multiple layers of relatively irregular looking smooth muscle fibres.
Finally, the outermost layer of the vessel is the tunica adventitia, comprised of circumferential layers of irregular connective tissue. It will contain a high collagen component, along with elastic fibres which provide support and stability.
What are the labels on the diagram?
TI= tunica intima
TM= tunica media
iEL= internal elastic laminae
xEL= external elastic laminae
What are the different layers of the vein?
M= tunica media
Ad= tunica adventitia
Tunica intima not labelled, but lines lumen (space in middle)
What structures run within the carotid sheet within the neck?
The common carotid artery
The internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
How many branches are there from the common carotid artery?
There is no branches from the common carotid artery, apart from it’s bifurcation
Out of the internal cartoid artery and internal, which is located more anteriorly?
The external is typically positioned more anteriorly
Does the external or internal carotid artery feel more swollen at the bifuraction?
The internal carotid artery may feel larger because it contains the carotid sinus: a site for monitoring blood pressure and O2 concentration.
What are the following branches of the external carotid artery?
What artery is this?
Facial artery
What artery is this?
Lingual atery
What artery is this?
Inferior alveolar artery
What artery is this?
Maxillary artery
What artery is this?
Superficial temporal artery
What are the 3 main veins that drain the head and neck?
There are three jugular veins on each side – internal, external and anterior. The internal jugular vein is the primary vein responsible for drainage of the head and neck. The anterior drains the anterior neck region, and the external primarily drains the external face region.
What vein is this?
Anterior jugular vein
Where does the internal jugular vein begin?
As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus, at the jugular foramen.
At which vertebral level do the common carotids bifurcate?
C3/C4
Which specialised system drains venous blood from the brain and meninges back towards the internal jugular veins?
Internal dural venous system
What are the 3 circular muscles of the pharynx and what is their function?
Constrictors, as the name suggests, decrease the diameter of the pharynx and propel food along the pharynx towards the oesophagus.
Superior, middle and inferior constrictor
What is this muscle?
Superior constrictor
What is this muscle?
Middle constrictor
What is this muscle?
Inferior constrictor
What are the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx and what is their function?
Longitudinal muscles are responsible for shortening and widening the pharynx during swallowing, and elevation of the larynx during swallowing.
stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharynheus
Palatopharyngeus
What is this muscle?
Salpingopharyngeus
What is this muscle?
Palatopharyngeus
What muscle is this?
Stylopharyngeus
From which vessels do the right subclavian and left subclavian arteries branch?
Left= arch of aorta
Right= brachiocephalic trunk
What landmark indicated the change between the subclavian and axilla arteries?
The lateral border of the first rib
What are the 3 parts of the axillary artery? And what seperates them?
the first part, between the lateral border of the first rib and the medial margin of pectoralis minor;
the second part lies deep to pectoralis minor;
the third part lies between the lateral margin of pectoralis minor and the termination of the axilla at the inferior border of teres major.
Where does the brachial artery bifurcate?
Immediately distal to the elbow
What muscle seperates the radial and ulnar arteries?
Pronator teres
What arteries are dominent in the two palmar arches?
The ulnar artery is typically the dominant artery in the superficial palmar arch
The radial artery is the dominant artery in the deep palmar arch
What are the missing labels on the diagram?
What are the missing labels
What artery is this?
Femoral artery
What branch of the internal ilic artery provides blood supply to muscles of the thigh and what muscles does it supply?
The ‘major’ branch of the internal iliac artery is the obturator artery, which provides some blood to the medial compartment of the thigh.
What branches of the internal iliac artery supply the gluteal region?
The superior and inferior gluteal arteries
What artery is this?
Obturator artery
What artery is this?
Supeior gluteal artery
What artery is this?
Inferior gluteal artery
What mnemonics help differentiate the structures in the femoral triangle?
Navel: nerve, artery, vein, empty space, lymphatics (also going lateral – medial).
What are the borders of the femoral triangle?
When the femoral artery nears the knee, it passes through an opening in the adductor magnus muscle to become the popliteal artery, posterior to the knee. What is this opening called?
The femoral artery passes through the adductor hiatus to become the popliteal artery.
What is the purpose of the profunda femoris (deep femoral artery)?
The profunda femoris provides blood to the femur and the posterior and medial thigh.
What artery is this?
Popliteal artery
What is this artery?
Posterior tibial artery
What artery is this?
Anterior tibial artery
What artery is this?
Dorsalis pedis artery
What are the missing labels?
What are the missing labels?
What artery is this and what does it supply?
Left internal thoracic artery
Structures of the thoracic and abdominal wall, the thymus, sternum and skin
Where does the internal thoracic artery originate from?
Subclavian artery
What arteries are these?
Posterior intercostal arteries
What arteries are these?
Left anterior intercostal branches of the internal thoracic artery
What major blood vessel gives rise to the posterior intercostal arteries?
Thoracic aorta
What is the azygos system of veins?
Drains blood from the body wall and some thoracic viscera, and return it to the heart
What vein is this?
Superior vena cava
What veins are these?
Anterior intercostal veins
What veins are these?
Posterior intercostal veins
What vein is this?
Right internal thoracic vein
What vein is this?
Azygos vein
What vein is this?
Hemiazygos vein
What vein is this?
Accessory hemiazygos vein
Where does the azygos vein drain into?
The superior vena cava
Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain to?
The internal thoracic vein
Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain to?
The azygos system
What are the missing labels in the diagram?
Where is the lymphatic duct? (in the thorax)
As it ascends through the thoracic cavity, it can be found:
‐ Anterior to the thoracic vertebrae
‐ To the right of the midline
‐ Between the thoracic aorta and azygos vein
As it ascends, it moves to the left and ultimately drains into the left internal jugular on subclavian veins.
What are the two missing labels on the diagram?
What are the branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the gut tube?
- Celiac Trunk
‐ Superior Mesenteric Artery
‐ Inferior Mesenteric Artery
All midline branches
What are the 3 pairs of arteries which emerge from the lateral sides of the aorta to supply abdominal viscera?
Suprarenal (these may be very hard to see)
‐ Renal
‐ Gonadal
What arteries arise from the posterio-lateral aspects of the abdominal aorta?
There are a series of lumbar arteries
Which vein does the left gonadal vein drain blood into?
Left renal vein
Which vein does the right gonadal vein drain blood into?
Inferior vena cava
What does the celiac trunk artery supply?
Foregut
What structures does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
Midgut
What structures does the gonadal arteries supply?
Gonads
What structures does the renal artery supply?
Kidneys
What structure does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
The hindgut
What are the missing labels on this diagram?
At what vertebral level do the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries supply?
Superior= L1
Inferior= L3
What are the structures seen here?
What structures can be seen here?
What happens to the external and internal iliac arteries?
The internal iliac artery enters the pelvis and supplies the majority of the pelvic viscera.
The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery and supplies the lower limb.
The internal iliac bifurcates into anterior and posterior branches.
o The anterior branch supplies the pelvic viscera and perineum.
o The posterior branch supplies the gluteal region.
What artery is this?
Celiac trunk
What artery is this?
Superior mesenteric artery
What artery is this?
Inferior mesenteric artery
What artery is this?
Gonadal
What artery is this?
Renal
What artery is this?
Suprarenal artery
What vein is this?
External iliac vein
REVIEW
What vein is this?
External iliac vein
What vein is this?
Internal iliac vein
What vein is this?
Anterior Branch of internal iliac vein
What vein is this?
Posterior Branch of Internal iliac vein
What abdominal organs drain via the portal system?
Gut tube plus gall bladder, pancreas and spleen.
What abdominal organs drain via the caval system?
Kidneys, suprarenal gland
How does the portal system differ from a systemic system?
Blood that drains via the portal system does not go straight back to the heart, as it does in the caval system. Instead it is diverted to the liver for detoxification and metabolism.
What are the missing labels?
Where are the 4 locations in the body which are sites of porto-caval anastomosis?
Anal canal
Distal esophagus
Peri‐umbilical region
The posterior aspects of retroperitoneal viscera
What day does the heart start to beat?
Day 21-23
What does the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm go onto produce in the embryo?
Ectoderm= produces epidermis, CNS/PNS and eyes and ears
Endoderm= epithelial linings of digestive and respiratory tracts
Mesoderm- skeletal muscles, blood cells and most of the CV system.
What is gastrulation?
The process by which the single layered blastocyst turns into a multi-layered structure
What is the primative node in an embryo?
The area through which migrating cells are channelled into a rodlike mass of mesenchymal cells callked the notochord
The two heart fields form around the notochord into a cresent shape
How is the primary heart tube formed?
The heart fields fold into each other towards the midline and they start ‘zipping up’ into a single tube
What occurs in the embryo’s heart after the primary heart tube is formed?
- Cardiac tube elongation
- 2 bulges form; bulbus cordis and primordial ventricle
- Cardiac looping
When does septa form in the heart?
24 days, the dorsal and ventral thickenings of the heart wall fuse together to become septa
What are the names of the areas of cells that form the septa in the embryonic heart?
The septum primum from the top, the fused atrioventricular endocardial cushions from the middle and the primordial interventricular septum from below
In early foetal stages where does blood flow through the heart?
Because the fetus doesnot have functioning lungs, he blood enters the right atrium and it is shunted to the left atria.
Once the secondary septum has grown, a hole appears known as the foramen ovale.
At most cases at birth, this fuses
What is patent foramen ovale?
Abnormal resorption of septum primum results in a shorter septum primum and faremen ovale is still open after birth
What is patent ductus arteriosus?
When the connection between pulmonary artery and aorta in the foetus remains open after birth
Where does the carotid sheath sit?
Deep to the sternocleidomastoid
What do the lingual, facial, maxillary, superficial temporal artery and middle meningeal artery supply?
LIGUAL= tongue and floor of mouth
FACIAL= facial blood and all of face
MAXILLARY= nasal and oral cavity
ST= temple and ear area
MM= meninges
What artery is this?
Middle meningeal artery
What is another name for the circle of Willis?
Cerebral arterial circle
What is the name of the venous drainage system of the brain and where does it drain to?
Dural venous sinuses
Come together in the cranial cavity to the jugular foramen and then the internal jugular vein
Where does profunda brachii supply blood to and where does it originate?
Posterior compartment of arm
Brachial artery
What are the deep veins in the upper limb?
Deep veins follow names and pattern of arterial supply
What are the two superficial venous drainage networks of the upper arm?
Begins as a network of veins on the dorsal side of the hand. This network forms two major vessels after the wrist- laterally cephalic and medially basilic vein. These are single, larger veins.
The median cubital vein is very varied, crosses from lateral to medial side
What is the deep venous drainage system of the lower limb?
Deep lower limbs perfectly follow the arterial supply
What is the superficial venous drainage system of the lower limbs?
The great saphenous vein ascends the entire limb until it reaches the femoral triangle and drains into femoral vein.
How many suprarenal arteries are there?
3 pairs; superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries
At what vertebral level is the origin of the superior mesenteric artery?
L1
What do the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries supply?
SMA= small and proximal half of large intestine (shown)
IMA= distal half or large intestine and part of rectum
What is the hepatic portal system formed by?
The HP vein is formed by the union of two veins-
Superior mesenteric vein, which drains blood from the small intestine, portions of the large intestine, stomach and pancreas
Splenic vein, which drains the spleen and receives tributaries from the stomach, pancreas and portions of the large intestine.
What intercostal space is the heart apex found at?
5th intercostal space
How is the heart orintated in a CT?
What path does blood take through the heart?
right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary vein -> pulmonary arteries -> left atrium -> mitral valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve
What are the different branches of the left and right coronary artery?
ight has the marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch. Left are the circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery.
What drains into the coronary sinus?
The great, middle and small cardiac veins
What are the muscles of the pharynx innervated by?
Trigeminal nerve (CNV2)
What vertebral level is the larynx?
C3-C6
What innervates the muscles of the larynx?
Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
Except for stylopharyngeus which is the glossopharyngeal nerve
What vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate?
T4
What are the shapes of the cartilage in the trachea?
C shaped- the posterior wall of the trachea isn’t held open. Instead is formed of sooth muscle
What do the pulmonary arteries branch into?
The arteries branch off to give the lobar branches to the superior and inferior lobe (and middle), these then branch to give the segmental arteries, following same structure as the bronchiole tree.
What are these structures in the superior mediastinum?
What structures are located within the superior mediastinum?
- Great vessels
- Thymus
- Oesophagus
- Trachea
- Vagus nerve
- Phrenic nerves
- Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Thoracic nerve
What is located within the middle mediastinum?
- Heart
- Pericardium
- Great vessels
- Trachea
What is located within the posterior mediastinum?
- Thoracic aorta
- Azygous vein
- Main bronchi
- Oesophagus
- Vagus nerves
- Phrenic nerves
- Posterior intercostal arteries and veins
- Thoracic duct
What are the structures shown within the posterior mediastinum?
What is the superior surface of the sternum like?
On the superior surface of the manubrium is the jugular notch. Either side are large oval fossa’s for articulation with the clavicles
What passes through the diaphragm at T12?
Aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygous vein
What passes through the diaphragm at T8?
Inferior vena cava
Right phrenic nerve
What passes through the diaphragm at T10?
Oesphagus
Vagus nerve
What are the following ligaments?
Where are the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments?
What is the order of pelvic muscles, from internal to external?
What are the different branches of the anteriuor division of the internal iliac artery? (male and female)
Both= umbilical, obturator, superior vesicle artery, middle rectal artery, internal pudendal artery and inferior gluteal artery
Female= uterine artery and vaginal artery
Male= inferior vesical artery
Where do the following arteries?
What drains into the internal iliac vein?
Pelvic plexuses from venous plexuses surrounding:
Bladder, rectum, prostate, uterus and vagina
What does autonomic innervation of the bladder and female reproductive organs come from?
Sympathetic- T11 and T12 for bladder
T10-L1 for reproductuive organs
What nerves for female are around the pelvic area?
Inferior rectal nerve
Dorsal nerve of the clitoris
Perineal nerve
What nerves for male are around the pelvic area?
- Pudendal
- Scrotal branches
- Dorsal nerve of the penis
- Perineal nerve
- Inferior rectal nerve
What is this artery?
Inferior phrenic artery
