Anatomy sem 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Identify the bones of the skull:
(excluding- 2, 8, 9, 10)
A
1= Parietal
3= spenoid
4= temporal
5= occipital
6= mandible
7= frontal
2
Q
What are the sutures and structures of 2, 8 and 9?
A
2= Lambdoid suture
8= coronal suture
9= Pterion
3
Q
What bone is this?
A
sphenoid
4
Q
What bone is this?
A
Maxilla
5
Q
What is the passageway that leads from the ear called?
A
External acoustic meatus
6
Q
What are the cranial foramina?
A
- 1=superior orbital fissue
- 2=foramen rotundum
- 3=foramen ovale
- 4=foramen spinosum
- 5=hypoglossal canal
- 6=foramen magnum
- 7=cribiform plate
- 8=foramen lacerum
- 9=internal acoustic meatus
- 10=jugular foramen
7
Q
What are the following muscles?
A
- Orbicularis oculi
- Nasalis
- Baccuinator
- Masseter
- Frontalis
- Temporalis
- Orbicularis oris
- Platsma
- Zygomaticus major
- Depressor labii inferioris
8
Q
What are the two parts of orbicularis oculi and what is it action?
A
Closes eyelids
There are two parts; orbital (below) and palpebral
9
Q
What is the action of nasalis?
A
Compresses the nares
10
Q
What is the function of procerus and where is it?
A
Pulls the eyebrows down
11
Q
What is the function of zygomaticus major?
A
Draws angle of the mouth superiorly
12
Q
What is the function of buccinator?
A
Pulls the cheeks inward
13
Q
What is the function of levator labii superioris and depressor labii inferioris?
A
depressor= depresses lower lip
levator= elevates upper lip
14
Q
What is this muscle?
A
Levator labii superior
15
Q
What is this muscle?
A
Depressor labii inferior
16
Q
What are muscles of facial expression innervated by and what cranial foramen does this nerve pass through?
A
The facial nerve- passes through the stylomastoid foramen, just below the ear canal
17
Q
What is the mneumonic for the facial nerves and what are they?
A
To Zanzibar By Motor Car
Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular and cervical
18
Q
What muscle is this and what is it’s function?
A
Lateral Ptyergoid- laterally moves and protracts mandible
19
Q
What muscle is this and what is it’s action?
A
Medial Pterygoid- elevation and protrusion of the mandible
20
Q
What muscle is this and what is it’s action?
A
Masster- elevates mandible
21
Q
What muscle is this and what is it’s action?
A
Temporalis- elevates and retracts the mandible.
22
Q
What are the muscles of mastication?
A
Muscles required for chewing
Temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid
23
Q
What nerve are the muscles of mastrication innervated by and what cranial foramen does this nerve exit through?
A
Mandibular branch of the Trieminal nerve (cranial nerve 5)
Foramen ovale
24
Q
What are C1 and C2 called?
A
C1= atlas
C2= axis
25
What is this muscle and what is its action?
Platysma- Depress mandible and angle of mouth
26
What is this muscle and what is it's action?
Trapizius
* Elevation of scapula
* Retraction of scapula
* Depression of scapula
* Rotation of the scapula
27
What is this muscle and what is it's action?
Sternocleidomastoid
Side flex and rotation of the head
28
What nerve are trapezius and sternocleidomastoid innervated by?
Accessory nerve- cranial nerve 11
29
At which vertebral level do the common carotids bifurcate?
C3/C4
30
Where does the internal jugular vein begin?
As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus, at the jugular foramen
31
Which vessel supplies structures within the neck and face?
External carotid artery
32
Where do the internal jugular veins drain to?
Left and right brachiocephalic veins respectively
33
What are the 6 extraocular muscles that are responsible for movement of the eyeball?
4 x rectus muscles (superior, inferior, medial, lateral)
2 x oblique muscles (superior, inferior)
34
What structures form the nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, and nasal septal cartilage
35
What are the specialised structures arising from the nasal cavity that assist with warming, filtering and humidifying?
Nasal Conchae (superior, middle and inferior)
36
What are the missing labels for this diagram?
37
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses that drain into the nasal cavity?
Maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses
38
What are the boundaries for the oral cavity?
```
Roof = Hard and soft palates
Walls = Buccinator muscles, lined by oral mucosa
Floor = Muscular diaphragm (mylohyoid muscles) and tongue
```
39
At which point do the nasal and oral cavity become continuous?
Nasopharynx
40
What is Waldeyer's ring and what tonsils are a part of this?
A ring of lymphoid tissue found in the throat, consisting of pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), tubal tonsils, palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils.
41
How are transverse sections of CT and MRI viewed?
Should be viewed as if you were standing at the foot of their bed, looking up from below.
42
How can you tell the difference between thick and thin skin?
Thin skin has hair follicles present
Thick skin does not have hair follicles
43
What are the 3 layers of skin?
44
What are the arrows pointing to on the diagram?
45
What are the arrows pointing to on the x-ray?
46
What are the arrows pointing to on this CT?
47
What are the arrows on the CT pointing towards?
48
What is the anatomical position?
49
What do superior, inferior, posterio, anterior, proximal, distal, lateral and medial mean?
50
What are sagittal, coronal, transverse and oblique planes?
51
What are the different cavities of the body?
52
What are synovial and solid joints?
Synovial are the most moveable joints in the body. Most abundant in body. There are types of synovial joint- ball and socket, gliding, pivot and hinge
Solid joints are immobile, two types fibrous and cartilaginous
53
What is the differences between ligaments and tendons?
Ligaments link bone to bone
Tendons link muscle to bone.
54
What is flexsion and extension?
○ Flexion decreases the angle between bones, bends or folds one part on another.
○ Extension increases the angle between bones, returns back from flexed position
55
What is abduction and adduction?
○ Abduction moves a part away from the medium of the body
○ Adduction moves a part toward the medium plane
56
What is rotation in anatomical terms?
Rotation consists of pivoting bone on its own axis
57
What is pronation and supination?
○ Pronation twists the forearm so the thumbs point medially
○ Supination twists the forearm back
58
What is inversion and eversion?
○ Inversion turns in the sole of the foot inwards
○ Eversion turns it outward
59
What are landmarks, levels and lines in anatomical terms?
Landmarks- structures you can feel from outside the skin
Levels- most useful on the trunk, eg something can be located if it is in line with another structure
Lines- may be able to find structures by drawing lines on the skin
60
What are the features shown of a vertebra?
61
What are the differences between the cervical, thoracic and lumbar parts of the spine?
Cervical: Small, round body
Thoracic: Heart-shaped body
Lumbar: Large kidney-shaped body
62
What are the specialised features of C1?
No body: has ‘anterior arch’ instead; no spinous process: has ‘posterior arch’ instead; elongated, curved superior articular facet – for articulation with occipital condyle; very flat inferior articular facet for articulation with C2.
63
What are the following arrows on the diagram?
C1- atlas
64
What are the specialised features of C2 (axis)?
It has a body with an extra superior projection ('dens'), and a rounded superior articulate facet for atriculation with C1.
65
What do the arrows on the diagram point to?
66
What movement occurs between the atlas and the occipital condyles?
Flexion / Extension – nodding your head
67
What movement occurs between the axis and atlas
Rotation- shaking ur head
68
What are the 3 groups of muscles in the back?
Superficial, deep and intermediate
69
What is the action of the superficial muscles in the back?
Movement of upper limbs
70
What is the action of the intermediate muscles of the back?
Respiration
71
What are the actions of the deep muscles of the back?
Movement of spinal column and posture
72
What muscle is this and what is it's action?
Trapezius,
extends and laterally flexes the head and neck
Elevates, depresses, retracts and rotates the shoulder
73
What muscle is this and what is it's action?
Rhomboid muscle, retracts and downwardly rotates pectroal (shoulder girdle)
74
Who is John?
75
What is this mucle group?
Erector spinae- collective name for a group of muscles found in the intermediate layer of the back
76
What are the 3 muscles of erector spinae?
Spinalis, longissimus and iliocostalis
77
Which muscle is this and what is its function?
Spinalis-extends and laterally flexes neck and trunk
78
What muscle is this and what is it's function?
Longissimus
Extends and laterally flexes head, neck and trunk
79
What muscle is this and what is it's function?
Iliocostalis
Extends and laterally flexes head and trunk
80
What muscle is this and what is it's action?
Levator scapulae
Elevates and downwardly rotates shoulder girdle
81
What muscle is this and what is it's action?
Serratus posterior superior
Elevates ribs
82
What nerve are the intermediate and deep muscle groups of the back innervated by?
Dorsal/ posterior rami of spinal nerves
83
What are the superficial muscles of the back innervated by?
All the muscles are innervated by the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves except for the trapezius which is supplied by cranial nerve XI.
84
What are the missing muscles of this diagram?
85
What is the cauda equina?
The cauda equina is the sack of nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord. These nerve roots provide the ability to move and feel sensation in the legs and the bladder
86
What is the conus medularis?
The conus medullaris is the tapering distal end of the spinal cord
87
What are the missing labels on this diagram?
88
What is the Filum terminale?
The filum terminale (FT) is a fibrous band that extends from the conus medullaris to the periosteum of the coccyx to fixate the spinal cord
89
At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end?
L1/L2
90
What is the name for the opening within each vertebra through which the spinal cord travels?
Veryebral foramen
91
At what level is a lumbar puncture performed?
Between L2- L5, this avoids hitting the spinal cord
92
What is the name of the opening in the skull from which the spinal cord emerges?
Foramen magnum
93
What are the labels on the diagram below of a cross section of the spinal cord?
94
What is the name of this condition?
Scoliosis
95
What is this condition?
Kyphosis
96
What are the pedicles and lamina of a vertebra?
97
What is this bone called?
Scapula
98
What is this part of the scapula?
Spine
99
What is this part of the scapula?
Glenoid fossa
100
What is this part of the scapula?
Supraspinous fossa
101
What is this part of the scapula?
Infraspinous fossa
102
What is this part of the scapula?
Superior angle
103
What is this part of the scapula?
Inferior angle
104
What is this part of the scapula?
Acromion
105
What is this part of the scapula?
Coracoid process
106
What is this part of the scapula?
Subscapular fossa
107
What is this bone?
Clavicle
108
What are the two ends of the clavicle called?
Sternal end and acromial end
109
What is this bone called?
humerus
110
What is this part of the humerus called?
Greater tubercle
111
What is this part of the humerus called?
Lesser tubercle
112
What is this part of the humerus called?
Intertubular sulcus
113
What is this part of the humerus called?
Capitulum
114
What is this part of the humerus called?
Trochlea
115
What is this part of the humerus called?
Olecranon fossa
116
What is this part of the humerus called?
Coracoid fossa
117
What is this part of the humerus called?
Radial fossa
118
What is this part of the humerus called?
Medial epicondyle
119
What is this part of the humerus called?
Lateral epicondyle
120
On what side of the humerus are the tubercles and epicondyles situated?
The anterior side
121
What bone is this?
The radius
122
What part of the radius is this?
Radial tuberosity
123
What part of the radius is this?
Radial styloid process
124
What part of the radius is this? (posterior view)
Dorsal tubercle
125
What bone is this?
Ulna
126
What part of the ulna is this?
Radial notch
127
What part of the ulna is this?
Olecranon
128
What part of the ulna is this?
Coronoid process
129
What part of the ulna is this?
Ulnar styloid process
130
What part of the ulna is this?
Trochlear notch
131
What two carpal bones from an articulation with the radius?
Scaphoid and lunate
132
What do you notice about the phalanges in the thumb versus those in the other digits?
Thumb only has two phalanges, all other digits have 3
It is missing middle phalange
133
What are the missing labels on the diagram?
134
What are the 3 types of phalange bones?
Proximal, middle and distal
135
What are the names of the carpal bones in the hand?
136
What is the mneumonic for remembering the carpal bones?
Some – Scaphoid
Lovers – Lunate
Try – Triquetrum
Positions – Pisiform
That – Trapezium
They – Trapezoid
Can’t – Capitate
Handle – Hamate
137
What are the sutures shown below?
Coronal (left to right)
Sagittal (midline)
138
What are the different types of vertebrae?
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumber
5 Sacrum (fused together)
139
What muscle is this, what layer is it in and what is it's action?
Latissimus dorsi, superficial group and adducts and extends arm
140
What is this muscle, what group is it part of and what is it's action?
Serratus posterior inferior, intermediate layer and depresses the ribs
141
What are the 3 layers of conenctive tissue surrounding the spinal cord?
Connective tissue= meninges
First is dura mater which is thick, the second arachnoid mater is almost spider like tissue and is filled with spinal fluid and the 3rd is pia mater is exceptionally fine.
142
What bone is this?
Femur
143
What part of the femur is this?
Greater trochanter
144
What part of the femur is this?
Lesser trochanter
145
What part of the femur is this?
Medial condyle
146
What part of the femur is this?
Lateral condyles
147
What part of the femur is this?
Intertrochanteric line
148
What part of the femur is this?
Patellar surface
149
What part of the femur is this?
Intertrochanteric crest
150
What bone is this?
Tibia
151
What part of the tibia is this?
Medial Condyle
152
What part of the tibia is this?
Lateral condyle
153
What part of the tibia is this?
Medial malleolus
154
What part of the tibia is this?
Intercondylar eminence
155
What part of the tibia is this?
Articular facet for fibula
156
What part of the tibia is this?
Tibial tuberosity
157
What bone is this?
Fibula
158
Where is the lateral malleolus on the fibula?
On the bottom on the outside, is palpebral
159
What part of the fibula is this?
Articular facet for tibia
160
What part of the fibula is this?
Articular facet for talus
161
What bone is this?
Patella
162
What bone is this?
Talus
163
What bone is this?
Calcaneus
164
What bone is this?
Navicular
165
What bone is this?
Cuboid
166
What bone is this?
Lateral cuneiform
167
What bone is this?
Intermediate cuneiform
168
What bone is this?
Medial Cuneiform
169
What are the 'toe' bones of the foot called?
There is the first- fifth metacarpal
There is also proximal, middle and distal Phalanges of the toes (except big toe)
170
What are the 3 axis that joints can move on?
Joints can be uni, bi or multi axial
171
What part of the scapula is this?
Conoid tubercle
172
What are the compartments of the arm?
173
What are the compartments of the forearm?
174
What is the anterior compartment of the arm's function at elbow?
* Flexsion at elbow and shoulder joint
* Forearm supination
* Adduction of arm
175
What is the posterior compartment of arm's function at the elbow?
Extension
176
What is the anterior compartment of the forearm's function at the wrist?
Flexion
177
What is the posterior compartment of forearm's function at the wrist?
Extension
178
What is this muscle and what is it's action?
Biceps brachii; supinates forearm and flexes forearm at elbow joint
179
What is this muscle and what is it's action?
Triceps brachii; extends forearm at elbow joint
180
What muscle is this and what is it's action?
Brachialis; flexes forearm
181
What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm?
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
182
What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm?
Triceps brachii
183
What nerves innervate the muscles of the arm?
Biceps- musculocutaneous nerve
Triceps- radial nerve
Brachialis- musculocutaneous and radial nerves
184
What feature of the humerus does the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii travel through?
Intertubular sulcus
185
What feature of what bone does the triceps brachii attach to?
Olecranon of the ulna
186
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the forearm?
* flexor carpi ulnaris
* palmaris longus
* flexor carpi radialis
* pronator teres
* flexor digitorum superficialis
* flexor pollicis longus
* flexor digitorum profundus
* *
187
What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?
* Extensor digiti minmi
* Extensor Digitorum
* Extensor carpi ulnaris
* Extensor carpi radialis longus
* Extensor carpi radialis brevis
* Extensor indicis
*
188
Which muscle is responsible for flexsion at the distal interphalangeal joint and why?
Flexsor digitorum profundus- it is the only muscle with a tendon that crosses the DIP joint
189
What muscle is this, what is it's action and what compartment is it in?
Flexor carpi radialis- flexes hand at wrist, abductrs hand
Anterior compartment
190
What muscle is this, what is it's action and what compartment is it in?
Pronator teres, pronates forearm
Anterior compartment
191
What muscle is this, what is it's action and what compartment is it in?
Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexes index, middle, ring and pinkies
Anterior compartment
192
What muscle is this, what is it's action and what compartment is it in?
Flexsor pollicis longus; flexes thumb
Anterior compartment
193
What muscle is this, what is it's action and what compartment is it in?
Flexsor carpi ulnaris; flexes and adducts hand
Anterior compartment
194
What muscle is this, what is it's action and what compartment is it in?
Palmaris longus; flexes hand
Anterior compartment
195
What muscle is this, what is it's action and what compartment is it in? (deep- muscles been removed)
Flexor digitorum profundus; flexes index, middle, ring and pinkes
Anterior compartment
(muscles removed from diagram)
196
What muscle is this, what is it's action and what compartment is it in?
Extensor digiti minmi, extends little finger
Posterior compartment
197
What muscle is this, what is it's action and what compartment is it in?
Extensor digitorum; extends index, middle, ring and little fingers
Posterior compartment
198
What muscle is this, what is it's action and what compartment is it in?
Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle; extends and adducts hand
Posterior compartment
199
What muscle is this, what is it's action and what compartment is it in?
Extensor carpi radialis longus; extends and abducts hand
Posterior compartment
200
What muscle is this, what is it's action and what compartment is it in?
Extensor carpi radialis brevis; extends and abducts hand
Posterior compartment
201
What muscle is this, what is it's action and what compartment is it in? (muscles removed)
Extensor indicis muscle; extends index finger
posterior compartment
202
What are the compartment's of the thigh and the leg?
203
What are the functions at hip and knee of the anterior compartment of thigh?
Hip flexsion
Knee extension
204
What are the functions at hip and knee of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Extension of hip
Flexsion of knee
205
What is the function of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Hip adduction
206
What is the function of the anterior compartment of the leg?
Dorsiflexsion of ankle
207
What is the function of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Plantarflexion at ankle
208
What is the function of the lateral compartment of the leg?
Eversion of the foot
209
What are the muscles in the quadricpes muscle group?
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
210
What are the muscles in the Hamstrings group?
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
211
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Rectus femoris, anterior compartment
Extension of leg, flexes thigh at hip joint
212
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Vastus medialis, anterior compartment
Extends leg at knee joint
213
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Vastus lateralis, anterior compartment
Extends leg at knee joint
214
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action? (muscles removed)
Vastus intermedius, anterior compartment
extends leg at knee joint
215
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Sartorius, anterior compartment
Flexes and medially rotates leg at knee joint
Assists in flexsion, abduction and lateral rotation of thigh
216
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Adductor magnus, medial compartment
Adducts, flexes and extends thigh at hip joint
217
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Adductor longus, medial compartment
Adducts thigh at hip joint
218
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Gracilis, medial compartment
Flexes and medially rotates leg at knee joint
Assists in adduction of thigh
219
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Biceps femoris, posterior compartment
Flexes and laterally rotates leg and knee joint, extends thigh at hip joint
220
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Semitendinosus; posterior compartment
Flexes and medially rotates leg at knee joint, extends thigh at hip joint
221
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Semimembranosus; posterior compartment
Flexes and medially rotates leg at knee joint; extends thigh at hip joint
222
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Tibialis anterior; anterior compartment
Dorsiflexsion of foot, inverts foot
223
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Extensor digitorum longus; anterior compartment
Extends second, third, forth and pinky toe
Dorsiflexes foot
224
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Gastronemius; posterior compartment
Plantarflexsion of foot
Flexes leg at knee joint
225
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Fibularis longus; lateral compartment
Everts foot and assists in plantarflexsion
226
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Fibularis brevis; lateral compartment
Everts foot and assists in plantarflexion
227
What are the different joints present in the upper limb?
228
What are the different movements that can occur in the upper limb?
229
What are the movements that can occur in the lower limb?
230
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Smooth (visceral)
Cardiac
Skeletal
231
Describe smooth muscle tissue
232
Describe cardiac muscle tissue
233
Describe skeletal muscle tissue
It is elastic and extensible
It generates movement, helps maintain posture, generates heat.
234
Which type of muscle tissue are each of the below?
Top= skeletal
Middle= cardiac
Bottom= smooth
235
What is the difference between the origin and insertion of a muscle?
*The origin of a muscle is the attachment to the stationary or less mobile bone. The insertion is the attachment to the moveable or more mobile bone.*
236
What is muscle tissue surrounded by?
Epimysium
237
What are the recurring subunits of muscle called?
Muscle fascicles- surrounded by connective tissue, known as perimysium
238
What are muscle fascicles composed of?
Muscle fibres surrounded by endomysuim
239
What are epimysium, perimysium and endomysium?
EPI= surrounds whole tissue
PERI= surrounds muscle fasicles
ENDO= surrounds muscle fibres
240
What do muscle fibres consist of?
Contain many subunits, known as myofibrils, which can be divided into a smaller division called a sarcomere
241
What is the sliding filament theory?
In a sarcomere, actin and myosin side on top of each other to enable muscle to contract when there is a nerve impulse
242
What is the z line and m line of a sarcomere?
Z line= the area connecting two sarcomeres
M line= the midline of a sarcomere
243
What is the differences between tendons and ligaments?
244
What are the different shapes of bone?
* Long
* Short (squashed rectangular shape found in hands)
* Irregular e.g. vertebrae
* Flat e.g sternum
* Sesamoid bones are surrounded by tissue
245
What are agonist, antagonist, synergist and fixator muscles?
Agonist= muscle that is causing movement
Antagonist= causes opposite movement
Synergist= reinforce the movement
Fixator= muscles that hold others in place to allow movement
246
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Iliacus muscle, anterior compartment
Flexes thigh at hip joint
247
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Psoas muscle, anterior compartment
Flexes thigh at hip joint
248
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Soleus, posterior compartment
Plantarflexes foot at ankle
249
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Plantaris muscle, posterior compartment
Plantarflexsion of foot, flexsion of leg
250
What are the 3 extracapsular ligaments in the hip joints?
Ishiofemoral
Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
251
What ligament is this?
Iliofemoral ligament
252
What ligament is this?
Pubofemoral ligament
253
What ligament is this?
Ischiofemoral ligament
254
What two parts can the iliofemoral ligament be split into?
Superior band and inferior band
255
What surface is this?
Lunate surface of acetabulum
256
What part of the acetabulum is this?
Acetabular notch
257
What part of the acetabulum is this?
Ligamentum teres
258
What part of the aceatabulum is this?
Acetabular labrum
259
What are the 3 intracapsular ligaments at the hip?
Acetabular labrum
Ligamentum teres
Transverse acetabular ligament
260
What part of the acetabulum is this?
Transverse acetabular ligament
261
What muscle is this, and what is it's function?
Gluteus maximas, extends, adducts and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint
262
What muscle is this, and what is it's function?
Gluteus medius, medially rotates and abducts thigh at hip joint
263
What muscle is this, and what is it's function?
Gluteus minimus, medially rotates and abducts thigh at hip joint
264
What muscle is this, and what is it's function?
Piriformis muscle, Laterallyvrotates and abducts thigh at hip joint
265
What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Femoral nerve
266
What nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh?
Obturator nerve
267
What nerve innervated the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Sciatic nerve
268
What are the following ligaments in the knee joint?
1. Quadriceps tendon
2. Patellar ligament
3. Medial collateral ligament
269
What are the following structures at the knee joint?
1. Quadriceps tendon
2. Patellar ligament
4. Lateral collateral ligament
5. Supra-patellar bursa
270
What are the follwing structures at the knee joint?
6. Anterior cruciate ligament
7. Posterior cruciate ligament
8. medial meniscus
9. lateral meniscus
271
What are the differences between the medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus?
272
What is this muscle, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Popliteus, posterior compartment
medially rotates leg at knee joint, unlocks knee joint at beginning of knee flexsion
273
What are the following ligaments of the ankle joint?
1. Posterior talofibular ligament
2. Calcaneofibular ligament
3. Anterior talofibular ligament
274
What are the following ligaments of the ankle joint?
4. Anterior tibiotalar ligament
5. Tibionavicular ligament
6. Tibiocalcaneal ligament
7. Posterior tibiotalar ligament
275
What muscle is this, what compartment is it in and what is it's action?
Extensor hallucis longus, anterior compartment
Extends great toe
276
What are the ligaments that support the sternoclaviclar joint?
Anterior sternoclavicular ligament
Posterior sternoclavicular ligament
Costoclavicular ligament
277
What is this ligament?
Anterior sternoclavicular ligament
278
What is this ligament?
Posterior sternoclavicular ligament
279
What ligament is this?
Costoclavicular ligament
280
What are the ligaments supporting the acromioclavicular joint?
Acromiocdlavicular ligament
Coraoclavicular ligaments
281
What is this ligament?
Acromioclavicular ligament
282
What is this ligament?
Coracoclavicular ligament
283
What is this ligament?
Coracohumeral ligament
284
What ligament is this?
Transverse humeral ligament
285
What ligament is this?
Coracoacromial ligament
286
What is this part of the glenoid?
Gleniod labrum
287
Where are the glenohumeral ligaments
This is the inferior one shown, also superior and middle present
288
How does the gelnoid labrum help stabilise the joint?
The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilaginous material that lines the glenoid fossa. The labrum deepens the socket to improve joint fit/congruency
289
What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres minor
290
What are the missing muscle labels in the diagram?
291
What is this muscle, and what is it's action?
Teres minor- lateral rotation
292
What is this muscle, and what is it's action?
Infraspinatus, lateral rotation
293
What is this muscle, and what is it's action?
Supraspinatous, abduction of shoulder joint
294
What is this muscle, and what is it's action?
Subscapularis, medial rotation
295
What is this muscle, and what is it's action?
Pectoralis major, flexion and adduction of shoulder
296
How many joints are there at the elbow?
297
What are the following ligaments that stabilse the elbow joint?
298
What is this muscle and what is it's action?
Anconeus muscle, extends forearm at elbow joint
299
What is this muscle, and what is it's action?
Brachioradialis, flexes forearm at elbow joint
300
What are the supinators and pronators of the elbow joint?
Supinators: biceps brachii and supinator
Pronators: pronator teres and pronator quadratus
301
Which bones within the proximal carpal row do the radius and articular disk articulate with?
Scaphoid and lunate
302
What is the floor and the sides of the carpal tunnel made of?
Hamate- wall and floor
Capitate- floor
Trapezoid- floor
Trapizium- floor and wall
303
What structures pass through the carpal tunnel?
9 tendons=
- 4 from flexor digitorum superficialis
- 4 from flexor digitorum profundus
- 1 from flexor pollicis longus
Median nerve
304
What are the names of the bones and joints in the hand?
305
What seperates the ulna and the carpal bones?
An articular disk
306
What innervates the intrinsic muscles of the hand (muscles that originate within the hand)
Supplied by the deep branch of ulna nerve except 2 lateral lumbricals and thenar eminence (innervated by median nerve)
307
What is the action of intrinsic muscles of the hand?
Precision grips, e.g. holding pencil
308
Where do the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel lead to?
Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor ditigtorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus all are extrinsic muscles which travel through the carpal tunnel. FDS insert onto digits 2,3,4 and 5 at the base of the middle phalanx. FDP is just deep to this, and inserts onto the distal phalanx in 2,3,4 and 5. FPL gives off one single tendon which travels to the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.
309
What muscle is this and what is it's action?
Palmaris muscle, helps with gripping and deepens hollow on hand
310
What do the thenar muscles on the thumb consist of?
Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
311
What innervates the thenar muscles of the thumb?
Recurrent branch of median nerve
312
What is the hypothenar eminence?
Group of muscles that operate pinky
Consist of flexsor digit minimi brevis and abductor digit minimi
Ulnar nerve supplies these
313
What are the the Lumbricals and what are their action?
Originate of the tendons of flexsor digitorum profundus
They flex metacarpophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints
314
What is this muscle, its's function and innervation?
Aductor pollicis
It adducts thumb at it's carpometacarpal joint
Innervated by ulnar nerve
Has two heads
315
What does PAD-DAB mean?
**_P_**almar interossei= **_ad_**duction
**_D_**orsal interossei= **_ab_**duction
316
What are the interossei muscles?
Can be palmar or dorsal, small muscles between fingers
Innervation= ulnar nerve
317
What is the anatomical snuffbox and what does it contain?
- radial artery
- base of first metacarpal
- scaphoid
- trapezium
- radial syloid process
- cephalic vein
318
What are the two palmar arches within the hand?
Deep palmar arch= mainly supplied by radial artery
superficial palmar arch= mainly supplied through ulnar artery
319
What part of the hand does the median nerve supply?
320
What part of the hand does the ulnar nerve innervate?
321
What is fascia?
A band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches to, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs.
322
What is superficial and deep fascia?
Fat is termed superficial fascia. The deep facia covers the limb and blends with the fibrous tissue covering the surface of the bone (called periostium).
323
What is different between fascia in the limbs and in the trunk?
Deep and superficial fascia in the limbs divide them into compartments with a common function and nerve supply
There is no deep fascia in the abdomen- would not be able to expand after a large meal
324
What are the two types of superficial fascia in the trunk?
The more superficial layer is the fatty layer, and the deeper layer is called the membranous layer
325
What is the fascia called at the red dot?
superficial perineal fascia or colles fascia
326
What are the 4 columns of the neck?
The structure of the neck is a series of columns, which are bound by a layer of fascia. At the back- bony muscular column bound by pre-vertebral fascia (completely surrounds the column). at the front is the visceral bound by pre-tracheal fascia and on either side there is a vascular column which are surrounded by the carotid sheath. All 4 are surrounded by the investing fascia.
327
Where do the nerves of the shoulder and arm arise from?
The brachial plexus
328
Where does the brachial plexus originate from?
Lower cervical and upper Thoracic spinal cord
Roots originate from C 5,6,7,8 and T 1
329
What can the brachial plexus be broken up into?
5 roots \> 3 trunks \> 6 divisions \> 3 cords \> 5 nerves
330
What trunks are there in the brachial plexus?
Superior from C5 and 6
Middle from C7
Inferior from C8 and T1
331
How does the trunk progress to different cords?
Anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunk form the lateral cord, anterior divisions of the lower trunk form the medial cord. Posterior divisions form the posterior cord
332
What are the terminal nerves that arise from the brachial plexus?
Axillary, musculoutaneous, radial, medial and ulnar nerve
333
Where does the axillary nerve travel to after it leaves the brachial plexus?
passes to the posterior shoulder region- innervates deltoid, teres minor and skin of deltoid region.
334
Where does the musculocataneous nerve travel to after the brachial plexus?
pierces the cervicobrachial muscle of the arm and descends down the anterior compartment of the arm between biceps brachii and the brachialis muscles to innervate the skin of the lateral forearm
supplies arm, anterior (flexor) compartment
335
Where does the radial nerve travel to after the brachial plexus?
Radial nerve runs posteriorly around the humerus with the deep brachial artery. Innervates muscles of the posterior aspect of the arm/forearm.
arm & forearm, posterior (extensor) compartments
336
Where does the medial nerve travel to after the brachial plexus?
Medial nerve doesn’t innervate any arm muscles but runs deep in the forearm and then superficially at the carpal tunnel into the hand. Innervates most muscles in the anterior forearm except flexor carpi, ulnaris and the medial half of flexor digitum profundus.
forearm, anterior (flexor) compartment; intrinsic muscles of hand
337
Where does the ulnar nerve travel to after the brachial plexus?
Ulnar nerve descends in the medial side of the arm. It pierces intermuscular septum and enters the posterior compartment. Crosses the elbow joint and in the forearm where it runs deep until it becomes superficial just proximal to the wrist. Supplies some muscles in forearm and almost all hand muscles.
forearm, anterior (flexor) compartment; intrinsic muscles of hand
338
What nerve is this?
Axillary nerve
339
What nerve is this?
Musculocutaneous
340
What nerve is this?
Median nerve
341
Which nerve is this?
Ulnar nerve
342
Which nerve is this?
343
Where can you located the brachial, ulnar and radial pulses?
Brachial in cubital fossa
Radial and ulnar in wrist
344
What is loctaed within the cubital fossa?
tendon of biceps, brachial artery, median nerve (lateral to medial)
345
What are the boundaries, roof and floor of cubital fossa?
Boundaries – line joining epicondyles, brachioradialis, pronator teres
Roof – deep fascia
Floor – brachialis, supinator
346
What different pulses can be taken from the lower limb?
347
What is contained within the popliteal fossa?
Tibial & common peroneal nerves, popliteal vein, popliteal artery (supf. to deep)
348
What make up the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
Boundaries – hamstrings, heads of gastrocnemius
Roof – deep fascia
Floor – popliteal surface of femur, capsule of knee joint, popliteus
349
Where does the lumbus plexus originate from?
L1-L4
350
What nerves does the lumbar plexus give off?
Tibial nerve
Genitofemeral nerve
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve
Sciatic nerve
Deep and superficial peroneal nerves
351
What is this nerve and what does it innervate?
Sciatic nerve
Thigh, posterior (flexor) compartment
352
What is this nerve and what does it innervate?
Femoral nerve
thigh, anterior (extensor) compartment
353
What is this nerve and what does it innervate?
Obturator nerve
thigh, medial (adductor) compartment
354
What is this nerve and what does it innervate?
Tibial nerve
leg, posterior (flexor) compartment
355
What is this nerve and what does it innervate?
Deep peroneal nerve/ deep fibular nerve
leg, anterior (extensor) compartment
356
What nerve is this, and what does it innervate?
Superficial fibular/ peroneal nerve
leg, lateral (peroneal) compartment
357
What is a dermatome? And what is a myotome?
A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by a single spinal cord segment. A myotome is the equivalent ‘block’ of muscle.
358
What are the pros and cons for autograft, allograft and synthetic replacements?
359
What is an autograft?
Taking a tissue from one area of an individual to another area of the same individual
360
What is an allograft?
Taking a tissue from one patient and implanting it into another
361
What are the two types of synthetic replacements?
Material implants
Tissued engineered implants
362
What are the three types of hip replacements?
Hemiarthroplasty- acetabulum stays natural
Hip resurfacing- only the head of the femur is replaced.
363
What are the most common hip replacement materials?
Metal on metal- metal particles released so not good optio
Ceramic on ceramic
Metal on polyethylene
Ceramic on polyethylene
364
What materials are knee replacements made of?
365
What is tissue engineering and what are the steps for it?
The science used to grow new body parts in the lab
Need cell isolation and cultivation
Then need scaffold design (ECM) and manufacture
Then cell and sccafold combination
Chemical and mechanical stimulation
Then implantation
366
What is the point of chemical and mechanical stimulation in tissue engineering?
Signals= biochemical or biomechanical- aim is to increase matrix production. Chemical could be signalling molecules or hormones, mechanical could be replicating exercise movemen
