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Head & Neck > Anatomy & Physiology - Neck > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology - Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Generally speaking, what are the boundaries of the neck?

A

Superior - Mandible
Inferior - Clavicle
Anterior - Anterior midline
Posterior - Trapezius

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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the triangles of the neck?

A

Anterior triangle - anterior: midline of the neck, posterior: anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

Posterior triangle - anterior: posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid, posterior: anterior border of the trapezius

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3
Q

What are the major components of the anterior triangle?

A

CCA, ECA, ICA, IJV, Facial vein, Facial artery, Vagus nerves, hypoglossal nerves, submandibular nodes, submental nodes

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4
Q

What are the major components of the posterior triangle?

A

EJV, Cervical plexus, Accessory nerve, Occipital artery

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5
Q

At what vertebral level does the CCA divide?

A

C4

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6
Q

What are some indications for a central line?

A

Central venous pressure, fluid resus, drug administration, haemodialysis

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7
Q

What are some complications of a central line?

A

Pneumothorax, air embolism, thrombosis, haematoma, sepsis

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8
Q

How many lymph nodes are in the head and neck of the average human?

A

~600

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9
Q

Where do the head and neck lymph nodes drain to?

A

The cisterna chyli and then to the thoracic duct

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10
Q

What do the parotid nodes drain?

A

The face, parotid gland

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11
Q

What do the deep cervical nodes drain?

A

They are the final drainage pathway to the thoracic duct

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12
Q

What do the submandibular nodes drain?

A

Tongue, nose, paranasal sinuses, submandibular gland, oral cavity

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13
Q

What do the submittal nodes drain?

A

Lips, floor of mouth

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14
Q

What are the three general causes of lymphadenopathy?

A

Infection, inflammation, malignancy

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15
Q

What is produced by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid hormone, calcitonin

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16
Q

What type of gland is the thyroid gland?

A

Endocrine gland

17
Q

What is the join of the two lobes of the thyroid called?

A

The isthmus

18
Q

What is a thyroglossal cyst?

A

A dilation of a thyroglossal duct remnant. May become infected, grows with age. Moves on tongue protrusion.

19
Q

Ix for thyroglossal cyst?

A

US - ensures functioning thyroid tissue elsewhere

20
Q

Mx for thyroglossal cyst?

A

Excision but chance of recurrence

21
Q

What are the three types of a thyroid mass?

A

Solitary nodule, diffuse enlargement, multi-nodular goitre

22
Q

What are the causes of a solitary thyroid nodule?

A 
Cyst - due to localised haemorrhage 
Adenoma - benign follicular tissue
Carcinoma
Lymphoma
Prominent nodule in multi-nodular goitre

F>M, 30-40years

23
Q

Ix for solitary thyroid nodule?

A

FNAC! - cannot differentiate between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma

Ultrasound

Tissue required for histological diagnosis

24
Q

Mx for solitary thyroid nodule?

A

Thyroid Lobectomy

25
Q

What are the types of thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary - lymphatic metastasis

Follicular - haematogenous metastasis

Medullary - familial association 10%, arise from parafollicular C cells

Anapalastic - agressive, local spread, poor prognosis

26
Q

What are the causes of diffuse thyroid enlargement?

A

Colloid goitre: due to gland hyperplasia, iodine deficiency, puberty, pregnancy, lactation

Grave’s disease

Thyroiditis

27
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

F>M
Auto-antibodies produced against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors
Results in hyperthyroidism

28
Q

Mx for Grave’s disease?

A

Anti-thyroids, beta-blockade, radio-iodine & surgery

29
Q

What are the indications for thyroidectomy?

A

Airway obstruction, malignancy or suspected malignancy, thyrotoxicosis, cosmoses, retrosternal extension

30
Q

What are the complications of thyroidectomy?

A

Bleeding - primary or secondary, voice hoarseness, thyroid storm, infection

Head & Neck (10 decks)

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