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Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the functions of Roots?

A

Anchor the plant in the soil and take in water

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2
Q

What are the functions of Buds?

A

Growing point of the plant

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3
Q

What are the functions of Leafs?

A

Traps sunlight to make food for the plant.

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4
Q

What are the functions of Stems?

A

Hold up all the leaves. Has veins that carry water up to the leaves and take away the food made by the leaves.

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5
Q

What are the functions of Branches?

A

Spreads out leaves so they get lots of light.

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6
Q

What are the functions of Leaf stalks?

A

Joins leaf to the stem

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7
Q

What are the uses of Flowers?

A

Makes seeds so that new plants can grow.

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8
Q

What are Stomata?

A

Minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf, which control the flow of gases in and out e.g CO2, O2, and water vapor.

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9
Q

What is Transpiration?

A

The process that is the loss of water vapor through the stomata of the plants. It is used to regulate the temperature of the plant and also to help pull water upwards through the xylem.

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10
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Is the process in which water is absorbed from the soil into the roots. It is the diffusion of water from an area of high concentration of water molecules to an area of low concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.

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11
Q

What is Photosynthesis?

A

It is the process which green plants use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from CO2 and H2O photosynthesis involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product.

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12
Q

Why is Photosynthesis Important?

A

It is essential as it releases oxygen into the atmosphere which is essential for respiration and provides energy for the food chain.

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13
Q

What is Respiration?

A

Is the process living organisms use to produce energy, they use oxygen to break down glucose to obtain energy, and CO2 is the by-product.

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14
Q

Why is Respiration important?

A

Respiration is important as the chemical energy from this process can be used to carry out various life processes.

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15
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Filled with fluid, gives cell support.

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16
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

The jelly-like substance, which fills the cell.

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17
Q

What is cell membrane?

A

The thin covering surrounding the cell.

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18
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

Membrane-bound organelle in which respiration and energy production occur

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19
Q

What is a Nucleus in biology?

A

Controls the activities of the cell, and contains chromosomes.

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20
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

thread-like structures located inside the nucleus. Carries DNA and transfers the genetic information from parent to offspring?

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21
Q

What is the Cell wall?

A

Outer covering of a plant cell, and gives the cell structural support and protection.

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22
Q

What are Chloroplasts?

A

Essential for photosynthesis converts light energy into relatively stable chemical energy by using the photosynthetic process.

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23
Q

What is the heart?

A

a hollow muscular organ, that pumps blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic contractions and dilations. Located just left of centre.

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24
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

to filter waste from the blood. The wastes are combined with water to make urine.

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25
Q

What is the function of the ureter?

A

Long narrow tubes which carry urine from the kidney to the bladder.

26
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

temporary storage reservoir for urine until it is excreted.

27
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

tube that allows urine to be carried from the bladder out of the body.

28
Q

What are the main parts of the excretory system?

A

Lungs, Kidney, Skin, Liver

29
Q

What is Sweat made of?

A

Water, Urea, and other salts.

30
Q

What is the function of the nose?

A

Air enters the body here. It is filtered by tiny hairs and warmed.

31
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

also known as the throat, both food, and air pass down here. Food is then directed to the esophagus.

32
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Commonly known as the voice box. The opening is covered by the epiglottis( a flap of cartilage) which prevents food from entering.

33
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Commonly known as the windpipe, it is 10 cm long and supported by rings of cartilage. It contains cells that remove foreign particles from the air.

34
Q

What is the function of bronchi?

A

There are two bronchi(right and left branches) leading to each lung (one on each side of the heart). The bronchi further divide into bronchioles.

35
Q

What is the function of bronchioles?

A

bronchioles further divide into smaller pathways leading to the alveoli

36
Q

What are Alveoli?

A

are small air-filled sacs. They have a large surface area, thin walls, and are surrounded by capillaries. It is where gas exchange takes place.

37
Q

What is a bolus?

A

Food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva.

38
Q

What is Chemical digestion?

A

Involves the excretion of enzymes, throughout our digestive tract. These enzymes help break down the chemical bond that holds food particles together.

39
Q

What is Physical digestion?

A

Breaking down food into smaller particles more efficiently undergoes chemical digestion. Also known as mechanical digestion,

40
Q

What is the functions of the mouth?

A

Used to chew and apply saliva to the food in order to moisten them. So that they move down the esophagus easily.

41
Q

What is the function of the salivary gland?

A

makes saliva which aids in digestion and keeps the mouth moist.

42
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

It is a hollow tube that carries food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach using peristalsis.

43
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

It is a series of wave-like muscle contraction that moves balls of food to the stomach.

44
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

The stomach is a J-shaped organ located in the upper part of the abdomen. Its functions are to store food and create gastric acids which help break down the food.

45
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A

It is used to absorb nutrients into the bloodstream. It consists of 3 parts the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The inside of the small intestine is covered in villi, which are finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the inside of the small intestine. This as a result increases the absorption rate of nutrients.

46
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

The large intestine is a long tubelike organ, consisting of the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum. The function of the large intestine is to absorb water and salts from the digested material and get rid of the leftover waste product which is stored in the rectum.

47
Q

What are the functions of the anus?

A

The anus is the final organ in the digestive system and controls the excretion of waste from the body.

48
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

The liver is located in the upper right proportion in the abdomen and is the largest internal organ. The main function is to regulate most chemical levels in the blood and to produce a substance called bile which is used in the digestive process.

49
Q

What are the functions of the pancreas?

A

Roughly the size of your hand, during digestion it produces enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars fats and starches..

50
Q

What are the functions of the gallbladder?

A

small, pear-shaped organ that stores and releases bile. It is located just under the liver.

51
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Food taken into the mouth?

52
Q

What is digestion?

A

Food is broken down into smaller soluble molecules in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.

53
Q

What is absorption?

A

Small soluble molecules are absorbed through the small intestine into the bloodstream.

54
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The small molecules are assimilated(absorbed) into the cells throughout the body.

55
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Neutralises the acid from the stomach and helps break down lipids.

56
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

Amino acids

57
Q

What are Carbohydrates broken down into?

A

simple sugars

58
Q

What are lipids broken down into?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

59
Q

What are 3 different fluids found in gastric acid?

A

Amylase, Lipase, and Pepsin

60
Q

What is Lipase?

A

an enzyme that the body uses to break down Lipids(fats and oils) into fatty acid and glycerol.

61
Q

What is Pepsin?

A

Primary enzyme when it comes to breaking down protein also breaks down amino acids.

62
Q

What is Amylase?

A

an enzyme that breaks down starches and carbohydrates into sugars.

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