Anatomy Pre-Practical Lecture

Question 1

study this diagram:

Answer 1

Question 2

the transpyloric plane is in line with what vertebra?

Answer 2

L1

Question 3

what is found along the transpyloric plane?

Answer 3

1. Pylorus of stomach
2. Neck of pancreas
3. 2nd part of duodenum, duodenojejunal flexure
4. Hilus of kidney
5. Origin of portal vein
6. Start of SMA (superior mesenteric artery)
7. Termination of the spinal cord

Question 4

do the kidneys move with respiration or are they static?

Answer 4

they move

Question 5

what kidney is lower and why?

Answer 5

right due to the liver pushing down on it

Question 6

what do the fascial coverings do for the kidneys?

Answer 6

afford it proteciton

Question 7

what are the layers of the surrounding layers of the kidneys?

Answer 7

1. Fibrous renal capsule
2. fatty renal capsule = peri-renal fat
3. renal fascia – fibro-fatty tissue = gerotas or peri-renal fascia
4. pararenal fatty tissue – mainly on the posterior aspects of the kidney

Question 8

how are the kidneys peritonised?

Answer 8

retroperitoneal

Question 9

what are the anterior relations of the kidney?

Answer 9

Question 10

what are the posterior relations of the kidneys?

Answer 10

superiorly - diaphragm

inferiorly and medially - psoas major

inferorly and laterally - quadratus lumborum

Question 11

what is a horseshoe kidney?

Answer 11

• Inferior pole fused. Isthmus made up of fibrous tissue/functioning parenchyma
• Can have abnormal position, abnormal insertion of ureter
• More prone to hydronephrosis (kidney swells due to urine failing to properly drain), infection, stone formation, tumours

Question 12

what is shown here and what is it and what problems does it cause?

Answer 12

Duplicated ureter

Formed due to duplication of ureteric bud from the mesonephric duct

Can be entirely asymptomatic

Can result in vesicoureteric reflux and UTI

may be incidental finding and cause no problems or may cause increased predisposition to things like UTI

Question 13

a

Answer 13

renal cortex

Question 14

b

Answer 14

renal medulla

Question 15

c

Answer 15

major calyx (2 or 3 og these)

Question 16

d

Answer 16

renal pelvis

Question 17

e

Answer 17

minor calyx

Question 18

f

Answer 18

ureter

Question 19

g

Answer 19

renal cloumn (projects from cortex)

Question 20

h

Answer 20

fibrous capsule

Question 21

are the renal veins or arteries more anteiror

Answer 21

renal vein rome anterior as would get squashed at the back

Question 22

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 22

The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is responsible for removing waste from the body. Each kidney is composed of over one million nephrons that dot the renal cortex, giving it a granular appearance when sectioned sagittally

Question 23

a

Answer 23

cortex

Question 24

b

Answer 24

medulla

Question 25

c

Answer 25

capsule

Question 26

d

Answer 26

proximal convaluted tubule

Question 27

e

Answer 27

renal corpuscle

Question 28

f

Answer 28

distal convoluted tubule

Question 29

g

Answer 29

collecting tubule

Question 30

h

Answer 30

loop of henle

Question 31

i

Answer 31

colelcting duct

Question 32

j

Answer 32

bowmans space

Question 33

a

Answer 33

renal corpuscles

Question 34

b

Answer 34

convoluted tubules

Question 35

c

Answer 35

bowmans capsule

Question 36

d

Answer 36

arterioles

Question 37

e

Answer 37

space within bowmans capsule

Question 38

what are the sites of constriction of the ureter?

Answer 38

Question 39

what can commonly happen at the sites of constriction of the ureter?

Answer 39

ureter calculi/stones

Question 40

Stanes can cause……..

Answer 40

Stones cause back pressure so the ureter above the calculus dilates

Question 41

each of the following can be used to look for what?

CT KUB

MRI renal

Answer 41

CT KUB – ureteric calculus

MRI renal – renal cyst