Anatomy, Physiology, And Diseases

Question 1

Clavicle

Answer 1

The clavicle, or collarbone, is shaped like a loose S and allows the arm to move freely by holding the corresponding shoulder away from the chest. It is the first bone of the human body to ossify. The clavicle is comprised of cancellous bone covered by cortical bone with no bone marrow. The medial or sternal and is attached to the sternum and the lateral or acromial and it’s attached to the chromium of the scapula.

Question 2

Scapula

Answer 2

The scapula, or shoulder blade, is positioned over ribs 2 to 7 and lies against the posterior aspect of the rib cage. There are several prominent parts to the scapula: the spine, a long projection that extends to the acromion process to form the point of the shoulder, the coracoid process, and the glenoid cavity, where the head of the humerus rests.

Question 3

Humerus

Answer 3

The humerus is the upper arm bone. It is a long bone with two ends. Superior end, or the head, is the rounded end and connects to the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the shoulder joint. This is a ball and socket joint.

Question 4

Fibrous joints

Answer 4

There are two types of fibrous joints: suture and syndesmosis. A fibrous joint has no joint cavity and does not move. Examples of fibrous joints include cranial sutures and his tibia fibula joints.

Question 5

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 5

There are two types of cartilaginous joints: synchondrosis and symphysis. Although a cartilaginous joint has no cavity, it is still somewhat moveable. Examples of cartilaginous joints are the growth zones in the arms and legs, and the disks between the vertebrae.

Question 6

Synovial Joints

Answer 6

There are four types of synovial joints: plane, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial. A synovial joint has a joint cavity that is kept lubricated by synovial fluid. The looser the joint, the more unstable and susceptible it is to injury or other damage. The body compensates for the weakness in synovial joints with ligaments, tendons, and muscle overlays. In this way, joints can be strengthened and supported to a much higher degree, yet still be capable of functioning freely

• Plane joints are joints that glide where the flat ends of bones connect. Examples of plane joints are the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
• Uniaxial joints allow movement around one axis only. Examples of uniaxial joints are the elbow joint and the interphalangeal joint
• Biaxial joints allow movement around two axes. Examples of biaxial joints are the knee joint, the temporomandibular (jaw) joint, and the radiocarpal (wrist) joint.
• Multiaxial joints allow movement around three axes. Examples of multiaxial joints are the ball and socket joint found in the hip and shoulder, as well as the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb between the trapezium (base of thumb) and the first metacarpal. Ball-and-socket joints are the most freely moveable joints in the body

Question 7

Plantar flexion

Answer 7

Movement of the foot that brings the heel closer to the posterior part of the leg (pointing the toes)

Question 8

Dorsiflexion

Answer 8

Movement of the foot that brings the top of the foot closer to the leg (heel down, toes upward)

Question 9

atony

Answer 9

Lack of normal tone or strength. This happens in muscles that are deprived of innervation (which is the supply of nerve fibers functionally connected with a part). Try not to confuse this term with atrophy (below) or atopy (which is a genetic predisposition towards hypersensitivity to common environmental antigens).

Question 10

atrophy

Answer 10

The wasting away or weakening of muscle fibers due to a lack of usage.

Question 11

bursitis

Answer 11

Inflammation of a bursa.

Question 12

bursa

Answer 12

A sac-like cavity filled with synovial fluid and located in places where tendons or muscles pass over bony prominences.

Question 13

charley horse

Answer 13

A bruised or torn muscle accompanied by cramps and severe pain. This particular injury most commonly affects the quadriceps muscle. (Incidentally, quadriceps is like biceps or triceps, which always ends in -s, whether singular or plural.) Lay people refer to any muscle spasm of the legs or feet as a charley horse.

Question 14

cramp

Answer 14

A sustained spasm or contraction of a muscle accompanied by severe, localized pain.

Question 15

dystonia

Answer 15

Sustained abnormal postures or disruptions of normal movement resulting from alterations of muscle tone.

Question 16

Dupuytren contracture

Answer 16

Painless thickening and contracture of the palmar fascia due to fibrous proliferation, resulting in loss of function of the fingers.

Question 17

fasciculations

Answer 17

Similar to fibrillations or tremors. A repetitive, involuntary contraction of muscle. The main cause is nerve damage.

Question 18

fibromyalgia

Answer 18

A rheumatic disorder characterized by achy pain, tenderness, and stiffness.

Question 19

myofascial pain syndrome

Answer 19

Fibromyalgia is also called myofascial pain syndrome and fibromyositis. A group of rheumatic disorders caused by achy pain, tenderness, and stiffness of muscles and tendon insertions.

Question 20

ganglion

Answer 20

A thin-walled band cyst formed on a joint capsule or tendon sheath.

Question 21

leiomyoma

Answer 21

A benign tumor of smooth muscle tissue (e.g., the uterus).

Question 22

muscular dystrophy

Answer 22

A genetic abnormality of muscle tissue characterized by dysfunction and ultimately deterioration.

Question 23

myalgia

Answer 23

muscle pain

Question 24

myasthenia gravis

Answer 24

A chronic progressive neuromuscular weakness, usually starting with the muscles of the face and throat

Question 25

myopathy

Answer 25

Any disease of the muscles.

Question 26

myositis ossificans

Answer 26

A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.

Question 27

paralysis

Answer 27

The loss of nervous control of a muscle. Paralysis is commonly thought of as related to paraplegia, a paralysis of the legs (lower extremities) or quadriplegia, a paralysis of all four limbs. However, there are many different types of paralysis affecting many different muscles and organs of the body. These can be seen in a medical dictionary under paralysis.

Question 28

paraplegia

Answer 28

A paralysis of the legs (lower extremities).

Question 29

quadriplegia

Answer 29

A paralysis of all four limbs.

Question 30

plantar fasciitis

Answer 30

Excessive pulling or stretching of the calcaneal periosteum by the plantar fascia, resulting in pain along the inner border of the plantar fascia. This definition applies specifically to the process that affects the plantar surface of the foot. Fasciitis is inflammation of the fascia. There are other types of fasciitis, which can be seen in a medical dictionary under fasciitis.

Question 31

polymyositis

Answer 31

An autoimmune disorder which causes atrophy and weakness of the muscles

Question 32

rigor mortis

Answer 32

Rigor means chilled, stiffness, rigidity. Rigor mortis is the muscular hardness occurring 4–7 hours after death

Question 33

tendinitis

Answer 33

Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments due to trauma or repetitive wear. (Note the spelling: tendonitis is an acceptable alternative spelling, but tendinitis is preferred.)

Question 34

tennis elbow

Answer 34

Also called lateral and medial epicondylitis. A strain of the lateral forearm muscles or the tendinous attachments near their origin on the epicondyle of the humerus. (Again note that when “tendon” is changed to another form, the “o” changes to “i”—tendinous.)

Question 35

tetanus

Answer 35

A disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which produces a toxin that causes muscles to go into tetany (hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles, specifically characterized by muscular cramps and twitching). Jaw muscles are affected first. Lockjaw is the more common name.

Question 36

torticolitis

Answer 36

Persistent contraction of a sternocleidomastoid muscle, drawing the head to one side and distorting the face. Causes rotation of the head.

Question 37

labia

Answer 37

lips

Question 38

vestibule

Answer 38

The space between teeth and cheeks or lips

Question 39

oral cavity proper

Answer 39

contains the tongue

Question 40

stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 40

The lining that protects the inside of the mouth from hard or sharp foods

Question 41

red margin

Answer 41

The area of the lips where lipstick is applied.

Question 42

vermilion border

Answer 42

The fine line between the red of the lips and skin

Question 43

labial frenulum

Answer 43

The lips are connected to the gums.