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Esthetician Exam > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

Histology of the skin (15); melanin, skin diseases/disorders, structure of the skin. Histology of the hair (2); hair growth. General anatomy (4); bones, muscles, nerves, systems

1
Q

11 main body systems

RREMINISCED

A

skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, lymphatic/immune, endocrine, digestive, excretory, respiratory, integumentary, and reproductive

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2
Q

Skeletal

A

physical foundation of the body; bones and movable/ immovable joints

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3
Q

Muscular

A

covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue; contracts and moves various parts of the body

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4
Q

Nervous

A

carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions; brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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5
Q

Circulatory

A

controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels

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6
Q

Lymphatic/ Immune

A

protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease causing toxins and bacteria

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7
Q

Endocrine

A

affects growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the body; consists of specialized glands

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8
Q

Digestive

A

changes food into nutrients and wastes; mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands

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9
Q

Excretory

SKILL

A

purifies the body by elimination of waste matter; kidneys, liver, skin, intestines, and lungs

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10
Q

Respiratory

A

enables breathing, supplies the body with oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product; lungs and air passages

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11
Q

Integumentary

A

serves as a protective covering for the body and helps in temperature regulation; skin, accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails

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12
Q

Reproductive

A

reproduction and perpetuation of the human race

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13
Q

Nine major body organs

BEHKISSLL

A

Brain, eyes, heart, kidneys, intestines, skin, stomach, lungs, liver

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14
Q

Brain

A

controls the body

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15
Q

Eyes

A

controls the body’s vision

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16
Q

Heart

A

circulates the blood

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17
Q

Kidneys

A

excrete water and waste products

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18
Q

Lungs

A

supply oxygen to the blood

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19
Q

Liver

A

removes waste created by digestion

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20
Q

Skin

A
  • external protective coating the covers the body

- it contains 1/2- 2/3 of the blood in the body and 1/2 of the primary immune cells

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21
Q

Stomach

A

digests food, along with the intestines

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22
Q

Intestines

A

digests food along with the stomach

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23
Q

Appendages of the skin:

A

hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands

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24
Q

5 layers (strata/um) of the skin from uppermost:

CLGSG

A

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum

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25
Q

Stratum Corneum (horny layer)

A

horny layer; top, outermost layer of the epidermis. Estheticians are mainly concerned with this layer. Very thin, waterproof, permeable, regenerates itself, detoxifies the body, and responds to stimuli. Has around 15 to 20 layers. Has hardened corneocytes (flattened squamous cells), melanin, barrier layer, acid mantle, desquamation.

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26
Q

Keratinocytes

A

95% of the epidermis; contains proteins and lipids. Protects the cells from water loss and dehydration

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27
Q

Keratin

A

fiberous protein that provides resiliency and protection to the skin. Found in all layers of the epidermis. Hard keratin is the protein found in hair and nails.

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28
Q

Desquamation

A

natural exfoliation of the keratinocytes from the skin. The keratinocytes on the surface are called squamous (flat and scaly)

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29
Q

Average cell turnover?

A

28 days

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30
Q

Stratum Lucidum (clear cells)

A

thin, clear layer of dead skin cells under the stratum corneum. Light passes through it. Thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, but it exists everywhere. This layer forms our fingerprints and footprints. The cells here release lipids forming bilayers of oil and water.

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31
Q

Stratum Granulosum (grainy cells)

A

composed of cells that resemble granules and are filled with keratin. The production of keratin and intercellular lipids take place here. Naturally moisturizing substances are made here and excreted from cells to help with the waterproofing barrier function of the top layer.

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32
Q

Stratum Spinosum (spiny cells)

A

cells continue to divide and change shape here, and enzymes are creating lipids and proteins. Cell appendages that resemble prickly spines become desmosomes, the intercellular structures that assist in strengthening and holding cells together. Large layer, cell activity, desmosomes created, Langerhans immune cells, melanosome pigment distribution.

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33
Q

Stratum Germinativum (germination or growth layer)

A

basal cell layer, located above the dermis, single layer of basal cells. The fundamental or basic layer. Stem cells undergo continues cell division (mitosis) to replenish the regular loss of skin cells shed from the surface. Daughter cells divide here and go on to produce things like; keratinocytes, or glands, follicles, tissues, or organs.

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34
Q

Terminal differentation

A

when daughter cells are not able to divide anymore and are now programmed to end up as one specific type of cell.

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35
Q

Langerhans Immune Cells

A

protect the body from infections by identifying foreign material (antigens).

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36
Q

Melanin

A

the pigment that protects us from the sun.

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37
Q

Pheomelanin

A

red to yellow in color. Mostly found in light colored skin. Around 20 melanosomes per keratinocyte.

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38
Q

Eumelanin

A

dark brown to black. Mostly found in dark colored skin. around 200 melanosomes per keratinocyte.

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39
Q

Dermis

A

(derma, corium, cutis, or true skin). The support layer of connective tissues below the epidermis. 25 times thicker than the epidermis. Composed of two layers: the papillary layer above and then reticular layer below. Collagen, elastin, and intercellular fluids are the main components. Fibroblasts and immune cells are found here as well.

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40
Q

Tyrosinase

A

the enzyme that stimulates melanocytes and produces melanin.

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41
Q

Fibroblast cells

A

produces proteins and aids in the production of collagen and elastin.

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42
Q

Papillary layer

A

connects the dermis to the epidermis, forming the epidermal/ dermal junction. Touch receptors, blood vessels, capillaries, dermal papilla.

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43
Q

Reticular layer

A

the denser/ deeper layer of the dermis, and comprised mostly of collagen and elastin. Damage to this area causes sagging, wrinkles, and aging. Glands, blood and lymph vessels, nerve endings, intercellular fluids.

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44
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Also known as the hypodermis. Located below the reticular layer. Composed of connective tissue or subcutis tissue / adipose tissue. This layer is 80% fat.

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45
Q

Hair

A

an appendage of the skin. Heaviest amount of hair on the head, underarms, genitals, and arms and legs. Due to hormonal influences, women and men produce different amounts. Genetics influences the person’s hair, thickness, color, rate of growth and if its curly or straight. 90% hard keratin.

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46
Q

Lesions

A

structural changes in the tissues cause by damage or injury. 3 types; primary, secondary, and tertiary.

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47
Q

Tertiary

A

third type of lesions, vascular lesions. Involves the blood or circulatory system.

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48
Q

Primary lesions

A

lesions in the early stages of development or change. flat nonpalpable changes in skin color or by elevations formed by fluid in a cavity.

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49
Q

Cyst

A

primary; closed, abnormally developed sac containing fluid, infection, or other matter above or below the skin.

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50
Q

Macule

A

primary; a flat spot or discoloration on the skin, such as a freckle or a red spot, left after a pimple has healed.

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51
Q

Nodules

A

primary; often referred to as tumors, but they are smaller bumps caused by conditions such as scar tissue, fatty deposits, or infections.

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52
Q

Pustule

A

primary; an inflamed papule with white or yellow center containing pus, a flue consisting of white blood cells, bacteria, or other debris.

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53
Q

Vesicle

A

primary; small blister or sac containing clear fluid. Poison ivy and poison oak produce vesicles.

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54
Q

Wheal

A

primary; itchy swollen lesion caused by a blow, insect bite, skin allergy reaction, or stings. Hives and mosquito bites are wheals. Hives are called urticaria, and can be caused by exposure to allergens used in products.

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55
Q

Secondary lesions

A

develop in the later stages of disease and change the structure of tissues and organs.

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56
Q

Excoriation

A

secondary; a skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping.

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57
Q

Fissure

A

secondary; a crack in the skin that mak penetrate into the dermis. Chapped lips or hands are examples.

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58
Q

Keloid

A

secondary; a thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue (collagen). Can be found in people that are genetically predisposed.

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59
Q

Scale

A

secondary; excessive shedding of dead skin cells. Dandruff or psoriasis.

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60
Q

Scar

A

secondary; discolored, slightly raised mark on the skin formed after an injury or lesion of the skin has healed. The tissue hardens to heal the injury.

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61
Q

Ulcer

A

secondary; an open lesion on the skin or mucous membrane of the body, accompanied by pus and loss of skin depth; a deep erosion in the skin, normally due to infection or cancer.

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62
Q

Vascular lesions

A

rosacea, telangiectasia, varicose veins.

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63
Q

Sebaceous Glands Disorders

A

Disorders of the oil glands

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64
Q

Comedo

A

sebaceous gland disorder; a noninflamed buildup of cells, sebum, and other debris inside follicles. 2 types of comedo.

Open comedo; blackhead open at the surface and exposed to air. It’s dark because the oil is exposed to oxygen and oxidation occurs.

Closed comedo; whitehead. When follicles are blocked with debris and white cells.

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65
Q

Furuncle

A

sebaceous gland disorder; boil. A subcutaneous abscess filled with pus. Caused by bacteria in glands or hair follicles.

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66
Q

Carbuncles

A

sebaceous gland disorder; group of boils.

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67
Q

Milia

A

sebaceous gland disorder; whitish, pearl like masses of sebum and dead cells under the skin with no visible opening. More common in dry skin types or may form after skin trauma.

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68
Q

Seborrhea

A

sebaceous gland disorder; severe oiliness of the skin.

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69
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis

A

sebaceous gland disorder; skin condition characterized by inflammation, dry or oily scaling or crusting, and/or itchiness.

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70
Q

Steatoma

A

sebaceous gland disorder; also called a WEN. Sebaceous cyst or subcutaneous tumor filled with sebum and ranging in size from pea to an orange. Appears on the scalp, neck, and back.

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71
Q

Sudoriferous glands disorders

A

Disorders of the sweat glands.

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72
Q

Anhidrosis

A

sudoriferous gland disorder; deficiency in perspiration due to failure of the sweat glands. Requires medical treatment.

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73
Q

Bromhidrosis

A

sudoriferous gland disorder; foul smelling perspiration, usually in the armpits or feet. Caused by bacteria and yeast that break down the sweat on the surface of the skin.

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74
Q

Hyperhydrosis

A

sudoriferous gland disorder; excessive perspiration caused by heat, genetics, medications, or medical conditions. Also called diaphoresis.

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75
Q

Miliaria rubra

A

sudoriferous gland disorder; prickly heat. Acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands. Red vesicles and burning, itching skin from excessive heat exposure.

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76
Q

Dermatitis

A

inflammation of the skin; eczema, vesicles, or papules. 3 main types are atopic, contact, and seborrheic.

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77
Q

Contact dermatitis

A

inflammation of the skin; allergic reaction from contact with a substance or chemical.

78
Q

Eczema

A

inflammation of the skin; painful, itching disease of the skin. with dry and moist lesions.

79
Q

Edema

A

inflammation of the skin; swelling from fluid imbalance in the cells. Or a response to injury, infection, or medication.

80
Q

Erythema

A

inflammation of the skin; redness caused by inflammation

81
Q

Folliculitis

A

inflammation of the skin; hair grows under the surface instead of growing up and out of the follicle, causing a bacterial infection.

82
Q

Pruitis

A

inflammation of the skin; medical term for itching.

83
Q

Psoriasis

A

inflammation of the skin; itchy skin disease characterized by red patches covered with white silver scaled; caused by an over proliferation of skin cells that replicate too fast. Found on the scalp, elbows, knees, chest, and lower back.

84
Q

Urticaria

A

hives. An allergic reaction by the body’s histamine production.

85
Q

Hyperpigmentation

A

overproduction of pigment in the skin.

86
Q

Chloasma

A

hyperpigmentation; known as liver spots. Increased pigmentation from sun exposure or pigmentation from other causes.

87
Q

Lentigo

A

hyperpigmentation; a flat pigmented area similar to a freckle, small, yellow-brown spots.

88
Q

Melasma

A

hyperpigmentation; hyperpigmentation triggered by hormonal changes, often during pregnancy or when taking birth control.

89
Q

Nevus

A

hyperpigmentation; a birthmark.

90
Q

Stain

A

hyperpigmentation; brown or wine colored skin discoloration with a circular or irregular shape. A port wine stain is a birthmark, a vascular type of nevus.

91
Q

Hypopigmentation

A

lack of pigment

92
Q

Albinism

A

hypopigmentation; a rare genetic condition characterized by lack of melanin in the body, including the skin, hair and eyes. More at risk for skin cancer and is sensitive to light.

93
Q

Leukoderma

A

hypopigmentation; loss of pigmentation; light, abnormal patches of depigmented skin; congenital, acquired due to immunological and post inflammatory causes.

94
Q

Vitiligo

A

hypopigmentation; a pigmentation disease characterized by irregular patches of skin that are lacking in pigment. Can worsen with time and sunlight. Believed to be an autoimmune disorder causing an absence of melanocytes.

95
Q

Hypertrophy

A

an abnormal growth; many can be benign but some are premalignant, malignant, dangerous or cancerous. It’s a thickening of a tissue.

96
Q

Keratosis

A

abnormally thick buildup of skin.

97
Q

Keratosis pilaris

A

hypertrophy; redness and bumpiness in the cheeks or arms; caused by blocked follicles. Exfoliation helps.

98
Q

Mole

A

hypertrophy; pigmented nevus; a brownish spot, flat, resembling freckles, others are raised and darker. Most are benign but changes in the color and shape should be checked by a physician. Hairs in moles are common but shouldn’t be removed unless by a physician because it may irritate or cause structural changes to the mole.

99
Q

Skin tag

A

hypertrophy; small outgrowths or extensions of the skin that look like flaps. Common under the arms or on the neck due to friction.

100
Q

Verruca

A

hypertrophy; a wart. Hypertrophy of the papillae and epidermis caused by a virus. Infectious and contagious.

101
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

contagious disease; pinkeye. Inflammation of the mucous membrane due to chemical, bacterial, or viral causes; very contagious, treated with antibiotics.

102
Q

Herpes simplex virus 1

A

contagious disease; fever blisters or cold sores; recurring viral infection.

103
Q

Herpes simplex virus 2

A

contagious disease; genital herpes.

104
Q

Herpes zoster

A

contagious disease; shingles. A painful skin condition from the reactivation of the chickenpox virus. Viral infection of the sensory nerves; red blisters, rash in a ring or line.

105
Q

Impetigo

A

contagious disease; bacterial infection of the skin that often occurs in children; small blisters or crusty lesions filled with bacteria. Extremely contagious.

106
Q

Tinea

A

contagious disease; fungal infections. Tinea pedis is athletes foot.

107
Q

Tinea corporis

A

contagious disease; ringworm. Highly contagious; red ringed pattern with an elevated edge.

108
Q

Tinea versicolor

A

contagious disease; fungal condition that inhibits melanin production. Not contagious because its caused by yeast, a normal part of the human skin. White, brown, or salmon colored flaky patches from the yeast on the skin. Can be treated with antifungal cream or medication. High humidity and summer heat can stimulate the condition.

109
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

the most common and least severe type of carcinoma. Typical characteristics are: open sores, reddish patches, or a smooth growth with an elevated border. Shiny bumps that are either colored or as light, pearly modules. They don’t spread easily; is caused primarily by overexposure to UV radiation.

110
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

More serious condition. Characterized by open sores or crusty areas that do not heal and may bleed easily. They can grow and spread to other areas of the body.

111
Q

Malignant Melanoma

A

Most severe form of skin cancer. Characterized by black or dark patches on the skin that are usually uneven in texture. Many appear in preexisting moles and are not always found on areas that are exposed to sunlight; often found on feet, toes, backs, and legs. It can metastasize (spread) throughout the body and to internal organs via the lymphatics and blood stream.

112
Q

ABCDE’s of Melanoma Detection

A

A- asymmetry: the two sides of the lesion are not identical
B- border: the border is irregular on these lesions
C- color: melanomas are usually dark and have more than once color or colors that fade into another
D- diameter: the lesion in a melanoma is usually at least the size of a pencil eraser
E- evolving: melanoma as a lesion often changes appearance
(f- firm, g- growth)

113
Q

Grade 1 Acne

A

minor breakouts, mostly open comedones, some closed comedones, and a few papules.

114
Q

Grade 2 Acne

A

many closed comedones, more open comedones, and occasional papules and pustules.

115
Q

Grade 3 Acne

A

red and inflamed, many comedones, papules, and pustules.

116
Q

Grade 4 Acne

A

cystic acne. Cysts with comedones, papules, pustules, and inflammation are present. Scar formation from tissue damage is common.

117
Q

Skeletal System

A

206 bones in the body. Muscles are connected to bones by tendons, and bones are connected to each other by ligaments. Gives shape and support to the body, protects various internal structures and organs, helps product both white and red blood cells (bone marrow functions), and stores most of the body’s calcium as well as phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium.

118
Q

Human skull

A

contains 22 bones and broken up into 2 groups: the cranium and the facial bones.

119
Q

Cranium

A

oval, bony case that protects the brain, formed by 8 bones; the face consists of 14 bones including the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw). Has openings in its base to that cranial nerves can travel to their destinations.

120
Q

Bones of the cranium:

A

8 bones: occipital, two parietal, frontal, two temporal, ethmoid, and the sphenoid.

121
Q

Occipital bone

A

cranium; hindmost bone of the skill

122
Q

2 parietal bones

A

cranium; forms the sides and crown of the cranium

123
Q

Frontal bone

A

cranium; forehead

124
Q

2 temporal bones

A

cranium; form the sides of the head in the ear region

125
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

cranium; light, spongy bone between the eye socks that forms part of the nasal cavities

126
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

cranium; joins all the bones of the cranium together

127
Q

Bones of the face

A

14; 2 nasal, 2 lacrimal, 2 zygomatic, 2 maxillary, mandible, 2 tubrinal, vomer, 2 palatine.

128
Q

Nasal bones

A

facial bone; two bones. Form the bridge of the nose

129
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

facial bone; two bones. The smallest and most fragile bones of the face, at the front inside part of the eye socket.

130
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

facial bone; two bones. Malar bones or cheekbones; form the prominence of the cheeks.

131
Q

Maxillary bones

A

facial bone; two bones. Forms the upper jaw.

132
Q

Mandible bone

A

facial bone; one bone. Forms the lower jawbone, the largest and strongest bone of the face.

133
Q

Turbinal bones

A

facial bone; two bones. Thin layers of spongy bone on either side of the outer walls of the nasal depression.

134
Q

Vomer bone

A

facial bone; one bone. Flat, thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum.

135
Q

Palatine bones

A

facial bone; two bones. Forms the hard palate of the mouth.

136
Q

Chest bones

A

5 areas of chest bones

137
Q

Thorax

A

chest bones; bony cage that services as the protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs. Also consists of sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae.

138
Q

Ribs

A

chest bones; two pairs of bones that form the wall of the thorax.

139
Q

Scapula

A

chest bones; shoulder blade. The flat triangular bone of the shoulder. There are two scapulas.

140
Q

Sternum

A

chest bones; breastbone. Flat bone that forms the ventral (front) support of the ribs.

141
Q

Clavicle

A

chest bones; collarbone. The bone that joins the sternum and scapula.

142
Q

Humerus

A

The uppermost and largest bone of the arm, from the elbow to the shoulder.

143
Q

Ulna

A

The inner and larger bone of the forearm (lower arm), attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.

144
Q

Radius

A

The smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb. (rad- thumbs up!)

145
Q

Carpus

A

Wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.

146
Q

Metacarpus

A

Palm; consists of five, long, slender bones called metacarpal bones.

147
Q

Phalanges

A

Digits; the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones.

148
Q

Muscular system

A

Covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue. Over 630 muscles in the human body, which are responsible for approximately 40% of the body’s weight. Out of the 630 muscles, 30 of them are facial muscles. 3 types of muscular tissues.

149
Q

Myology

A

study of the nature, structure, function, and diseases of the muscles.

150
Q

3 types of muscular tissue

A

Striated, nonstriated, and cardiac muscles.

151
Q

Striated muscles

A

skeletal or voluntary muscles. They are attached to the bones and are controlled by will.

152
Q

Nonstriated muscles

A

involuntary, visceral, or smooth. They function automatically, without conscious will. These muscles are found in the digestive and circulatory systems as well as some internal organs of the body.

153
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

involuntary muscles that make up the heart.

154
Q

3 parts of the muscle

A

Origin, belly, and insertion.

155
Q

Origin (muscle)

A

the more fixed part of the muscle that is closest to the skeleton, which flexes but remains stationary.

156
Q

Belly (muscle)

A

middle part of the muscle.

157
Q

Insertion (muscle)

A

part of the muscle which is the movable attachment and farthest from the skeleton. Pressure in a massage is directed from the insertion to the origin.

158
Q

Masseter muscle

A

muscles for mastication/ chewing.

159
Q

Procerus muscle

A

lowers the eyebrows and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.

160
Q

Trapezius muscle

A

covers the back of the neck, shoulders, and upper and middle region of the back; shrugs shoulders and stabilizes the scapula.

161
Q

Bicep muscle

A

front and inner side of the upper arm; they lift the forearm, flex the elbow, and turn the palms outward.

162
Q

Deltoid muscle

A

large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arms to extend outward and to the side of the body.

163
Q

Tricep muslce

A

large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm.

164
Q

Forearm muscles

A

extensors, flexors, pronators (downward), and supinator (upward).

165
Q

Abductor muscles

A

seperates the fingers.

166
Q

Adductors

A

draws the fingers together.

167
Q

Nervous system

A

over 100 billion nerve cells in the body. Divided into three main subdivisions; central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system.

168
Q

Central nervous system

A

CNS; brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves. Controls consciousness and many mental activities, voluntary functions of the five senses (seeing, hearing, feeling, smelling, and tasting), and voluntary muscle actions including all body movements and facial expressions.

169
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

PNS; system that connects the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system. It carries impulses, or messages, to and from the central nervous system.

170
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

ANS; controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and breathing.

171
Q

Types of nerves

A

Sensory and motor nerves.

172
Q

Sensory nerves

A

afferent nerves; impulses or messages are sent to the brain when touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced.

173
Q

Motor nerves

A

efferent nerves; carries impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands.

174
Q

Nerves of the Head, Face, and Neck

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise at the base of the brain and the brain stem. The cranial nerves activate the muscles and sensory structure of the head and neck including skin, membranes, eyes, and ears. We deal with the 5th, 7th, and 11th nerves.

175
Q

Fifth cranial nerve

A

trifacial or trigeminal nerve. It’s the chief sensory nerve of the face and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. Consists of 3 branches: ophthalmic nerve (eye areas), mandibular nerve (chin), and maxillary nerve (upper part of the face).

176
Q

Seventh cranial nerve

A

facial nerve; the chief motor nerve of the face. Emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck. Its divisions and their branches supply and control all the muscles of facial expression and the secretions of saliva.

177
Q

Eleventh cranial nerve

A

accessory nerve; type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles. Important because estheticians affect this area due to massage.

178
Q

Heart

A

the interior of the heart contains four chambers and four valves. The upper thin walled chambers are the right atrium, and left atrium. The lower, thick walled chambers are the right ventricle and left ventricle. Valves between the chambers allow the blood to flow in only one direction.

179
Q

Vellus hair

A

very fine soft hair; lanugo hair.

180
Q

Terminal hair

A

longer, courser hair found on the head, brows, lashes, genitals, arms, and legs.

181
Q

Hair follicle

A

is a mass of epidermal cells forming a small tube, or canal. Follicles extend deep into the dermis, they are slanted, more than one hair can grow from a single follicle, and hair can grow in many different directions.

182
Q

Hair root

A

anchors hair to the skin cells and is part of the hair located at the bottom of the follicle below the surface of the skin.

183
Q

Hair shaft

A

part of the hair located above the surface of the skin.

184
Q

Hair growth

A

result of activity of cells found in the basal layer. These cells are found within the hair bulb. Three stages: anagen, catagen, and telogen (ACT).

185
Q

Hair growth cycles

A

Anagen, Catagen, Telogen.

186
Q

Anagen phase

A

the growth stage in which new hair is produced. The length of this stage determines the length of the hair. Hairs removed in the anagen stage while the hair bulb is more active, will be more effective for long term hair reduction.

187
Q

Catagen phase

A

the transition stage of hair growth. In this stage, mitosis ceases. The hair grows upward and detaches itself from the dermal papilla. The mature hair is now referred to as a club hair (the base looks like a club). This is the shortest part of the growth cycle.

188
Q

Telogen phase

A

final stage of hair growth. During this stage, the club hair moves up the follicle and is ready to shed. The hair is at its full size and is erect in the follicle. It shows above the skin’s surface.

189
Q

Latent phase

A

After the telogen phase, the follicle is empty and dormant. The old hair sheds and the cycle then begins again.

190
Q

Arrector Pili Muscle

A

attaches to the base of the hair follicle; goose bumps.

191
Q

Hirsutism

A

excessive hair growth on the arms, face, legs, especially in women.

192
Q

Hypertrichosis

A

excessive hair growth, characterized by the growth of terminal hair in areas of the body that normally only grow vellus hair.

Esthetician Exam (11 decks)

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