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Sem 2 Year 1 > Anatomy sem 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy sem 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the bones of the skull:

(excluding- 2, 8, 9, 10)

A

1= Parietal

3= spenoid

4= temporal

5= occipital

6= mandible

7= frontal

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2
Q

What are the sutures and structures of 2, 8 and 9?

A

2= Lambdoid suture

8= coronal suture

9= Pterion

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3
Q

What bone is this?

A

sphenoid

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4
Q

What bone is this?

A

Maxilla

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5
Q

What is the passageway that leads from the ear called?

A

External acoustic meatus

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6
Q

What are the cranial foramina?

A
  • 1=superior orbital fissue
  • 2=foramen rotundum
  • 3=foramen ovale
  • 4=foramen spinosum
  • 5=hypoglossal canal
  • 6=foramen magnum
  • 7=cribiform plate
  • 8=foramen lacerum
  • 9=internal acoustic meatus
  • 10=jugular foramen
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7
Q

What are the following muscles?

A
  1. Orbicularis oculi
  2. Nasalis
  3. Baccuinator
  4. Masseter
  5. Frontalis
  6. Temporalis
  7. Orbicularis oris
  8. Platsma
  9. Zygomaticus major
  10. Depressor labii inferioris
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8
Q

What are the two parts of orbicularis oculi and what is it action?

A

Closes eyelids

There are two parts; orbital (below) and palpebral

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9
Q

What is the action of nasalis?

A

Compresses the nares

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10
Q

What is the function of procerus and where is it?

A

Pulls the eyebrows down

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11
Q

What is the function of zygomaticus major?

A

Draws angle of the mouth superiorly

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12
Q

What is the function of buccinator?

A

Pulls the cheeks inward

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13
Q

What is the function of levator labii superioris and depressor labii inferioris?

A

depressor= depresses lower lip

levator= elevates upper lip

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14
Q

What is this muscle?

A

Levator labii superior

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15
Q

What is this muscle?

A

Depressor labii inferior

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16
Q

What are muscles of facial expression innervated by and what cranial foramen does this nerve pass through?

A

The facial nerve- passes through the stylomastoid foramen, just below the ear canal

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17
Q

What is the mneumonic for the facial nerves and what are they?

A

To Zanzibar By Motor Car

Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular and cervical

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18
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s function?

A

Lateral Ptyergoid- laterally moves and protracts mandible

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19
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s action?

A

Medial Pterygoid- elevation and protrusion of the mandible

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20
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s action?

A

Masster- elevates mandible

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21
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s action?

A

Temporalis- elevates and retracts the mandible.

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22
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Muscles required for chewing

Temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid

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23
Q

What nerve are the muscles of mastrication innervated by and what cranial foramen does this nerve exit through?

A

Mandibular branch of the Trieminal nerve (cranial nerve 5)

Foramen ovale

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24
Q

What are C1 and C2 called?

A

C1= atlas

C2= axis

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25
Q

What is this muscle and what is its action?

A

Platysma- Depress mandible and angle of mouth

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26
Q

What is this muscle and what is it’s action?

A

Trapizius

  • Elevation of scapula
  • Retraction of scapula
  • Depression of scapula
  • Rotation of the scapula
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27
Q

What is this muscle and what is it’s action?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Side flex and rotation of the head

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28
Q

What nerve are trapezius and sternocleidomastoid innervated by?

A

Accessory nerve- cranial nerve 11

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29
Q

At which vertebral level do the common carotids bifurcate?

A

C3/C4

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30
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein begin?

A

As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus, at the jugular foramen

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31
Q

Which vessel supplies structures within the neck and face?

A

External carotid artery

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32
Q

Where do the internal jugular veins drain to?

A

Left and right brachiocephalic veins respectively

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33
Q

What are the 6 extraocular muscles that are responsible for movement of the eyeball?

A

4 x rectus muscles (superior, inferior, medial, lateral)
2 x oblique muscles (superior, inferior)

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34
Q

What structures form the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, and nasal septal cartilage

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35
Q

What are the specialised structures arising from the nasal cavity that assist with warming, filtering and humidifying?

A

Nasal Conchae (superior, middle and inferior)

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36
Q

What are the missing labels for this diagram?

A
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37
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses that drain into the nasal cavity?

A

Maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses

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38
Q

What are the boundaries for the oral cavity?

A 
Roof = Hard and soft palates
Walls = Buccinator muscles, lined by oral mucosa
Floor = Muscular diaphragm (mylohyoid muscles) and tongue
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39
Q

At which point do the nasal and oral cavity become continuous?

A

Nasopharynx

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40
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring and what tonsils are a part of this?

A

A ring of lymphoid tissue found in the throat, consisting of pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), tubal tonsils, palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils.

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41
Q

How are transverse sections of CT and MRI viewed?

A

Should be viewed as if you were standing at the foot of their bed, looking up from below.

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42
Q

How can you tell the difference between thick and thin skin?

A

Thin skin has hair follicles present

Thick skin does not have hair follicles

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43
Q

What are the 3 layers of skin?

A
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44
Q

What are the arrows pointing to on the diagram?

A
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45
Q

What are the arrows pointing to on the x-ray?

A
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46
Q

What are the arrows pointing to on this CT?

A
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47
Q

What are the arrows on the CT pointing towards?

A
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48
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A
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49
Q

What do superior, inferior, posterio, anterior, proximal, distal, lateral and medial mean?

A
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50
Q

What are sagittal, coronal, transverse and oblique planes?

A
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51
Q

What are the different cavities of the body?

A
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52
Q

What are synovial and solid joints?

A

Synovial are the most moveable joints in the body. Most abundant in body. There are types of synovial joint- ball and socket, gliding, pivot and hinge
Solid joints are immobile, two types fibrous and cartilaginous

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53
Q

What is the differences between ligaments and tendons?

A

Ligaments link bone to bone
Tendons link muscle to bone.

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54
Q

What is flexsion and extension?

A

○ Flexion decreases the angle between bones, bends or folds one part on another.
○ Extension increases the angle between bones, returns back from flexed position

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55
Q

What is abduction and adduction?

A

○ Abduction moves a part away from the medium of the body
○ Adduction moves a part toward the medium plane

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56
Q

What is rotation in anatomical terms?

A

Rotation consists of pivoting bone on its own axis

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57
Q

What is pronation and supination?

A

○ Pronation twists the forearm so the thumbs point medially
○ Supination twists the forearm back

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58
Q

What is inversion and eversion?

A

○ Inversion turns in the sole of the foot inwards
○ Eversion turns it outward

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59
Q

What are landmarks, levels and lines in anatomical terms?

A

Landmarks- structures you can feel from outside the skin
Levels- most useful on the trunk, eg something can be located if it is in line with another structure
Lines- may be able to find structures by drawing lines on the skin

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60
Q

What are the features shown of a vertebra?

A
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61
Q

What are the differences between the cervical, thoracic and lumbar parts of the spine?

A

Cervical: Small, round body
Thoracic: Heart-shaped body
Lumbar: Large kidney-shaped body

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62
Q

What are the specialised features of C1?

A

No body: has ‘anterior arch’ instead; no spinous process: has ‘posterior arch’ instead; elongated, curved superior articular facet – for articulation with occipital condyle; very flat inferior articular facet for articulation with C2.

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63
Q

What are the following arrows on the diagram?

A

C1- atlas

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64
Q

What are the specialised features of C2 (axis)?

A

It has a body with an extra superior projection (‘dens’), and a rounded superior articulate facet for atriculation with C1.

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65
Q

What do the arrows on the diagram point to?

A
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66
Q

What movement occurs between the atlas and the occipital condyles?

A

Flexion / Extension – nodding your head

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67
Q

What movement occurs between the axis and atlas

A

Rotation- shaking ur head

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68
Q

What are the 3 groups of muscles in the back?

A

Superficial, deep and intermediate

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69
Q

What is the action of the superficial muscles in the back?

A

Movement of upper limbs

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70
Q

What is the action of the intermediate muscles of the back?

A

Respiration

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71
Q

What are the actions of the deep muscles of the back?

A

Movement of spinal column and posture

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72
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s action?

A

Trapezius,

extends and laterally flexes the head and neck

Elevates, depresses, retracts and rotates the shoulder

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73
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s action?

A

Rhomboid muscle, retracts and downwardly rotates pectroal (shoulder girdle)

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74
Q

Who is John?

A
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75
Q

What is this mucle group?

A

Erector spinae- collective name for a group of muscles found in the intermediate layer of the back

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76
Q

What are the 3 muscles of erector spinae?

A

Spinalis, longissimus and iliocostalis

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77
Q

Which muscle is this and what is its function?

A

Spinalis-extends and laterally flexes neck and trunk

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78
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s function?

A

Longissimus

Extends and laterally flexes head, neck and trunk

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79
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s function?

A

Iliocostalis

Extends and laterally flexes head and trunk

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80
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s action?

A

Levator scapulae

Elevates and downwardly rotates shoulder girdle

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81
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s action?

A

Serratus posterior superior

Elevates ribs

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82
Q

What nerve are the intermediate and deep muscle groups of the back innervated by?

A

Dorsal/ posterior rami of spinal nerves

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83
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the back innervated by?

A

All the muscles are innervated by the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves except for the trapezius which is supplied by cranial nerve XI.

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84
Q

What are the missing muscles of this diagram?

A
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85
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The cauda equina is the sack of nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord. These nerve roots provide the ability to move and feel sensation in the legs and the bladder

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86
Q

What is the conus medularis?

A

The conus medullaris is the tapering distal end of the spinal cord

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87
Q

What are the missing labels on this diagram?

A
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88
Q

What is the Filum terminale?

A

The filum terminale (FT) is a fibrous band that extends from the conus medullaris to the periosteum of the coccyx to fixate the spinal cord

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89
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/L2

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90
Q

What is the name for the opening within each vertebra through which the spinal cord travels?

A

Veryebral foramen

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91
Q

At what level is a lumbar puncture performed?

A

Between L2- L5, this avoids hitting the spinal cord

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92
Q

What is the name of the opening in the skull from which the spinal cord emerges?

A

Foramen magnum

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93
Q

What are the labels on the diagram below of a cross section of the spinal cord?

A
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94
Q

What is the name of this condition?

A

Scoliosis

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95
Q

What is this condition?

A

Kyphosis

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96
Q

What are the pedicles and lamina of a vertebra?

A
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97
Q

What is this bone called?

A

Scapula

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98
Q

What is this part of the scapula?

A

Spine

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99
Q

What is this part of the scapula?

A

Glenoid fossa

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100
Q

What is this part of the scapula?

A

Supraspinous fossa

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101
Q

What is this part of the scapula?

A

Infraspinous fossa

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102
Q

What is this part of the scapula?

A

Superior angle

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103
Q

What is this part of the scapula?

A

Inferior angle

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104
Q

What is this part of the scapula?

A

Acromion

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105
Q

What is this part of the scapula?

A

Coracoid process

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106
Q

What is this part of the scapula?

A

Subscapular fossa

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107
Q

What is this bone?

A

Clavicle

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108
Q

What are the two ends of the clavicle called?

A

Sternal end and acromial end

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109
Q

What is this bone called?

A

humerus

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110
Q

What is this part of the humerus called?

A

Greater tubercle

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111
Q

What is this part of the humerus called?

A

Lesser tubercle

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112
Q

What is this part of the humerus called?

A

Intertubular sulcus

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113
Q

What is this part of the humerus called?

A

Capitulum

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114
Q

What is this part of the humerus called?

A

Trochlea

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115
Q

What is this part of the humerus called?

A

Olecranon fossa

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116
Q

What is this part of the humerus called?

A

Coracoid fossa

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117
Q

What is this part of the humerus called?

A

Radial fossa

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118
Q

What is this part of the humerus called?

A

Medial epicondyle

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119
Q

What is this part of the humerus called?

A

Lateral epicondyle

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120
Q

On what side of the humerus are the tubercles and epicondyles situated?

A

The anterior side

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121
Q

What bone is this?

A

The radius

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122
Q

What part of the radius is this?

A

Radial tuberosity

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123
Q

What part of the radius is this?

A

Radial styloid process

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124
Q

What part of the radius is this? (posterior view)

A

Dorsal tubercle

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125
Q

What bone is this?

A

Ulna

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126
Q

What part of the ulna is this?

A

Radial notch

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127
Q

What part of the ulna is this?

A

Olecranon

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128
Q

What part of the ulna is this?

A

Coronoid process

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129
Q

What part of the ulna is this?

A

Ulnar styloid process

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130
Q

What part of the ulna is this?

A

Trochlear notch

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131
Q

What two carpal bones from an articulation with the radius?

A

Scaphoid and lunate

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132
Q

What do you notice about the phalanges in the thumb versus those in the other digits?

A

Thumb only has two phalanges, all other digits have 3

It is missing middle phalange

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133
Q

What are the missing labels on the diagram?

A
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134
Q

What are the 3 types of phalange bones?

A

Proximal, middle and distal

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135
Q

What are the names of the carpal bones in the hand?

A
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136
Q

What is the mneumonic for remembering the carpal bones?

A

Some – Scaphoid

Lovers – Lunate

Try – Triquetrum

Positions – Pisiform

That – Trapezium

They – Trapezoid

Can’t – Capitate

Handle – Hamate

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137
Q

What are the sutures shown below?

A

Coronal (left to right)

Sagittal (midline)

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138
Q

What are the different types of vertebrae?

A

7 Cervical

12 Thoracic

5 Lumber

5 Sacrum (fused together)

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139
Q

What muscle is this, what layer is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Latissimus dorsi, superficial group and adducts and extends arm

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140
Q

What is this muscle, what group is it part of and what is it’s action?

A

Serratus posterior inferior, intermediate layer and depresses the ribs

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141
Q

What are the 3 layers of conenctive tissue surrounding the spinal cord?

A

Connective tissue= meninges

First is dura mater which is thick, the second arachnoid mater is almost spider like tissue and is filled with spinal fluid and the 3rd is pia mater is exceptionally fine.

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142
Q

What bone is this?

A

Femur

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143
Q

What part of the femur is this?

A

Greater trochanter

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144
Q

What part of the femur is this?

A

Lesser trochanter

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145
Q

What part of the femur is this?

A

Medial condyle

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146
Q

What part of the femur is this?

A

Lateral condyles

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147
Q

What part of the femur is this?

A

Intertrochanteric line

148
Q

What part of the femur is this?

A

Patellar surface

149
Q

What part of the femur is this?

A

Intertrochanteric crest

150
Q

What bone is this?

151
Q

What part of the tibia is this?

A

Medial Condyle

152
Q

What part of the tibia is this?

A

Lateral condyle

153
Q

What part of the tibia is this?

A

Medial malleolus

154
Q

What part of the tibia is this?

A

Intercondylar eminence

155
Q

What part of the tibia is this?

A

Articular facet for fibula

156
Q

What part of the tibia is this?

A

Tibial tuberosity

157
Q

What bone is this?

158
Q

Where is the lateral malleolus on the fibula?

A

On the bottom on the outside, is palpebral

159
Q

What part of the fibula is this?

A

Articular facet for tibia

160
Q

What part of the fibula is this?

A

Articular facet for talus

161
Q

What bone is this?

162
Q

What bone is this?

163
Q

What bone is this?

164
Q

What bone is this?

165
Q

What bone is this?

166
Q

What bone is this?

A

Lateral cuneiform

167
Q

What bone is this?

A

Intermediate cuneiform

168
Q

What bone is this?

A

Medial Cuneiform

169
Q

What are the ‘toe’ bones of the foot called?

A

There is the first- fifth metacarpal

There is also proximal, middle and distal Phalanges of the toes (except big toe)

170
Q

What are the 3 axis that joints can move on?

A

Joints can be uni, bi or multi axial

171
Q

What part of the scapula is this?

A

Conoid tubercle

172
Q

What are the compartments of the arm?

173
Q

What are the compartments of the forearm?

174
Q

What is the anterior compartment of the arm’s function at elbow?

A
  • Flexsion at elbow and shoulder joint
  • Forearm supination
  • Adduction of arm
175
Q

What is the posterior compartment of arm’s function at the elbow?

176
Q

What is the anterior compartment of the forearm’s function at the wrist?

177
Q

What is the posterior compartment of forearm’s function at the wrist?

178
Q

What is this muscle and what is it’s action?

A

Biceps brachii; supinates forearm and flexes forearm at elbow joint

179
Q

What is this muscle and what is it’s action?

A

Triceps brachii; extends forearm at elbow joint

180
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s action?

A

Brachialis; flexes forearm

181
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

182
Q

What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Triceps brachii

183
Q

What nerves innervate the muscles of the arm?

A

Biceps- musculocutaneous nerve

Triceps- radial nerve

Brachialis- musculocutaneous and radial nerves

184
Q

What feature of the humerus does the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii travel through?

A

Intertubular sulcus

185
Q

What feature of what bone does the triceps brachii attach to?

A

Olecranon of the ulna

186
Q

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • pronator teres
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
  • flexor pollicis longus
  • flexor digitorum profundus
  • *
187
Q

What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • Extensor digiti minmi
  • Extensor Digitorum
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus
  • Extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • Extensor indicis
    *
188
Q

Which muscle is responsible for flexsion at the distal interphalangeal joint and why?

A

Flexsor digitorum profundus- it is the only muscle with a tendon that crosses the DIP joint

189
Q

What muscle is this, what is it’s action and what compartment is it in?

A

Flexor carpi radialis- flexes hand at wrist, abductrs hand

Anterior compartment

190
Q

What muscle is this, what is it’s action and what compartment is it in?

A

Pronator teres, pronates forearm

Anterior compartment

191
Q

What muscle is this, what is it’s action and what compartment is it in?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexes index, middle, ring and pinkies

Anterior compartment

192
Q

What muscle is this, what is it’s action and what compartment is it in?

A

Flexsor pollicis longus; flexes thumb

Anterior compartment

193
Q

What muscle is this, what is it’s action and what compartment is it in?

A

Flexsor carpi ulnaris; flexes and adducts hand

Anterior compartment

194
Q

What muscle is this, what is it’s action and what compartment is it in?

A

Palmaris longus; flexes hand

Anterior compartment

195
Q

What muscle is this, what is it’s action and what compartment is it in? (deep- muscles been removed)

A

Flexor digitorum profundus; flexes index, middle, ring and pinkes

Anterior compartment

(muscles removed from diagram)

196
Q

What muscle is this, what is it’s action and what compartment is it in?

A

Extensor digiti minmi, extends little finger

Posterior compartment

197
Q

What muscle is this, what is it’s action and what compartment is it in?

A

Extensor digitorum; extends index, middle, ring and little fingers

Posterior compartment

198
Q

What muscle is this, what is it’s action and what compartment is it in?

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle; extends and adducts hand

Posterior compartment

199
Q

What muscle is this, what is it’s action and what compartment is it in?

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus; extends and abducts hand

Posterior compartment

200
Q

What muscle is this, what is it’s action and what compartment is it in?

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis; extends and abducts hand

Posterior compartment

201
Q

What muscle is this, what is it’s action and what compartment is it in? (muscles removed)

A

Extensor indicis muscle; extends index finger

posterior compartment

202
Q

What are the compartment’s of the thigh and the leg?

203
Q

What are the functions at hip and knee of the anterior compartment of thigh?

A

Hip flexsion

Knee extension

204
Q

What are the functions at hip and knee of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Extension of hip

Flexsion of knee

205
Q

What is the function of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Hip adduction

206
Q

What is the function of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Dorsiflexsion of ankle

207
Q

What is the function of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Plantarflexion at ankle

208
Q

What is the function of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Eversion of the foot

209
Q

What are the muscles in the quadricpes muscle group?

A

Rectus femoris

Vastus medialis

Vastus lateralis

Vastus intermedius

210
Q

What are the muscles in the Hamstrings group?

A

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

211
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Rectus femoris, anterior compartment

Extension of leg, flexes thigh at hip joint

212
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Vastus medialis, anterior compartment

Extends leg at knee joint

213
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Vastus lateralis, anterior compartment

Extends leg at knee joint

214
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action? (muscles removed)

A

Vastus intermedius, anterior compartment

extends leg at knee joint

215
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Sartorius, anterior compartment

Flexes and medially rotates leg at knee joint

Assists in flexsion, abduction and lateral rotation of thigh

216
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Adductor magnus, medial compartment

Adducts, flexes and extends thigh at hip joint

217
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Adductor longus, medial compartment

Adducts thigh at hip joint

218
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Gracilis, medial compartment

Flexes and medially rotates leg at knee joint

Assists in adduction of thigh

219
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Biceps femoris, posterior compartment

Flexes and laterally rotates leg and knee joint, extends thigh at hip joint

220
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Semitendinosus; posterior compartment

Flexes and medially rotates leg at knee joint, extends thigh at hip joint

221
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Semimembranosus; posterior compartment

Flexes and medially rotates leg at knee joint; extends thigh at hip joint

222
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Tibialis anterior; anterior compartment

Dorsiflexsion of foot, inverts foot

223
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Extensor digitorum longus; anterior compartment

Extends second, third, forth and pinky toe

Dorsiflexes foot

224
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Gastronemius; posterior compartment

Plantarflexsion of foot

Flexes leg at knee joint

225
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Fibularis longus; lateral compartment

Everts foot and assists in plantarflexsion

226
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Fibularis brevis; lateral compartment

Everts foot and assists in plantarflexion

227
Q

What are the different joints present in the upper limb?

228
Q

What are the different movements that can occur in the upper limb?

229
Q

What are the movements that can occur in the lower limb?

230
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth (visceral)

Cardiac

Skeletal

231
Q

Describe smooth muscle tissue

232
Q

Describe cardiac muscle tissue

233
Q

Describe skeletal muscle tissue

A

It is elastic and extensible

It generates movement, helps maintain posture, generates heat.

234
Q

Which type of muscle tissue are each of the below?

A

Top= skeletal

Middle= cardiac

Bottom= smooth

235
Q

What is the difference between the origin and insertion of a muscle?

A

The origin of a muscle is the attachment to the stationary or less mobile bone. The insertion is the attachment to the moveable or more mobile bone.

236
Q

What is muscle tissue surrounded by?

237
Q

What are the recurring subunits of muscle called?

A

Muscle fascicles- surrounded by connective tissue, known as perimysium

238
Q

What are muscle fascicles composed of?

A

Muscle fibres surrounded by endomysuim

239
Q

What are epimysium, perimysium and endomysium?

A

EPI= surrounds whole tissue

PERI= surrounds muscle fasicles

ENDO= surrounds muscle fibres

240
Q

What do muscle fibres consist of?

A

Contain many subunits, known as myofibrils, which can be divided into a smaller division called a sarcomere

241
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

In a sarcomere, actin and myosin side on top of each other to enable muscle to contract when there is a nerve impulse

242
Q

What is the z line and m line of a sarcomere?

A

Z line= the area connecting two sarcomeres

M line= the midline of a sarcomere

243
Q

What is the differences between tendons and ligaments?

244
Q

What are the different shapes of bone?

A
  • Long
  • Short (squashed rectangular shape found in hands)
  • Irregular e.g. vertebrae
  • Flat e.g sternum
  • Sesamoid bones are surrounded by tissue
245
Q

What are agonist, antagonist, synergist and fixator muscles?

A

Agonist= muscle that is causing movement

Antagonist= causes opposite movement

Synergist= reinforce the movement

Fixator= muscles that hold others in place to allow movement

246
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Iliacus muscle, anterior compartment

Flexes thigh at hip joint

247
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Psoas muscle, anterior compartment

Flexes thigh at hip joint

248
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Soleus, posterior compartment

Plantarflexes foot at ankle

249
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Plantaris muscle, posterior compartment

Plantarflexsion of foot, flexsion of leg

250
Q

What are the 3 extracapsular ligaments in the hip joints?

A

Ishiofemoral

Iliofemoral

Pubofemoral

251
Q

What ligament is this?

A

Iliofemoral ligament

252
Q

What ligament is this?

A

Pubofemoral ligament

253
Q

What ligament is this?

A

Ischiofemoral ligament

254
Q

What two parts can the iliofemoral ligament be split into?

A

Superior band and inferior band

255
Q

What surface is this?

A

Lunate surface of acetabulum

256
Q

What part of the acetabulum is this?

A

Acetabular notch

257
Q

What part of the acetabulum is this?

A

Ligamentum teres

258
Q

What part of the aceatabulum is this?

A

Acetabular labrum

259
Q

What are the 3 intracapsular ligaments at the hip?

A

Acetabular labrum

Ligamentum teres

Transverse acetabular ligament

260
Q

What part of the acetabulum is this?

A

Transverse acetabular ligament

261
Q

What muscle is this, and what is it’s function?

A

Gluteus maximas, extends, adducts and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint

262
Q

What muscle is this, and what is it’s function?

A

Gluteus medius, medially rotates and abducts thigh at hip joint

263
Q

What muscle is this, and what is it’s function?

A

Gluteus minimus, medially rotates and abducts thigh at hip joint

264
Q

What muscle is this, and what is it’s function?

A

Piriformis muscle, Laterallyvrotates and abducts thigh at hip joint

265
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve

266
Q

What nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve

267
Q

What nerve innervated the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sciatic nerve

268
Q

What are the following ligaments in the knee joint?

A
  1. Quadriceps tendon
  2. Patellar ligament
  3. Medial collateral ligament
269
Q

What are the following structures at the knee joint?

A
  1. Quadriceps tendon
  2. Patellar ligament
  3. Lateral collateral ligament
  4. Supra-patellar bursa
270
Q

What are the follwing structures at the knee joint?

A
  1. Anterior cruciate ligament
  2. Posterior cruciate ligament
  3. medial meniscus
  4. lateral meniscus
271
Q

What are the differences between the medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus?

272
Q

What is this muscle, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Popliteus, posterior compartment

medially rotates leg at knee joint, unlocks knee joint at beginning of knee flexsion

273
Q

What are the following ligaments of the ankle joint?

A
  1. Posterior talofibular ligament
  2. Calcaneofibular ligament
  3. Anterior talofibular ligament
274
Q

What are the following ligaments of the ankle joint?

A
  1. Anterior tibiotalar ligament
  2. Tibionavicular ligament
  3. Tibiocalcaneal ligament
  4. Posterior tibiotalar ligament
275
Q

What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it’s action?

A

Extensor hallucis longus, anterior compartment

Extends great toe

276
Q

What are the ligaments that support the sternoclaviclar joint?

A

Anterior sternoclavicular ligament

Posterior sternoclavicular ligament

Costoclavicular ligament

277
Q

What is this ligament?

A

Anterior sternoclavicular ligament

278
Q

What is this ligament?

A

Posterior sternoclavicular ligament

279
Q

What ligament is this?

A

Costoclavicular ligament

280
Q

What are the ligaments supporting the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Acromiocdlavicular ligament

Coraoclavicular ligaments

281
Q

What is this ligament?

A

Acromioclavicular ligament

282
Q

What is this ligament?

A

Coracoclavicular ligament

283
Q

What is this ligament?

A

Coracohumeral ligament

284
Q

What ligament is this?

A

Transverse humeral ligament

285
Q

What ligament is this?

A

Coracoacromial ligament

286
Q

What is this part of the glenoid?

A

Gleniod labrum

287
Q

Where are the glenohumeral ligaments

A

This is the inferior one shown, also superior and middle present

288
Q

How does the gelnoid labrum help stabilise the joint?

A

The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilaginous material that lines the glenoid fossa. The labrum deepens the socket to improve joint fit/congruency

289
Q

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Subscapularis

Teres minor

290
Q

What are the missing muscle labels in the diagram?

291
Q

What is this muscle, and what is it’s action?

A

Teres minor- lateral rotation

292
Q

What is this muscle, and what is it’s action?

A

Infraspinatus, lateral rotation

293
Q

What is this muscle, and what is it’s action?

A

Supraspinatous, abduction of shoulder joint

294
Q

What is this muscle, and what is it’s action?

A

Subscapularis, medial rotation

295
Q

What is this muscle, and what is it’s action?

A

Pectoralis major, flexion and adduction of shoulder

296
Q

How many joints are there at the elbow?

297
Q

What are the following ligaments that stabilse the elbow joint?

298
Q

What is this muscle and what is it’s action?

A

Anconeus muscle, extends forearm at elbow joint

299
Q

What is this muscle, and what is it’s action?

A

Brachioradialis, flexes forearm at elbow joint

300
Q

What are the supinators and pronators of the elbow joint?

A

Supinators: biceps brachii and supinator

Pronators: pronator teres and pronator quadratus

301
Q

Which bones within the proximal carpal row do the radius and articular disk articulate with?

A

Scaphoid and lunate

302
Q

What is the floor and the sides of the carpal tunnel made of?

A

Hamate- wall and floor

Capitate- floor

Trapezoid- floor

Trapizium- floor and wall

303
Q

What structures pass through the carpal tunnel?

A

9 tendons=

  • 4 from flexor digitorum superficialis
  • 4 from flexor digitorum profundus
  • 1 from flexor pollicis longus

Median nerve

304
Q

What are the names of the bones and joints in the hand?

305
Q

What seperates the ulna and the carpal bones?

A

An articular disk

306
Q

What innervates the intrinsic muscles of the hand (muscles that originate within the hand)

A

Supplied by the deep branch of ulna nerve except 2 lateral lumbricals and thenar eminence (innervated by median nerve)

307
Q

What is the action of intrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

Precision grips, e.g. holding pencil

308
Q

Where do the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel lead to?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor ditigtorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus all are extrinsic muscles which travel through the carpal tunnel. FDS insert onto digits 2,3,4 and 5 at the base of the middle phalanx. FDP is just deep to this, and inserts onto the distal phalanx in 2,3,4 and 5. FPL gives off one single tendon which travels to the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.

309
Q

What muscle is this and what is it’s action?

A

Palmaris muscle, helps with gripping and deepens hollow on hand

310
Q

What do the thenar muscles on the thumb consist of?

A

Flexor pollicis brevis

Abductor pollicis brevis

Opponens pollicis

311
Q

What innervates the thenar muscles of the thumb?

A

Recurrent branch of median nerve

312
Q

What is the hypothenar eminence?

A

Group of muscles that operate pinky

Consist of flexsor digit minimi brevis and abductor digit minimi

Ulnar nerve supplies these

313
Q

What are the the Lumbricals and what are their action?

A

Originate of the tendons of flexsor digitorum profundus

They flex metacarpophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints

314
Q

What is this muscle, its’s function and innervation?

A

Aductor pollicis

It adducts thumb at it’s carpometacarpal joint

Innervated by ulnar nerve

Has two heads

315
Q

What does PAD-DAB mean?

A

Palmar interossei= adduction

Dorsal interossei= abduction

316
Q

What are the interossei muscles?

A

Can be palmar or dorsal, small muscles between fingers

Innervation= ulnar nerve

317
Q

What is the anatomical snuffbox and what does it contain?

A
  • radial artery
  • base of first metacarpal
  • scaphoid
  • trapezium
  • radial syloid process
  • cephalic vein
318
Q

What are the two palmar arches within the hand?

A

Deep palmar arch= mainly supplied by radial artery

superficial palmar arch= mainly supplied through ulnar artery

319
Q

What part of the hand does the median nerve supply?

320
Q

What part of the hand does the ulnar nerve innervate?

321
Q

What is fascia?

A

A band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches to, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs.

322
Q

What is superficial and deep fascia?

A

Fat is termed superficial fascia. The deep facia covers the limb and blends with the fibrous tissue covering the surface of the bone (called periostium).

323
Q

What is different between fascia in the limbs and in the trunk?

A

Deep and superficial fascia in the limbs divide them into compartments with a common function and nerve supply

There is no deep fascia in the abdomen- would not be able to expand after a large meal

324
Q

What are the two types of superficial fascia in the trunk?

A

The more superficial layer is the fatty layer, and the deeper layer is called the membranous layer

325
Q

What is the fascia called at the red dot?

A

superficial perineal fascia or colles fascia

326
Q

What are the 4 columns of the neck?

A

The structure of the neck is a series of columns, which are bound by a layer of fascia. At the back- bony muscular column bound by pre-vertebral fascia (completely surrounds the column). at the front is the visceral bound by pre-tracheal fascia and on either side there is a vascular column which are surrounded by the carotid sheath. All 4 are surrounded by the investing fascia.

327
Q

Where do the nerves of the shoulder and arm arise from?

A

The brachial plexus

328
Q

Where does the brachial plexus originate from?

A

Lower cervical and upper Thoracic spinal cord

Roots originate from C 5,6,7,8 and T 1

329
Q

What can the brachial plexus be broken up into?

A

5 roots > 3 trunks > 6 divisions > 3 cords > 5 nerves

330
Q

What trunks are there in the brachial plexus?

A

Superior from C5 and 6

Middle from C7

Inferior from C8 and T1

331
Q

How does the trunk progress to different cords?

A

Anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunk form the lateral cord, anterior divisions of the lower trunk form the medial cord. Posterior divisions form the posterior cord

332
Q

What are the terminal nerves that arise from the brachial plexus?

A

Axillary, musculoutaneous, radial, medial and ulnar nerve

333
Q

Where does the axillary nerve travel to after it leaves the brachial plexus?

A

passes to the posterior shoulder region- innervates deltoid, teres minor and skin of deltoid region.

334
Q

Where does the musculocataneous nerve travel to after the brachial plexus?

A

pierces the cervicobrachial muscle of the arm and descends down the anterior compartment of the arm between biceps brachii and the brachialis muscles to innervate the skin of the lateral forearm

supplies arm, anterior (flexor) compartment

335
Q

Where does the radial nerve travel to after the brachial plexus?

A

Radial nerve runs posteriorly around the humerus with the deep brachial artery. Innervates muscles of the posterior aspect of the arm/forearm.

arm & forearm, posterior (extensor) compartments

336
Q

Where does the medial nerve travel to after the brachial plexus?

A

Medial nerve doesn’t innervate any arm muscles but runs deep in the forearm and then superficially at the carpal tunnel into the hand. Innervates most muscles in the anterior forearm except flexor carpi, ulnaris and the medial half of flexor digitum profundus.

forearm, anterior (flexor) compartment; intrinsic muscles of hand

337
Q

Where does the ulnar nerve travel to after the brachial plexus?

A

Ulnar nerve descends in the medial side of the arm. It pierces intermuscular septum and enters the posterior compartment. Crosses the elbow joint and in the forearm where it runs deep until it becomes superficial just proximal to the wrist. Supplies some muscles in forearm and almost all hand muscles.

forearm, anterior (flexor) compartment; intrinsic muscles of hand

338
Q

What nerve is this?

A

Axillary nerve

339
Q

What nerve is this?

A

Musculocutaneous

340
Q

What nerve is this?

A

Median nerve

341
Q

Which nerve is this?

A

Ulnar nerve

342
Q

Which nerve is this?

343
Q

Where can you located the brachial, ulnar and radial pulses?

A

Brachial in cubital fossa

Radial and ulnar in wrist

344
Q

What is loctaed within the cubital fossa?

A

tendon of biceps, brachial artery, median nerve (lateral to medial)

345
Q

What are the boundaries, roof and floor of cubital fossa?

A

Boundaries – line joining epicondyles, brachioradialis, pronator teres
Roof – deep fascia
Floor – brachialis, supinator

346
Q

What different pulses can be taken from the lower limb?

347
Q

What is contained within the popliteal fossa?

A

Tibial & common peroneal nerves, popliteal vein, popliteal artery (supf. to deep)

348
Q

What make up the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

Boundaries – hamstrings, heads of gastrocnemius
Roof – deep fascia
Floor – popliteal surface of femur, capsule of knee joint, popliteus

349
Q

Where does the lumbus plexus originate from?

350
Q

What nerves does the lumbar plexus give off?

A

Tibial nerve

Genitofemeral nerve

Femoral nerve

Obturator nerve

Sciatic nerve

Deep and superficial peroneal nerves

351
Q

What is this nerve and what does it innervate?

A

Sciatic nerve

Thigh, posterior (flexor) compartment

352
Q

What is this nerve and what does it innervate?

A

Femoral nerve

thigh, anterior (extensor) compartment

353
Q

What is this nerve and what does it innervate?

A

Obturator nerve

thigh, medial (adductor) compartment

354
Q

What is this nerve and what does it innervate?

A

Tibial nerve

leg, posterior (flexor) compartment

355
Q

What is this nerve and what does it innervate?

A

Deep peroneal nerve/ deep fibular nerve

leg, anterior (extensor) compartment

356
Q

What nerve is this, and what does it innervate?

A

Superficial fibular/ peroneal nerve

leg, lateral (peroneal) compartment

357
Q

What is a dermatome? And what is a myotome?

A

A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by a single spinal cord segment. A myotome is the equivalent ‘block’ of muscle.

358
Q

What are the pros and cons for autograft, allograft and synthetic replacements?

359
Q

What is an autograft?

A

Taking a tissue from one area of an individual to another area of the same individual

360
Q

What is an allograft?

A

Taking a tissue from one patient and implanting it into another

361
Q

What are the two types of synthetic replacements?

A

Material implants

Tissued engineered implants

362
Q

What are the three types of hip replacements?

A

Hemiarthroplasty- acetabulum stays natural

Hip resurfacing- only the head of the femur is replaced.

363
Q

What are the most common hip replacement materials?

A

Metal on metal- metal particles released so not good optio

Ceramic on ceramic

Metal on polyethylene

Ceramic on polyethylene

364
Q

What materials are knee replacements made of?

365
Q

What is tissue engineering and what are the steps for it?

A

The science used to grow new body parts in the lab

Need cell isolation and cultivation

Then need scaffold design (ECM) and manufacture

Then cell and sccafold combination

Chemical and mechanical stimulation

Then implantation

366
Q

What is the point of chemical and mechanical stimulation in tissue engineering?

A

Signals= biochemical or biomechanical- aim is to increase matrix production. Chemical could be signalling molecules or hormones, mechanical could be replicating exercise movemen

Sem 2 Year 1 (12 decks)

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