Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Anterior
Toward the front
Posterior
Toward the back
Superior
Toward the head
Inferior
Toward the feet
Medial
Towards the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Proximal
Nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment of the body.
Distal
Away from the center of the body or the point of attachment of the body.
Anatomical Position
Standing erect, facing forward, with arms down at the sides and palms forward.
Organs of RUQ
Liver Right Kidney Colon Pancreas Gallbladder Small Intestines
Organs of the LUQ
Liver Spleen Left Kidney Stomach Colon Pancreas Small Intestine
Organs of the RLQ
Colon Small Intestines Right Ureter Appendix Right ovary (female) Right fallopian tube (female)
Organs of the LLQ
Colon Small Intestines Left Ureter Left Ovary (female) Left fallopian tube (female)
Ligaments
Tissues which connect bone to bone
Tendons
Tissues that connect muscle to bone
Functions of the Musculoskeletal system
Gives the body shape Protects vital internal organs Allows for movment Stores minerals Produces red blood cells
3 types of muscle
Skeletal (Voluntary)
Smooth (Involuntary)
Cardiac
Where are 3 places smooth muscle is found?
Bronchioles, Intestinal tract, Blood vessels
Functions of the Respiratory System
- Respiration
- Ventilation
- Oxygenation
- Helps maintain normal acid-base balance (pH)
Respiration
Gas Exhange
Ventilation
Mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs.
Division of the upper and lower airway
Trachea or Cricoid Ring
External Respiration
Gas exchange between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries.
Internal Respiration
Gas exchange between the systemic capillaries and the body’s cells or tissues.
Atria
The upper chambers of the heart
Ventricles
The lower chambers of the heart.
Arteries
Blood vessels that take blood away from the heart.
Veins
Blood vessels that take blood towards the heart.
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels that allow for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes.
Red Blood Cells
Carries oxygen to the body’s cells.
White Blood Cells
Part of the body’s immune system and helps to defend against infection.
Platelets
Essential to the formation of blood clots and necessary to stop bleeding.
Plasma
The liquid part of the blood.
Formed Elements
45% of blood volume and contain RBC’s, WBC’s, and Platelets.
Systolic Blood Pressure
The pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle contracts.
Diastolic Blood Pressure
The pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle is at rest between contractions.
Perfusion
The delivery of oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients to the cells of all organ systems and the elimination of carbon dioxide and other waste products.
Transport of O2 in the blood
97% transported via Hemoglobin (RBC’s)
3% dissolved in the plasma
Transport of CO2 in the blood
70% transported via bicarbonate
23% transported via hemoglobin (RBC’s)
7% dissolved in the plasma
Central Nervous System
Consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Composed of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Cerebrum
The outermost portion of the brain. Controls specific body functions, sensation, thought, speech, movement, and associative memory.
Cerebellum
“Small Brain”- It coordinates muscle activity and maintains balance.
Brainstem
Helps control vital functions.
Reticular Activiating System (RAS)
A group of nerve cells located in the midbrain that helps regulate consciousness and determine wake and sleep cycles.
Sympathetic Nervous System: Signs/Symptoms
(Fight or Flight)
- Increase Heart Rate
- Respiratory rate increases
- Vasoconstriction
- Bronchodilation
- Pupil Dilation
- Epinephrine secreted
- Sweat secretion increases
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Signs/Symptoms
(Rest and Digest)
- Pupils Constict
- Saliva secretions increase
- Heart rate decreases
- Bronchioles constrict
- Blood vessels dilate
- Gastric Juice secretion increases
Alpha 1
Vasoconstriction
Alpha 2
Regulates effects of alpha 1
Beta 1
Increases heart rate
Increases strength of contraction
Increases speed of conduction
Beta 2
Bronchodilation