Anatomy of the Brain

Question 1

What do afferent neurons do?

Answer 1

Transmit information to the CNS from sensory receptors

Question 2

Where are afferent neuronal cell bodies generally located?

Answer 2

In ganglia outside the CNS

Question 3

What do efferent neurons do?

Answer 3

Transmit information from the CNS to effector cells

Question 4

Where are efferent neuronal cell bodies generally located?

Answer 4

Within the CNS

Question 5

What do interneurons do?

Answer 5

Found with in the CNS
Connect different regions of the brain and spinal cord
Receive, integrate and disseminate information
Account for ~90% of all CNS neurons

Question 6

What is the function of the CNS?

Answer 6

To organise and analyse information

Question 7

What is the function of the PNS?

Answer 7

To gather sensory information from the environment and relay it to the CNS

Question 8

How many nerves are in the brain?

Answer 8

More than 100 billion

Question 9

To what does the brain devote most of its volume?

Answer 9

Processing sensory inputs and initiating an appropriate motor response

Question 10

What are the effectors of the nervous system?

Answer 10

Skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

Question 11

Name the 6 regions of the brain and know where they are.

Answer 11

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata

Question 12

Describe the structure of the cerebrum

Answer 12

4 lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
Left and right hemispheres
Surface grey matter

Question 13

What does the frontal lobe do?

Answer 13

Reasoning, planning, speech, movement, emotions, problem solving

Question 14

What does the parietal lobe do?

Answer 14

Movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli

Question 15

What does the occipital lobe do?

Answer 15

Visual processing

Question 16

What does the temporal lobe do?

Answer 16

Perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, speech

Question 17

What does the cerebellum do?

Answer 17

Contains half of all brain neurons

Physical movement and coordination

Question 18

What is dysmetia?

Answer 18

The inability to coordinate motor activities, due to a cerebellum disorder

Question 19

What are the components of the diencephalon?

Answer 19

Thalamus
Subthalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

Question 20

What does the epithalamus do?

Answer 20

Secretes melatonin

Reward processing

Question 21

What does the subthalamus do?

Answer 21

Modulates movement

Emotions

Question 22

What does the thalamus do?

Answer 22

Relays sensory information to the cortex

Question 23

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 23

Maintains homeostasis

Hormone control

Question 24

What are the parts of the brainstem?

Answer 24

Pons
Midbrain
Medulla

Question 25

What is Silver-Russel Syndrome (SRS)?

Answer 25

Diencephalon Syndrom - Growth issues, low blood sugar, early onset puberty, sweating - Treat with diet control and GH

Question 26

What does the pons do?

Answer 26

Relays signals from forebrain to cerebellum | Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centres

Question 27

What does the midbrain do?

Answer 27

Vision and hearing Motor control Maintain consciousness

Question 28

What does the medulla do?

Answer 28

Cardiac, respiritory, vomiting and vasomotor centers | Regulates autonomic involuntary functions

Question 29

What is the purpose of the ventricles of the brain?

Answer 29

Contains CSF which is a shock absorber for the CNS

Question 30

What is the purpose of the cranial meninges?

Answer 30

Layers of supportive and protective tissue that separate the skull and the brain. They provide a blood supply to the skull and the hemispheres.

Question 31

What are the layers of the meninges?

Answer 31

- Dura mater (outermost) - Arachnoid (middle) - Pia mater ( innermost)

Question 32

List the cranial nerves

Answer 32

``` I Olfactory II Optic III Oculomotor IV Trochlear V Trigeminal VI Abducens VII Facial VIII Vestibulocuchlear IX Glossopharangeal X Vagus XI Spinal accessory XII Hypoglossal ```

Question 33

What does the vagus nerve do?

Answer 33

Tells body to relax and heal

Question 34

What supplies blood to the brain?

Answer 34

``` Carotid arteries (anterior and middle) (30%) vertebral arteries (posterior) (70%) ```

Question 35

What is the Circle of Willis?

Answer 35

Communicating arteries between carotid and vertebral arteries to maintain supply following damage