Anatomy (Respiratory) Flashcards
What makes up the upper respiratory tract (URT)?
Right and left nasal cavities, oral cavity, naso-, oro- and laryngo-pharynx and the larynx.
What makes up the lower respiratory tract (LRT)?
Trachea, right and left main bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
In the respiratory tract, what occurs at the level of the C6 vertebrae?
The larynx becomes the trachea and the pharynx becomes the oesophagus.
What is the isthmus of the thyroid gland anterior to?
Tracheal cartilages 2-4.
What are the lung lobes?
Right: upper, middle and lower lobes. Left: upper and lower lobes.
What is a bronchopulmonary segment and how many does each lung have?
The area of lung lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi supply with air. 10.
Name the parts of the sternum going from superior to inferior.
Jugular notch, manubrium, sternal angle, body, xiphoid process.
What will the head of a rib articulate with and what will the tubercle articulate with?
Head: Vertebral body of the same number and the one above. Tubercle: Transverse process of the same vertebra number.
Where is the costal groove and what will be in it?
Inferiorly on deep surface of the ribs, the intercostal neurovascular bundle (NVB).
What are the joints of the thoracic skeleton and what type are they?
Sternocostal (between sternum and costal cartilage, synovial), costochondal (between rib and costal cartilage, primary cartilaginous) and costovertebral (between rib and vertebra, synovial).
What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscle and how do they make the chest wall expand during breathing?
External, internal and innermost. By pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards.
Where is the neurovascular bundle of each intercostal space located?
Between internal and innermost intercostal layers.
What are the nerve and blood supplies of the intercostal spaces?
Nerve: anterior ramus of spinal nerve (intercostal nerve). Blood: posterior arterial supply is thoracic aorta and venous drainage is azyous vein. Anterior is internal thoracic artery and vein.
What are some of the anterior branches of the thoracic aorta?
Bronchial arteries (arterial blood for lung tissue).
What does the muscular part of the diaphragm attach peripherally to?
The sternum, the lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages and the L1-L3 vertebral bodies.
What nerve supplies the diaphragm and what is this made up from?
The phrenic nerve and C3, 4 and 5 anterior rami.
Where is the phrenic nerve found and what does it supply?
Neck: anterior surface of scalenus anterior muscle. Chest: descending over lateral aspects of the heart. Supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to diaphragm and fibrous pericardium. Supplies somatic motor axons to diaphragm.
What are the 4 quadrants of the breast and what must a complete examination of the breast include?
Superolateral, superomedial, inferolateral, inferomedial. All 4 quadrants, nipple, areola, axillary tail and the regional lymphatics.
What is the blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the breast?
Subclavian and internal thoracic artery and vein. Unilateral drainage from lateral quadrants to axillary nodes, bilateral drainage from medial quadrants to parasternal nodes.
What is the function and nerve supply of the serratus anterior?
Anchors scapula to ribs, long thoracic nerve.
What is the innervation of the pectoralis major and minor muscles?
Major: Lateral and medial pectoral nerves. Minor: medial pectoral nerve.
What are the attachments of the pectoralis major?
Proximal: clavicular head (anterior surface of medial half of clavicle), sternocostal head (anterior surface of sternum, superior 6 costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique muscle). Distal: Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus.
What are the attachments of the pectoralis minor?
Proximal: 3rd-5th ribs near their costal cartilages. Distal: medial border and superior surface of carocoid process of scapula.
What is the serratus anterior muscle innervated by?
The long thoracic nerve.
What is the innervation of the latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve.
List these structures from anterior to posterior: brachial plexus, right axillary/subclavian vein, right axillary/subclavian artery.
Vein, artery, plexus.
What are the 4 parts of the parietal pleura?
Cervical, costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal.
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess and where is it located?
The most dependent part of the pleural cavity and located between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura.
Describe the structures of the right hilum.
Most posterior are main bronchi, most anterior/inferior are pulmonary veins, superomedial parts are pulmonary arteries. Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes is inferior to the main bronchi.
Describe the structures of the left hilum.
Pulmonary artery most superior, main bronchi most posterior, 1 pulmonary vein most inferior and 1 pulmonary artery most inferior. Bronchopulmonary lymph node is in the middle.
Where would you auscultate the lung apex and the right middle lobe?
Apex: superior to the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle. Middle: between ribs 4 and 6 in the mid clavicular and midaxillary lines.
Where do the oblique fissures go?
Level of rib 6 anteriorly rising to T3 vertebral level posteriorly.
At what rib level is the horizontal fissure?
4
Where would you auscultate the lung base?
In the scapular line at T11 vertebral level (most inferior/dependent part of the inferior lobe).
What are the surface markings of the right lung?
Cardiac impression, groove for superior vena cava, groove for arch of azygous vein and groove for oesophagus.
What are the surface markings of the left lung?
Groove for arch of aorta, groove for 1st rib, cardiac impression, groove for descending aorta and groove for subclavian artery.
What is the lingula and what notch causes it?
The most inferior and anterior part of the left superior lobe. A thin, tongue-like process which extends below the cardiac notch.
Where can stimulation of sensory receptors in the mucosa cause a cough?
Oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, respiratory tree (trachea to bronchioles).