Anatomy of the Respiratory System Flashcards
What does the mesoderm and endoderm develop into for the pulmonary system?
mesoderm - smooth muscle around airways
endoderm - epithelial lining
What does the pulmonary groove develop into? What does it grow out of?
becomes the trachea and eventually develops into the bronchi
grows out of pharyngeal pouches/area
Why are the tubes and alveoli filled with liquid during embryonic development?
prevents development of soft tissue
What are the anatomic separation of the respiratory tract? What structures are included?
ANATOMIC SEPARATION - upper and lower
UPPER: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
LOWER: trachea, primary bronchi, lungs
What are the functional separations of the respiratory tract? What do they include?
FUNCTIONAL SEPARATION - conducting and respiratory zone
CONDUCTING ZONE: portions of airway where gases cannot diffuse; filters, cleanses, warms, humidifies air; rigid
- nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole to terminal
RESPIRATORY ZONE: gas can diffuse, nonrigid, .REQUIRES SSET
- respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac
What is the opening to the vestibule called? What kind of epithelium is it lined with? What ET lined the vestibule?
vestibule - space of the nostril
- opening: external nares - cornified SSET with hair
as vestibule completes, it loses hair and becomes non cornified SSET
Where does the maxillary sinus drain?
drains higher into the middle meatus of the nasal cavity
Describe the nasal mucosa.
contains large surface area
thin epithelium that is highly vascularized
incomplete basement membrane
direct absorption of drugs - bypasses digestive system
Describe the epithelium of the nasal cavity. What kind of cells are unique to the two types of epithelium?
nasal cavity - lined with pseudo stratified columnar ET
- contains motile cilia to move mucous
- goblet cells - secrete mucous
olfactory epithelium - bipolar chemoreceptors
- olfactory nerve: CN1
- located in the roof of the nasal cavity
- neurons pass through the cribriform foramina
Where does the nasopharynx start and stop? What kind of ET lines it? What opening does it contain? What tonsil?
starts: internal nares
stop: border of soft palate
ET: respiratory epithelium - pseudo stratified columnar
opening: internal auditory tube (inner ear)
tonsil: nasopharyngeal tonsil
Where does the oropharynx start and stop? What kind of ET? What tonsil?
start: borer of soft palate
stop: epiglottis
ET: non cornified stratified squamous
tonsil: palatine and lingual (inferior)
Where does the laryngopharynx start and stop? What kind of ET? What tonsil?
start: epiglottis of larynx
stop: opening of larynx - tip of arytenoid cartilage
ET: non cornified stratified squamous
tonsil: none
What are the muscles of the pharynx? What innervates them? What are their origins and insertions?
constrictor muscles - innervated by vagus and some glossopharyngeal
superior constructor - originates at raphe
middle constructor - overlaps superior
- originates at hyoid
inferior constructor - overlaps middle
- originates at thyroid cartilage
ALL constrictor muscles insert at the median raphe of posterior pharyngeal wall
What is the function of the larynx? Describe the following ligaments and membranes: thyrohyoid ligament, cricothyoid ligament, aryepiglottic fold
functions: provide airway, separate path or air from path of food, vocal production
thyrohyoid ligament: attaches thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone
cricothyroid ligament: attaches thyroid cartilage to cricoid cartilage
aryepiglottic fold - attaches arytenoid cartilage to epiglottis
- contains the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
What is the largest cartilage in the larynx and what does it form anteriorly? What is this and the other cartilage in the pharynx made of?
thyroid cartilage - completely open posteriorly
- anteriorly forms the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) in males
made of hyaline cartilage
Describe the cricothyroid muscle. What does it do? What is it’s antagonis? What is it innervated by?
Pulls thyroid cartilage anteriorly - attaches btw thyroid/cricoid cartilage
Lengthens vocal cord/increases tension - increases pitch
Antagonist - thyroarytenoid muscle
innervated by external laryngeal nerve - only one
Describe the thyroaytenoid muscle. What does it do? What is its antagonist? What is it innervated by?
Pulls thyroid and arytenoid muscle together
Shortens vocal cords - decreases pitch
Antagonist - cricothyroid muscle
Innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve (vagus)
Describe the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. What is its function? What is it innervated by?
abduction of vocal ligament - opens rima glottidis
- pulls on areytenoid and rotates them out
innervated y recurrent laryngeal nerve
Describe the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle. What is its function? What is it innervated by?
adductor of the vocal cords - closes rima glottidis
brings vocal ligaments together
innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve
Describe the oblique and transverse arytenoid muscle. What are they innervated by?
adduction of vocal ligaments - closes rima glottidis
- both bring entire cartilage to the arytenoid together
transverse is deep to oblique
innervated by recurrent laryngeal branch
Describe the vocalis muscle. What is it innervated by?
decreases tension of the vocal ligaments - decrease pitch
- some parts tense while others relax
- lies on top of and surrounds the vocal ligaments
innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Describe the function of the following nerves: internal laryngeal branch, external laryngeal branch, recurrent laryngeal branch. What are they part of?
internal: sensory information only for larynx above true vocal cords
external: motor only - cricothyroid only - increase tension/pitch
recurrent: sensory from below vocal cords
- motor to ALL muscles besides cricothyroid
- loops around subclavian artery and arch or aorta back up
all part of vagus
- internal/external part of superior laryngeal nerve
Describe the structure of the trachea. What kind of ET? What kind of cartilage? What is the muscle?
has lumen for air
ET - ciliated pseudo stratified columnar
Submucousa - seromucous glands
Cartilage - C shaped hyaline - gap posteriorly for swallowing
muscle - trachealis - smooth muscle - located at gap of cartilage
Where is a tracheostomy usually located?
between the 3rd and 4th cartilage rings right at the thyroid gland
- thyroid is clamped in ER bc of vessels
Which bronchi is larger? What is it separated by? If an object is inhaled, which side would it be likely found on?
right bronchus larger - larger radius, bigger lumen, more vertical
- more likely object will end up there
carina - piece of cartilage that separates the flow of air into R and L bronchus
Describe the different bronchus branches. What kind of ET? what kind of cartilage? Muscle?
primary
- ET - ciliated pseudo stratified columnar
- continuous hyaline cartilage - C shaped ring
- cannot tell difference from trachea unless esophagus is seen
- circular ring of smooth muscle
secondary/tertiary
- ET - simple columnar to cuboidal with lots of cilia
- irregular plates of discontinuous hyaline cartilage
- circular ring of smooth muscle
Describe the bronchiole. What kind of ET and cartilage and muscle?
most important airway for determining peripheral resistance to airflow
ET - simple cuboidal
NO CARTILAGE
continuous ring of smooth muscle - innervated to dilate by sympathetic
What is the difference between terminal and respiratory bronchioles?
Terminal bronchiole - just proximal to appearance of respiratory bronchiole
- need to see respiratory bronchiole to identify terminal
Respiratory bronchiole - similar structure to bronchiole
- has individual air sacs blebbing from wall
- need to see alveolus before identifying respiratory
- still has simple cuboidal, but has outpouches of SSET alveoli
Describe an alveolar duct. What kind of ET, cartilage and muscle?
As we move to the alveolar duct, we lost smooth muscle
alveolar duct - contains simple cuboidal and SSET
no cartilage
smooth muscle knobs at alveoli
Describe the alveolus cells. What makes the respiratory membrane?
Type I alveolar cell - SSET
Type II alveolar cell - septal cell - coats the inside of cell with oily material that prevents walls of alveolus from sticking
alveolar macrophage - dust cells - migrate and picks up particulate matter, lots of lysosomes
respiratory membrane: formed between type I alveolar cell and SSET of capillary
- SSET sandwich with loose irregular CT in the middle
Where are the lungs located? What is located in the pleural cavity?
located in the thoracic portion of the ventral cavity
surrounded by pleura, but on in pleural cavity
pleural cavity - contains pleural fluid ~ 2 tsp for lubrication for lung expansion - mostly inferior and posterior to lung
visceral - around lung - SSET with loose irregular CT
parietal - attached to surrounding chest wall and diaphragm
Describe the regions and the surface of the lungs: apex, base, coastal surface, diaphragmatic surface, mediastinal surface
apex - top op lung - can be pulled into neck
base - also diaphragmatic surface - rarely touches diaphragm
costal surface - in contact with pleura covering ribs
mediastinal - where the heart goes
Describe the fissures of the lungs. What’s the different between the R and the L?
R lung - 2 fissures, 3 lobes
superior lobe separated by horizontal fissure to middle lobe
middle lobe separated by oblique fissure for inferior lobe
- no middle lobe on posterior aspect
L lung - 1 fissure, 2 lobes
superior lobe - CONTAINS CARDIAC NOTCH and lingua
superior lobe separated by oblique fissure for inferior lobe
for both lungs:
- superior is anterior
- posterior is inferior
Describe the hilus. What is another name for it? How can you tell L from R?
hilus - root of lung
- contains airways and blood vessels into/out of lung
R side - bronchus posterior to pulmonary artery
- contains impressions for azygous and superior vena cava
L side - bronchus inferior to pulmonary artery
- impression for the aorta
on both sides, the pulmonary veins are inferior to the pulmonary arteries
