Anatomy of Skeleton Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeleton?
- Give shape to the body
- Give protection to the vital organs/soft tissue
- Allows and controls movement
- Attachment for muscles
- Calcium storage
- Blood cell production (most for younger people)
What is the axial skeleton?
- Skull, vertical column, sternum and ribs (aka axis)
What is the appendicular skeleton?
- Upper and lower limbs and limb girdle’s
What are the terms used to describe ‘bumps’ in size order?
- Tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter
- Rough and serves as a point of attachment
What is the term used to describe a ‘groove’?
- Sulcus
- Smooth and where blood vessel, nerve or tendon lies next to the bone
What is the term used to describe a hole?
- Foramen
- Where blood vessel or nerve enters or leaves the bone
What is a fossa?
- Scooped out region of the bone
What is a joint?
- Where two or more bones meet (articulate) whether or not there is movement between them
What are the three types of joints?
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
What is a fibrous joint?
- Usually made up of collagen (tough) and has restricted movement (e.g. skull)
- Fibrous tissue
- Stable, restricted movement
What is a cartilaginous joint?
- Made up of fibres and cartilage (connective tissue), springy (e.g. vertebra)
What is a synovial joint?
- Produce synovial fluid for lubrication, allows movement (e.g. shoulder)
What are the two types of fibrous joint?
- Suture
- Syndesmosis
Describe a suture
Between flat bones, interdigitation visible (although it has been stitched)
Describe a syndesmosis
- Between long bones
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
- Primary- synchondrosis
- Secondary- symphysis
Describe a primary cartilaginous joint- synchondrosis
- Bones united by bendy hyaline cartilage
- Growth plate between developing bone, lays down cartilage that is replaced by bone
- Between ends of ribs and costal cartilages (springy)
Describe secondary cartilaginous joint- symphysis
- Surfaces of articulating bones lined by hyaline cartilage with a fibrocartilage disc/pas in between- limited movement
- Midline contains
- -> intervertebral discs
- -> Manubriosternal joint
- -> symphysis
Describe a synovial joint in detail
- Presence of a joint cavity which contains a small amount of synovial fluid
- This permits movement (e.g. flexion and extension)
- Fluid produced by synovial membrane that surrounds the joint
What is hyaline cartilage?
covers articulating surfaces
What is the name of the connective tissue that surrounds the joint?
Capsule
What is the the synovial membrane?
- Fragile substance that lines the capsule but doesn’t cover the hyaline cartilage
- Secretes very small amounts of synovial fluid
What is the stability of a joint dependent on?
- Shape and size of the articular surfaces
- The ligaments
- Tone of the muscles around the joint
What are the different classifications of synovial joints?
- Hinge
- Ellipsoid
- Ball and socket
- Plane
- Pivot
- Saddle
Describe a synovial hinge joint
- Movement in one plane (uni-axial
- Flexion and extension
- E.g. elbow
Describe a synovial ellipsoid joint
- Curved sections of an ovoid
- Movement in two planes (bi-axial)
- Flexion and extension
- Adduction and abduction
- Circumduction
- E.g. wrist
Describe a synovial ball-and-socket joint
- Solid sphere in spherical cup
- Movement in three planes (multi-axial)
- Flexion and extension
- Adduction and abduction
- Medial and lateral rotation
- Circumduction
- E.g. shoulder
Describe a synovial plane joint
- Surfaces are flattish, movement limited gliding
- E.g. articular processes of vertebrae
Describe a synovial pivot joint
- Peg rotating inside ring
- e.g. neck
Descrive a synovial saddle joint
- Surfaces shaped like a saddle
- Flexion and extension
- Adduction and abduction
E.g. thumb
