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Dental Nursing Sedation 2024 > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the average blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

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2
Q

What does mmHg stand for?

A

Millimetres of mercury

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3
Q

How many Korotkoff sounds are there?

A

5

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4
Q

What two types of light does an oxygen saturation probe use?

A

Infrared & Red light

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5
Q

Heart rate is also known as…

A

Cardiac output

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6
Q

What is peripheral vascular resistance?

A

Arteries become wider/narrower when cardiac output increases

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7
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x Stroke volume

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8
Q

How do you calculate blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output X Peripheral resistance

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9
Q

What is a Sphygmomanometer?

A

Blood pressure monitor

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10
Q

What is the sinoatrial node?

A

Pacemaker of the heart

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11
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located?

A

Back wall of the right atrium

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12
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular node?

A

It carries impulses from the sinoatrial node

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13
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node located?

A

In the right atrium where the left and right atria are divided by the septum

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14
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular bundle?

A

It carries the impulses to the apex of the heart, then along the purkinje fibres

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15
Q

Where is the atrioventricular bundle located?

A

It extends from the atrioventricular node to the ventricular septum

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16
Q

Where are the purkinje fibres located?

A

At the end of the atrioventricular bundle

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17
Q

What is the function of the purkinje fibres?

A

It delivers impulses to myocardial cells, causing the ventricles to contract

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18
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = Volume of blood circulated in 1 minute, approx 5L/Min

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19
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Heart rate X stroke volume

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20
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

Volume pumped by the heart in a single heart beat - Approx 70ml in adults

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21
Q

What is Tachycardia?

A

Fast heart rate >100bpm

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22
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

Slow heart rate < 60bpm

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23
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure - Systolic below 80mmHg

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24
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure - above 140/90mmHg under 50 OR 160/95mmHg 50+

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25
Q

What is Ischaemic heart disease?

A

AKA Coronary artery disease - blood vessels supplying the heart are narrowed

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26
Q

What is Cerebrovascular disease?

A

Conditions affecting blood flow and vessels in the brain e.g., stroke

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27
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A

Reduced circulation of blood to a body part other than the brain or heart

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28
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Main type of respiration - A chemical reaction that turns glucose & oxygen into energy

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29
Q

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + water + energy

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30
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

It produces a small amount of energy very quickly, and occurs without oxygen e.g., running

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31
Q

What is the formula for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose —> lactic acid + energy

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32
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Gases in the atmosphere exchange with those in the lungs

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33
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Gases in the blood exchange with those in the tissue cells

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34
Q

What four parts make up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose, Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx

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35
Q

What three parts make up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea, bronchi, lungs

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36
Q

How much blood does an adult body contain?

A

5L or 8.8 Pints

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37
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4

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38
Q

Blood accounts for __ % of total body weight

A

7-8%

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39
Q

What is the percentage of plasma found in the blood?

A

55%

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40
Q

55% of blood is made up of plasma - what is the remaining 45% made up of?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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41
Q

What is the universal blood group?

A

Group O

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42
Q

Blood group A can receive which blood?

A

Group A + O

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43
Q

Blood group B can receive which blood group?

A

Group B + O

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44
Q

Blood group AB can receive which blood group?

A

Group A, B, AB, + O

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45
Q

Blood group O can receive which blood group?

A

O

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46
Q

Name 2 functions of blood

A

Carry oxygen + digested food + CO2 + hormones
Aid defence e.g, white blood cells
Carry antibodies
Regulate body temperature
Clotting mechanism

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47
Q

Plasma is what colour?

A

Straw coloured fluid

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48
Q

Red blood cells can be known by what 2 other names?

A

Erythrocytes + Red corpuscles

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49
Q

Where are red and white blood cells produced?

A

Bone Marrow

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50
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Red blood cells do not have a nucleus

A

True

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51
Q

What is the lifespan of red blood cells?

A

120 days

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52
Q

Describe the shape of red blood cells

A

Circular, biconcave

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53
Q

How is iron excreted?

A

Urine, faeces, skin & menstrual cycle

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54
Q

What are the 2 other names for white blood cells?

A

Leucocytes + white corpuscles

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55
Q

TRUE or FALSE: White blood cells DO have a nucleus

A

True

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56
Q

What is the lifespan of white blood cells?

A

12 - 21 days, however they can live up to 200 days

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57
Q

What does the term phagocytic mean?

A

Cells increase in number during infections to destroy organisms

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58
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Granules squeezed into tissue spaces

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59
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Type of white blood cells that help to fight infection. Found in the spleen, lymph nodes & tonsils

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60
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

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61
Q

Platelets help with what?

A

Clotting of the blood

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62
Q

Haemophillia, Von Willebrands and Christmas disease are caused by what?

A

Missing factor in coagulation

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63
Q

What are the two clotting substances in the blood?

A

Prothrombin & Fibrinogen

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64
Q

Where is the temporal pulse?

A

Ear

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65
Q

Where is the apical pulse?

A

Heart

66
Q

Where is the facial pulse?

A

Chin

67
Q

Where is the dorsalis pulse?

A

Front of foot

68
Q

Where is the carotid pulse?

A

Trachea

69
Q

Where is the posterior tibial pulse?

A

Ankle

70
Q

Where is the brachial pulse?

A

Antecubital fossa

71
Q

Where is the popliteal pulse?

A

Knee

72
Q

Where is the ulnar pulse?

A

Side of wrist (pinky finger side)

73
Q

Where is the radial pulse?

A

Thumb side of wrist

74
Q

Where is the femoral pulse?

A

Groin

75
Q

Inhaled atmospheric air contains how much of: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide?

A

Nitrogen - 79%
Oxygen - 21%
Carbon dioxide - 0.04%

76
Q

Exhaled atmospheric air contains how much of: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide?

A

Nitrogen - 79%
Carbon dioxide - 4%
Oxygen - 16%

77
Q

The pharynx connects what 3 structures?

A

Nose, mouth & larynx

78
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have & what are they called?

A

2 lobes, superior and inferior

79
Q

Which lung is smaller?

A

Left lung

80
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have & what are they called?

A

3 lobes, superior, middle and inferior

81
Q

What is the average maximum lung capacity?

A

6L

82
Q

How is lung volume and capacity measured?

A

Spirometry

83
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Max amount of air inhaled or exhaled during the respiratory cycle

84
Q

What is the ring of tonsillar tissues called?

A

Waldeyers ring

85
Q

Waldeyers ring consists of what 4 parts?

A

Tubal tonsil
Adenoid
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil

86
Q

What structure contains the thyroid cartilage?

A

The larynx

87
Q

Diastole is when the heart __ ?

A

Fills with blood

88
Q

Systole is when the heart ___ ?

A

Pumps the blood

89
Q

What 2 valves are on the left side of the heart?

A

Mitral & Aortic valve

90
Q

What 2 valves are on the right side of the heart?

A

Tricuspid & Pulmonary valve

91
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

A

Mitral & Tricuspid valve

92
Q

What are the 2 semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary & Aortic valves

93
Q

Systemic circulation occurs on which side of the heart?

A

Right side of the heart

94
Q

Pulmonary circulation occurs on which side of the heart?

A

Left side of the heart

95
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium - external layer
Myocardium - middle layer
Endocardium - inner layer

96
Q

What takes place in the capillaries?

A

Gaseous exchange

97
Q

Name the 3 layers of the arteries

A

Tunica externa - outer layer
Tunica media - middle layer
Tunica interna - inner layer

98
Q

Coronary arteries supply blood to which organ?

A

The heart

99
Q

The sinoatrial & atrioventricular nodes are supplied by what?

A

Right coronary arteries

100
Q

How long does the cardiac cycle last?

A

0.8 seconds

101
Q

What does the spleen filter?

A

Blood

102
Q

INR stands for what?

A

International normalised ratio

103
Q

What is an average INR number for a healthy patient taking no anticoagulants?

A

1.0 - 1.3

104
Q

What is the average INR for a patient taking anticoagulation therapies?

A

2.0 - 3.0

105
Q

What is the average pulse for an adult?

A

60 - 80bpm, 72 resting

106
Q

What is the average respiration rate of an adult?

A

12 - 18 breaths per minute

107
Q

What is the average tidal volume of an adult?

A

0.5L/500ml

108
Q

What is the average residual volume of an adult?

A

1.1L

109
Q

What is the average vital capacity of an adult?

A

4L

110
Q

What does arterial blood contain?

A

Oxygenated blood

111
Q

What does venous blood contain?

A

Deoxygenated blood

112
Q

What is pernicious anaemia?

A

Reduction in red blood cells through lack of vitamin D

113
Q

What is the weight range for an underweight BMI?

A

< 18.5

114
Q

What is the weight range for a normal BMI?

A

18.5 - 24.9

115
Q

What is the weight range for an overweight BMI?

A

25 - 30

116
Q

What is the weight range for an extremely obese BMI?

A

> 40

117
Q

What does BMI stand for?

A

Body Mass Index

118
Q

What is a sphygmomanometer?

A

Manual Blood Pressure

119
Q

If an object is inhaled, which lung is it more likely to fall into?

A

Right lung

120
Q

What are the alveoli lined with?

A

Epithelial cells

121
Q

How many layers does the pleura have?

A

Two - Inner and out later which is surrounded by the lungs, allowing expansion and contraction

122
Q

What separates the chest and the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

123
Q

What is asystole?

A

Absence of electrical activity in the heart

124
Q

Which vein can be found at the antecubital fossa?

A

Median cubital vein

125
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum amount of air a person can expel from their lungs at maximum exhalation - 3-5 litres

126
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of gas inhaled & exhaled with each breath Approx 500ml

127
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Amount of air that remains in lungs after fully exhaling 1200ml

128
Q

What is dead space?

A

Amount of air inspired that does not take part in gaseous exchange 150ml

129
Q

What is minute volume?

A

Volume of gas inhaled/exhaled per minute approx 6000ml/min

130
Q

What are antiemetics?

A

Anti-sickness drugs

131
Q

What does hepatic relate to?

A

Liver

132
Q

What is a haematoma?

A

Solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues

133
Q

What is extravasation?

A

Leakage of IV fluid into the tissue around the site of infusion

134
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Blood clot inside a blood vessel obstructing the blood flow

135
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Low oxygen levels that cause you to turn blue

136
Q

What is capnography?

A

Measuring CO2 levels

137
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

The rate that a drug is absorbed by the circulatory system

138
Q

What is angiodema?

A

Swelling of deep tissue layers caused by build up of fluid - commonly seen in anaphylaxis

139
Q

What is the difference between tonic and clonic?

A

tonic (stiff)
clonic (jerking)

140
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

What the body does to the drug

141
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

What the drug does to the body e.g. side effects

142
Q

What is hypovolaemia?

A

Decreased volume of blood circulating the body

143
Q

How many oxygen molecules can haemoglobin carry?

A

4

144
Q

What is the oxygen disassociation curve?

A

It measures partial pressure of oxygen against oxygen saturations

145
Q

What is low perfusion?

A

reduced blood flow in an area, e.g. cold hands

146
Q

What is venous pulsation?

A

If the O2 sensor has been applied too tightly, it can cause low saturation readings and high heart rate readings

147
Q

What is the average respiratory rate for a child age 6 - 12 years?

A

18 - 30

148
Q

What is the average respiratory rate for a child age 12 - 18 years?

A

12 - 16

149
Q

When measuring blood pressure, what will you hear in K5?

A

Silence

150
Q

When measuring blood pressure, what will you hear in K1?

A

Tapping

151
Q

When measuring blood pressure, what will you hear in K2?

A

Swishing

152
Q

When measuring blood pressure, what will you hear in K3?

A

Crisp Sound

153
Q

When measuring blood pressure, what will you hear in K4?

A

Blowing sound

154
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Breakdown of alveoli tissue

155
Q

Name a bronchodilator

A

Salbutamol

156
Q

Which is the only artery in the body that transports deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery

157
Q

A heart murmur is caused by what?

A

Blood flowing the wrong way due to a defective valve

158
Q

In an ECG, what does the ‘P’ wave represent?

A

Contraction of the atria

159
Q

In an ECG, what does ‘QRS’ represent?

A

Contraction of the ventricles

160
Q

In an ECG, what does the ‘T’ represent?

A

Recovery phase

161
Q

Which artery is used to record blood pressure?

A

Brachial

Dental Nursing Sedation 2024 (7 decks)

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