Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Histology of the skin (15); melanin, skin diseases/disorders, structure of the skin. Histology of the hair (2); hair growth. General anatomy (4); bones, muscles, nerves, systems
11 main body systems
RREMINISCED
skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, lymphatic/immune, endocrine, digestive, excretory, respiratory, integumentary, and reproductive
Skeletal
physical foundation of the body; bones and movable/ immovable joints
Muscular
covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue; contracts and moves various parts of the body
Nervous
carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions; brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Circulatory
controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels
Lymphatic/ Immune
protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease causing toxins and bacteria
Endocrine
affects growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the body; consists of specialized glands
Digestive
changes food into nutrients and wastes; mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands
Excretory
SKILL
purifies the body by elimination of waste matter; kidneys, liver, skin, intestines, and lungs
Respiratory
enables breathing, supplies the body with oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product; lungs and air passages
Integumentary
serves as a protective covering for the body and helps in temperature regulation; skin, accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails
Reproductive
reproduction and perpetuation of the human race
Nine major body organs
BEHKISSLL
Brain, eyes, heart, kidneys, intestines, skin, stomach, lungs, liver
Brain
controls the body
Eyes
controls the body’s vision
Heart
circulates the blood
Kidneys
excrete water and waste products
Lungs
supply oxygen to the blood
Liver
removes waste created by digestion
Skin
- external protective coating the covers the body
- it contains 1/2- 2/3 of the blood in the body and 1/2 of the primary immune cells
Stomach
digests food, along with the intestines
Intestines
digests food along with the stomach
Appendages of the skin:
hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands
5 layers (strata/um) of the skin from uppermost:
CLGSG
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum
Stratum Corneum (horny layer)
horny layer; top, outermost layer of the epidermis. Estheticians are mainly concerned with this layer. Very thin, waterproof, permeable, regenerates itself, detoxifies the body, and responds to stimuli. Has around 15 to 20 layers. Has hardened corneocytes (flattened squamous cells), melanin, barrier layer, acid mantle, desquamation.
Keratinocytes
95% of the epidermis; contains proteins and lipids. Protects the cells from water loss and dehydration
Keratin
fiberous protein that provides resiliency and protection to the skin. Found in all layers of the epidermis. Hard keratin is the protein found in hair and nails.
Desquamation
natural exfoliation of the keratinocytes from the skin. The keratinocytes on the surface are called squamous (flat and scaly)
Average cell turnover?
28 days
Stratum Lucidum (clear cells)
thin, clear layer of dead skin cells under the stratum corneum. Light passes through it. Thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, but it exists everywhere. This layer forms our fingerprints and footprints. The cells here release lipids forming bilayers of oil and water.
Stratum Granulosum (grainy cells)
composed of cells that resemble granules and are filled with keratin. The production of keratin and intercellular lipids take place here. Naturally moisturizing substances are made here and excreted from cells to help with the waterproofing barrier function of the top layer.
Stratum Spinosum (spiny cells)
cells continue to divide and change shape here, and enzymes are creating lipids and proteins. Cell appendages that resemble prickly spines become desmosomes, the intercellular structures that assist in strengthening and holding cells together. Large layer, cell activity, desmosomes created, Langerhans immune cells, melanosome pigment distribution.
Stratum Germinativum (germination or growth layer)
basal cell layer, located above the dermis, single layer of basal cells. The fundamental or basic layer. Stem cells undergo continues cell division (mitosis) to replenish the regular loss of skin cells shed from the surface. Daughter cells divide here and go on to produce things like; keratinocytes, or glands, follicles, tissues, or organs.
Terminal differentation
when daughter cells are not able to divide anymore and are now programmed to end up as one specific type of cell.
Langerhans Immune Cells
protect the body from infections by identifying foreign material (antigens).
Melanin
the pigment that protects us from the sun.
Pheomelanin
red to yellow in color. Mostly found in light colored skin. Around 20 melanosomes per keratinocyte.
Eumelanin
dark brown to black. Mostly found in dark colored skin. around 200 melanosomes per keratinocyte.
Dermis
(derma, corium, cutis, or true skin). The support layer of connective tissues below the epidermis. 25 times thicker than the epidermis. Composed of two layers: the papillary layer above and then reticular layer below. Collagen, elastin, and intercellular fluids are the main components. Fibroblasts and immune cells are found here as well.
Tyrosinase
the enzyme that stimulates melanocytes and produces melanin.
Fibroblast cells
produces proteins and aids in the production of collagen and elastin.
Papillary layer
connects the dermis to the epidermis, forming the epidermal/ dermal junction. Touch receptors, blood vessels, capillaries, dermal papilla.
Reticular layer
the denser/ deeper layer of the dermis, and comprised mostly of collagen and elastin. Damage to this area causes sagging, wrinkles, and aging. Glands, blood and lymph vessels, nerve endings, intercellular fluids.
Subcutaneous layer
Also known as the hypodermis. Located below the reticular layer. Composed of connective tissue or subcutis tissue / adipose tissue. This layer is 80% fat.
Hair
an appendage of the skin. Heaviest amount of hair on the head, underarms, genitals, and arms and legs. Due to hormonal influences, women and men produce different amounts. Genetics influences the person’s hair, thickness, color, rate of growth and if its curly or straight. 90% hard keratin.
Lesions
structural changes in the tissues cause by damage or injury. 3 types; primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Tertiary
third type of lesions, vascular lesions. Involves the blood or circulatory system.
Primary lesions
lesions in the early stages of development or change. flat nonpalpable changes in skin color or by elevations formed by fluid in a cavity.
Cyst
primary; closed, abnormally developed sac containing fluid, infection, or other matter above or below the skin.
Macule
primary; a flat spot or discoloration on the skin, such as a freckle or a red spot, left after a pimple has healed.
Nodules
primary; often referred to as tumors, but they are smaller bumps caused by conditions such as scar tissue, fatty deposits, or infections.
Pustule
primary; an inflamed papule with white or yellow center containing pus, a flue consisting of white blood cells, bacteria, or other debris.
Vesicle
primary; small blister or sac containing clear fluid. Poison ivy and poison oak produce vesicles.
Wheal
primary; itchy swollen lesion caused by a blow, insect bite, skin allergy reaction, or stings. Hives and mosquito bites are wheals. Hives are called urticaria, and can be caused by exposure to allergens used in products.
Secondary lesions
develop in the later stages of disease and change the structure of tissues and organs.
Excoriation
secondary; a skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping.
Fissure
secondary; a crack in the skin that mak penetrate into the dermis. Chapped lips or hands are examples.
Keloid
secondary; a thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue (collagen). Can be found in people that are genetically predisposed.
Scale
secondary; excessive shedding of dead skin cells. Dandruff or psoriasis.
Scar
secondary; discolored, slightly raised mark on the skin formed after an injury or lesion of the skin has healed. The tissue hardens to heal the injury.
Ulcer
secondary; an open lesion on the skin or mucous membrane of the body, accompanied by pus and loss of skin depth; a deep erosion in the skin, normally due to infection or cancer.
Vascular lesions
rosacea, telangiectasia, varicose veins.
Sebaceous Glands Disorders
Disorders of the oil glands
Comedo
sebaceous gland disorder; a noninflamed buildup of cells, sebum, and other debris inside follicles. 2 types of comedo.
Open comedo; blackhead open at the surface and exposed to air. It’s dark because the oil is exposed to oxygen and oxidation occurs.
Closed comedo; whitehead. When follicles are blocked with debris and white cells.
Furuncle
sebaceous gland disorder; boil. A subcutaneous abscess filled with pus. Caused by bacteria in glands or hair follicles.
Carbuncles
sebaceous gland disorder; group of boils.
Milia
sebaceous gland disorder; whitish, pearl like masses of sebum and dead cells under the skin with no visible opening. More common in dry skin types or may form after skin trauma.
Seborrhea
sebaceous gland disorder; severe oiliness of the skin.
Seborrheic dermatitis
sebaceous gland disorder; skin condition characterized by inflammation, dry or oily scaling or crusting, and/or itchiness.
Steatoma
sebaceous gland disorder; also called a WEN. Sebaceous cyst or subcutaneous tumor filled with sebum and ranging in size from pea to an orange. Appears on the scalp, neck, and back.
Sudoriferous glands disorders
Disorders of the sweat glands.
Anhidrosis
sudoriferous gland disorder; deficiency in perspiration due to failure of the sweat glands. Requires medical treatment.
Bromhidrosis
sudoriferous gland disorder; foul smelling perspiration, usually in the armpits or feet. Caused by bacteria and yeast that break down the sweat on the surface of the skin.
Hyperhydrosis
sudoriferous gland disorder; excessive perspiration caused by heat, genetics, medications, or medical conditions. Also called diaphoresis.
Miliaria rubra
sudoriferous gland disorder; prickly heat. Acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands. Red vesicles and burning, itching skin from excessive heat exposure.
Dermatitis
inflammation of the skin; eczema, vesicles, or papules. 3 main types are atopic, contact, and seborrheic.
Contact dermatitis
inflammation of the skin; allergic reaction from contact with a substance or chemical.
Eczema
inflammation of the skin; painful, itching disease of the skin. with dry and moist lesions.
Edema
inflammation of the skin; swelling from fluid imbalance in the cells. Or a response to injury, infection, or medication.
Erythema
inflammation of the skin; redness caused by inflammation
Folliculitis
inflammation of the skin; hair grows under the surface instead of growing up and out of the follicle, causing a bacterial infection.
Pruitis
inflammation of the skin; medical term for itching.
Psoriasis
inflammation of the skin; itchy skin disease characterized by red patches covered with white silver scaled; caused by an over proliferation of skin cells that replicate too fast. Found on the scalp, elbows, knees, chest, and lower back.
Urticaria
hives. An allergic reaction by the body’s histamine production.
Hyperpigmentation
overproduction of pigment in the skin.
Chloasma
hyperpigmentation; known as liver spots. Increased pigmentation from sun exposure or pigmentation from other causes.
Lentigo
hyperpigmentation; a flat pigmented area similar to a freckle, small, yellow-brown spots.
Melasma
hyperpigmentation; hyperpigmentation triggered by hormonal changes, often during pregnancy or when taking birth control.
Nevus
hyperpigmentation; a birthmark.
Stain
hyperpigmentation; brown or wine colored skin discoloration with a circular or irregular shape. A port wine stain is a birthmark, a vascular type of nevus.
Hypopigmentation
lack of pigment
Albinism
hypopigmentation; a rare genetic condition characterized by lack of melanin in the body, including the skin, hair and eyes. More at risk for skin cancer and is sensitive to light.
Leukoderma
hypopigmentation; loss of pigmentation; light, abnormal patches of depigmented skin; congenital, acquired due to immunological and post inflammatory causes.
Vitiligo
hypopigmentation; a pigmentation disease characterized by irregular patches of skin that are lacking in pigment. Can worsen with time and sunlight. Believed to be an autoimmune disorder causing an absence of melanocytes.
Hypertrophy
an abnormal growth; many can be benign but some are premalignant, malignant, dangerous or cancerous. It’s a thickening of a tissue.
Keratosis
abnormally thick buildup of skin.
Keratosis pilaris
hypertrophy; redness and bumpiness in the cheeks or arms; caused by blocked follicles. Exfoliation helps.
Mole
hypertrophy; pigmented nevus; a brownish spot, flat, resembling freckles, others are raised and darker. Most are benign but changes in the color and shape should be checked by a physician. Hairs in moles are common but shouldn’t be removed unless by a physician because it may irritate or cause structural changes to the mole.
Skin tag
hypertrophy; small outgrowths or extensions of the skin that look like flaps. Common under the arms or on the neck due to friction.
Verruca
hypertrophy; a wart. Hypertrophy of the papillae and epidermis caused by a virus. Infectious and contagious.
Conjunctivitis
contagious disease; pinkeye. Inflammation of the mucous membrane due to chemical, bacterial, or viral causes; very contagious, treated with antibiotics.
Herpes simplex virus 1
contagious disease; fever blisters or cold sores; recurring viral infection.
Herpes simplex virus 2
contagious disease; genital herpes.
Herpes zoster
contagious disease; shingles. A painful skin condition from the reactivation of the chickenpox virus. Viral infection of the sensory nerves; red blisters, rash in a ring or line.
Impetigo
contagious disease; bacterial infection of the skin that often occurs in children; small blisters or crusty lesions filled with bacteria. Extremely contagious.
Tinea
contagious disease; fungal infections. Tinea pedis is athletes foot.
Tinea corporis
contagious disease; ringworm. Highly contagious; red ringed pattern with an elevated edge.
Tinea versicolor
contagious disease; fungal condition that inhibits melanin production. Not contagious because its caused by yeast, a normal part of the human skin. White, brown, or salmon colored flaky patches from the yeast on the skin. Can be treated with antifungal cream or medication. High humidity and summer heat can stimulate the condition.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
the most common and least severe type of carcinoma. Typical characteristics are: open sores, reddish patches, or a smooth growth with an elevated border. Shiny bumps that are either colored or as light, pearly modules. They don’t spread easily; is caused primarily by overexposure to UV radiation.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
More serious condition. Characterized by open sores or crusty areas that do not heal and may bleed easily. They can grow and spread to other areas of the body.
Malignant Melanoma
Most severe form of skin cancer. Characterized by black or dark patches on the skin that are usually uneven in texture. Many appear in preexisting moles and are not always found on areas that are exposed to sunlight; often found on feet, toes, backs, and legs. It can metastasize (spread) throughout the body and to internal organs via the lymphatics and blood stream.
ABCDE’s of Melanoma Detection
A- asymmetry: the two sides of the lesion are not identical
B- border: the border is irregular on these lesions
C- color: melanomas are usually dark and have more than once color or colors that fade into another
D- diameter: the lesion in a melanoma is usually at least the size of a pencil eraser
E- evolving: melanoma as a lesion often changes appearance
(f- firm, g- growth)
Grade 1 Acne
minor breakouts, mostly open comedones, some closed comedones, and a few papules.
Grade 2 Acne
many closed comedones, more open comedones, and occasional papules and pustules.
Grade 3 Acne
red and inflamed, many comedones, papules, and pustules.
Grade 4 Acne
cystic acne. Cysts with comedones, papules, pustules, and inflammation are present. Scar formation from tissue damage is common.
Skeletal System
206 bones in the body. Muscles are connected to bones by tendons, and bones are connected to each other by ligaments. Gives shape and support to the body, protects various internal structures and organs, helps product both white and red blood cells (bone marrow functions), and stores most of the body’s calcium as well as phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium.
Human skull
contains 22 bones and broken up into 2 groups: the cranium and the facial bones.
Cranium
oval, bony case that protects the brain, formed by 8 bones; the face consists of 14 bones including the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw). Has openings in its base to that cranial nerves can travel to their destinations.
Bones of the cranium:
8 bones: occipital, two parietal, frontal, two temporal, ethmoid, and the sphenoid.
Occipital bone
cranium; hindmost bone of the skill
2 parietal bones
cranium; forms the sides and crown of the cranium
Frontal bone
cranium; forehead
2 temporal bones
cranium; form the sides of the head in the ear region
Ethmoid bone
cranium; light, spongy bone between the eye socks that forms part of the nasal cavities
Sphenoid bone
cranium; joins all the bones of the cranium together
Bones of the face
14; 2 nasal, 2 lacrimal, 2 zygomatic, 2 maxillary, mandible, 2 tubrinal, vomer, 2 palatine.
Nasal bones
facial bone; two bones. Form the bridge of the nose
Lacrimal bones
facial bone; two bones. The smallest and most fragile bones of the face, at the front inside part of the eye socket.
Zygomatic bones
facial bone; two bones. Malar bones or cheekbones; form the prominence of the cheeks.
Maxillary bones
facial bone; two bones. Forms the upper jaw.
Mandible bone
facial bone; one bone. Forms the lower jawbone, the largest and strongest bone of the face.
Turbinal bones
facial bone; two bones. Thin layers of spongy bone on either side of the outer walls of the nasal depression.
Vomer bone
facial bone; one bone. Flat, thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum.
Palatine bones
facial bone; two bones. Forms the hard palate of the mouth.
Chest bones
5 areas of chest bones
Thorax
chest bones; bony cage that services as the protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs. Also consists of sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae.
Ribs
chest bones; two pairs of bones that form the wall of the thorax.
Scapula
chest bones; shoulder blade. The flat triangular bone of the shoulder. There are two scapulas.
Sternum
chest bones; breastbone. Flat bone that forms the ventral (front) support of the ribs.
Clavicle
chest bones; collarbone. The bone that joins the sternum and scapula.
Humerus
The uppermost and largest bone of the arm, from the elbow to the shoulder.
Ulna
The inner and larger bone of the forearm (lower arm), attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.
Radius
The smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb. (rad- thumbs up!)
Carpus
Wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.
Metacarpus
Palm; consists of five, long, slender bones called metacarpal bones.
Phalanges
Digits; the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones.
Muscular system
Covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue. Over 630 muscles in the human body, which are responsible for approximately 40% of the body’s weight. Out of the 630 muscles, 30 of them are facial muscles. 3 types of muscular tissues.
Myology
study of the nature, structure, function, and diseases of the muscles.
3 types of muscular tissue
Striated, nonstriated, and cardiac muscles.
Striated muscles
skeletal or voluntary muscles. They are attached to the bones and are controlled by will.
Nonstriated muscles
involuntary, visceral, or smooth. They function automatically, without conscious will. These muscles are found in the digestive and circulatory systems as well as some internal organs of the body.
Cardiac muscles
involuntary muscles that make up the heart.
3 parts of the muscle
Origin, belly, and insertion.
Origin (muscle)
the more fixed part of the muscle that is closest to the skeleton, which flexes but remains stationary.
Belly (muscle)
middle part of the muscle.
Insertion (muscle)
part of the muscle which is the movable attachment and farthest from the skeleton. Pressure in a massage is directed from the insertion to the origin.
Masseter muscle
muscles for mastication/ chewing.
Procerus muscle
lowers the eyebrows and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.
Trapezius muscle
covers the back of the neck, shoulders, and upper and middle region of the back; shrugs shoulders and stabilizes the scapula.
Bicep muscle
front and inner side of the upper arm; they lift the forearm, flex the elbow, and turn the palms outward.
Deltoid muscle
large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arms to extend outward and to the side of the body.
Tricep muslce
large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm.
Forearm muscles
extensors, flexors, pronators (downward), and supinator (upward).
Abductor muscles
seperates the fingers.
Adductors
draws the fingers together.
Nervous system
over 100 billion nerve cells in the body. Divided into three main subdivisions; central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system.
Central nervous system
CNS; brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves. Controls consciousness and many mental activities, voluntary functions of the five senses (seeing, hearing, feeling, smelling, and tasting), and voluntary muscle actions including all body movements and facial expressions.
Peripheral nervous system
PNS; system that connects the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system. It carries impulses, or messages, to and from the central nervous system.
Autonomic nervous system
ANS; controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and breathing.
Types of nerves
Sensory and motor nerves.
Sensory nerves
afferent nerves; impulses or messages are sent to the brain when touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced.
Motor nerves
efferent nerves; carries impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands.
Nerves of the Head, Face, and Neck
12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise at the base of the brain and the brain stem. The cranial nerves activate the muscles and sensory structure of the head and neck including skin, membranes, eyes, and ears. We deal with the 5th, 7th, and 11th nerves.
Fifth cranial nerve
trifacial or trigeminal nerve. It’s the chief sensory nerve of the face and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. Consists of 3 branches: ophthalmic nerve (eye areas), mandibular nerve (chin), and maxillary nerve (upper part of the face).
Seventh cranial nerve
facial nerve; the chief motor nerve of the face. Emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck. Its divisions and their branches supply and control all the muscles of facial expression and the secretions of saliva.
Eleventh cranial nerve
accessory nerve; type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles. Important because estheticians affect this area due to massage.
Heart
the interior of the heart contains four chambers and four valves. The upper thin walled chambers are the right atrium, and left atrium. The lower, thick walled chambers are the right ventricle and left ventricle. Valves between the chambers allow the blood to flow in only one direction.
Vellus hair
very fine soft hair; lanugo hair.
Terminal hair
longer, courser hair found on the head, brows, lashes, genitals, arms, and legs.
Hair follicle
is a mass of epidermal cells forming a small tube, or canal. Follicles extend deep into the dermis, they are slanted, more than one hair can grow from a single follicle, and hair can grow in many different directions.
Hair root
anchors hair to the skin cells and is part of the hair located at the bottom of the follicle below the surface of the skin.
Hair shaft
part of the hair located above the surface of the skin.
Hair growth
result of activity of cells found in the basal layer. These cells are found within the hair bulb. Three stages: anagen, catagen, and telogen (ACT).
Hair growth cycles
Anagen, Catagen, Telogen.
Anagen phase
the growth stage in which new hair is produced. The length of this stage determines the length of the hair. Hairs removed in the anagen stage while the hair bulb is more active, will be more effective for long term hair reduction.
Catagen phase
the transition stage of hair growth. In this stage, mitosis ceases. The hair grows upward and detaches itself from the dermal papilla. The mature hair is now referred to as a club hair (the base looks like a club). This is the shortest part of the growth cycle.
Telogen phase
final stage of hair growth. During this stage, the club hair moves up the follicle and is ready to shed. The hair is at its full size and is erect in the follicle. It shows above the skin’s surface.
Latent phase
After the telogen phase, the follicle is empty and dormant. The old hair sheds and the cycle then begins again.
Arrector Pili Muscle
attaches to the base of the hair follicle; goose bumps.
Hirsutism
excessive hair growth on the arms, face, legs, especially in women.
Hypertrichosis
excessive hair growth, characterized by the growth of terminal hair in areas of the body that normally only grow vellus hair.
