Anatomy, Physiology, And Diseases Flashcards
Clavicle
The clavicle, or collarbone, is shaped like a loose S and allows the arm to move freely by holding the corresponding shoulder away from the chest. It is the first bone of the human body to ossify. The clavicle is comprised of cancellous bone covered by cortical bone with no bone marrow. The medial or sternal and is attached to the sternum and the lateral or acromial and it’s attached to the chromium of the scapula.
Scapula
The scapula, or shoulder blade, is positioned over ribs 2 to 7 and lies against the posterior aspect of the rib cage. There are several prominent parts to the scapula: the spine, a long projection that extends to the acromion process to form the point of the shoulder, the coracoid process, and the glenoid cavity, where the head of the humerus rests.
Humerus
The humerus is the upper arm bone. It is a long bone with two ends. Superior end, or the head, is the rounded end and connects to the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the shoulder joint. This is a ball and socket joint.
Fibrous joints
There are two types of fibrous joints: suture and syndesmosis. A fibrous joint has no joint cavity and does not move. Examples of fibrous joints include cranial sutures and his tibia fibula joints.
Cartilaginous Joints
There are two types of cartilaginous joints: synchondrosis and symphysis. Although a cartilaginous joint has no cavity, it is still somewhat moveable. Examples of cartilaginous joints are the growth zones in the arms and legs, and the disks between the vertebrae.
Synovial Joints
There are four types of synovial joints: plane, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial. A synovial joint has a joint cavity that is kept lubricated by synovial fluid. The looser the joint, the more unstable and susceptible it is to injury or other damage. The body compensates for the weakness in synovial joints with ligaments, tendons, and muscle overlays. In this way, joints can be strengthened and supported to a much higher degree, yet still be capable of functioning freely
- Plane joints are joints that glide where the flat ends of bones connect. Examples of plane joints are the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
- Uniaxial joints allow movement around one axis only. Examples of uniaxial joints are the elbow joint and the interphalangeal joint
- Biaxial joints allow movement around two axes. Examples of biaxial joints are the knee joint, the temporomandibular (jaw) joint, and the radiocarpal (wrist) joint.
- Multiaxial joints allow movement around three axes. Examples of multiaxial joints are the ball and socket joint found in the hip and shoulder, as well as the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb between the trapezium (base of thumb) and the first metacarpal. Ball-and-socket joints are the most freely moveable joints in the body
Plantar flexion
Movement of the foot that brings the heel closer to the posterior part of the leg (pointing the toes)
Dorsiflexion
Movement of the foot that brings the top of the foot closer to the leg (heel down, toes upward)
atony
Lack of normal tone or strength. This happens in muscles that are deprived of innervation (which is the supply of nerve fibers functionally connected with a part). Try not to confuse this term with atrophy (below) or atopy (which is a genetic predisposition towards hypersensitivity to common environmental antigens).
atrophy
The wasting away or weakening of muscle fibers due to a lack of usage.
bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa.
bursa
A sac-like cavity filled with synovial fluid and located in places where tendons or muscles pass over bony prominences.
charley horse
A bruised or torn muscle accompanied by cramps and severe pain. This particular injury most commonly affects the quadriceps muscle. (Incidentally, quadriceps is like biceps or triceps, which always ends in -s, whether singular or plural.) Lay people refer to any muscle spasm of the legs or feet as a charley horse.
cramp
A sustained spasm or contraction of a muscle accompanied by severe, localized pain.
dystonia
Sustained abnormal postures or disruptions of normal movement resulting from alterations of muscle tone.
Dupuytren contracture
Painless thickening and contracture of the palmar fascia due to fibrous proliferation, resulting in loss of function of the fingers.
fasciculations
Similar to fibrillations or tremors. A repetitive, involuntary contraction of muscle. The main cause is nerve damage.
fibromyalgia
A rheumatic disorder characterized by achy pain, tenderness, and stiffness.
myofascial pain syndrome
Fibromyalgia is also called myofascial pain syndrome and fibromyositis. A group of rheumatic disorders caused by achy pain, tenderness, and stiffness of muscles and tendon insertions.
ganglion
A thin-walled band cyst formed on a joint capsule or tendon sheath.
leiomyoma
A benign tumor of smooth muscle tissue (e.g., the uterus).
muscular dystrophy
A genetic abnormality of muscle tissue characterized by dysfunction and ultimately deterioration.
myalgia
muscle pain
myasthenia gravis
A chronic progressive neuromuscular weakness, usually starting with the muscles of the face and throat
myopathy
Any disease of the muscles.
myositis ossificans
A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.
paralysis
The loss of nervous control of a muscle. Paralysis is commonly thought of as related to paraplegia, a paralysis of the legs (lower extremities) or quadriplegia, a paralysis of all four limbs. However, there are many different types of paralysis affecting many different muscles and organs of the body. These can be seen in a medical dictionary under paralysis.
paraplegia
A paralysis of the legs (lower extremities).
quadriplegia
A paralysis of all four limbs.
plantar fasciitis
Excessive pulling or stretching of the calcaneal periosteum by the plantar fascia, resulting in pain along the inner border of the plantar fascia. This definition applies specifically to the process that affects the plantar surface of the foot. Fasciitis is inflammation of the fascia. There are other types of fasciitis, which can be seen in a medical dictionary under fasciitis.
polymyositis
An autoimmune disorder which causes atrophy and weakness of the muscles
rigor mortis
Rigor means chilled, stiffness, rigidity. Rigor mortis is the muscular hardness occurring 4–7 hours after death
tendinitis
Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments due to trauma or repetitive wear. (Note the spelling: tendonitis is an acceptable alternative spelling, but tendinitis is preferred.)
tennis elbow
Also called lateral and medial epicondylitis. A strain of the lateral forearm muscles or the tendinous attachments near their origin on the epicondyle of the humerus. (Again note that when “tendon” is changed to another form, the “o” changes to “i”—tendinous.)
tetanus
A disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which produces a toxin that causes muscles to go into tetany (hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles, specifically characterized by muscular cramps and twitching). Jaw muscles are affected first. Lockjaw is the more common name.
torticolitis
Persistent contraction of a sternocleidomastoid muscle, drawing the head to one side and distorting the face. Causes rotation of the head.
labia
lips
vestibule
The space between teeth and cheeks or lips
oral cavity proper
contains the tongue
stratified squamous epithelium
The lining that protects the inside of the mouth from hard or sharp foods
red margin
The area of the lips where lipstick is applied.
vermilion border
The fine line between the red of the lips and skin
labial frenulum
The lips are connected to the gums.
