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ENT (EAR,NOSE,THROAT) > Anatomy of nose &nasal cavity > Flashcards

Anatomy of nose &nasal cavity Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What fraction of the external nose is bony?

A

Upper one-third.

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2
Q

What fraction of the external nose is cartilaginous?

A

Lower two-thirds.

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3
Q

What forms the bony part of the nose?

A

Two nasal bones.

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4
Q

What connects the nasal bones to the rest of the skull?

A

Frontal bones and frontal processes of maxillae.

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5
Q

What are the components of the cartilaginous part of the nose?

A

Upper lateral cartilages, lower lateral (alar) cartilages, lesser alar cartilages, and septal cartilage.

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6
Q

What do the upper lateral cartilages form intranasally?

A

Limen vestibule (nasal valve).

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7
Q

What is the function of the septal cartilage?

A

Supports the dorsum of the nose.

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8
Q

What covers the osteocartilaginous framework of the nose?

A

Nasal muscles.

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9
Q

What is rhinophyma?

A

Hypertrophy of sebaceous glands on the nose.

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10
Q

What is the vestibule of the nose?

A

Anterior, inferior part of the nasal cavity.

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11
Q

What marks the upper limit of the vestibule?

A

Limen nasi (nasal valve).

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12
Q

What forms the nasal valve?

A

Lower border of upper lateral cartilage, nasal septum, and pyriform aperture floor.

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13
Q

What does the nasal valve area regulate?

A

Airflow and resistance on inspiration.

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14
Q

Which structure opens into the inferior meatus below the inferior turbinate?

A

The nasolacrimal duct, guarded by Hasner’s valve.

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15
Q

What type of bone is the inferior turbinate?

A

It is a separate bone.

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16
Q

The middle turbinate is a part of which bone?

A

The ethmoid bone.

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17
Q

What is the bony lamella that attaches the middle turbinate to the lateral wall called?

A

Ground or basal lamella.

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18
Q

Describe the attachment of the middle turbinate’s basal lamella.

A

It is S-shaped: anterior third attaches to the cribriform plate (sagittal plane), middle third to the lamina papyracea (frontal plane), and posterior third forms the roof of the middle meatus attaching to lamina papyracea and medial wall of maxillary sinus.

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19
Q

How are the anterior and posterior groups of paranasal sinuses defined relative to the basal lamella?

A

Sinuses draining anterior to the basal lamella form the anterior group; those draining posterior and superior form the posterior group.

20
Q

What is the uncinate process?

A

A hook-like bony structure in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity running from anterosuperior to posteroinferior.

21
Q

What is the hiatus semilunaris (inferior)?

A

The gap between the posteriosuperior border of the uncinate process and the anterior border of the bulla ethmoidalis.

22
Q

Into which space does the natural ostium of the maxillary sinus open?

A

The infundibulum

23
Q

What is the infundibulum in the nasal cavity?

A

A space bounded medially by the uncinate process and laterally by the lamina papyracea.

24
Q

Where are accessory ostia of the maxillary sinus commonly found?

A

In the anterior or posterior fontanelle of the middle meatus.

25
Q

What is the bulla ethmoidalis?

A

An ethmoidal air cell located behind the uncinate process.

26
Q

What are the suprabullar and retrobullar recesses?

A

Spaces located above and behind the bulla ethmoidalis, respectively.

27
Q

What is the hiatus semilunaris superior?

A

A cleft-like space between the bulla ethmoidalis and the skull base opening into the middle meatus.

28
Q

Where is the atrium of the middle meatus located?

A

It is a shallow depression in front of the middle turbinate and above the nasal vestibule.

29
Q

What is the Bulla Ethmoidalis and its location?

A

The Bulla Ethmoidalis is an ethmoidal cell situated behind the uncinate process. Its anterior surface forms the posterior boundary of the hiatus semilunaris. It can be a pneumatized cell or a solid bony prominence.

30
Q

What are the suprabullar and retrobullar recesses?

A

These are spaces above and behind the bulla ethmoidalis. Together, they form the lateral sinus (sinus lateralis of Grunwald), which is bounded superiorly by the skull base, laterally by lamina papyracea, medially by the middle turbinate, and inferiorly by the bulla ethmoidalis.

31
Q

What is the Atrium of the Middle Meatus?

A

It is a shallow depression located in front of the middle turbinate and above the nasal vestibule.

32
Q

Describe the Agger Nasi.

A

The Agger Nasi is an elevation just anterior to the attachment of the middle turbinate. When pneumatized, it contains air cells (agger nasi cells) that communicate with the frontal recess. An enlarged agger nasi cell may obstruct the frontal sinus drainage.

33
Q

What is a concha bullosa?

A

It is an enlarged, ballooned-out middle turbinate due to pneumatization, which drains into the frontal recess directly or through agger nasi cells.

34
Q

What is the role of the Superior Turbinate?

A

The Superior Turbinate is a posterior and superior ethmoturbinal that can be pneumatized and helps identify the ostium of the sphenoid sinus, which lies medial to it.

35
Q

Where does the Sphenoid Sinus open?

A

The Sphenoid Sinus opens into the Sphenoethmoidal Recess, which is situated above the superior turbinate.

36
Q

What are Haller cells?

A

Haller cells are air cells situated in the roof of the maxillary sinus. They are pneumatized from anterior or posterior ethmoid cells and their enlargement can impede the draining of the maxillary sinus.

37
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

The floor is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla in its anterior three-fourths and the horizontal part of the palatine bone in its posterior one-fourth.

38
Q

What nerves supply the common sensation to the nose?

A

The common sensation is supplied by the anterior ethmoidal nerve, branches of the sphenopalatine ganglion, and branches of the infraorbital nerve.

39
Q

How does the lymphatic drainage of the nasal cavity work?

A

Lymphatics from the external nose and anterior part of the nasal cavity drain into submandibular lymph nodes. The rest of the nasal cavity drains into upper jugular nodes, either directly or through retropharyngeal nodes. Lymphatics of the upper part of the nasal cavity communicate with the subarachnoid space along the olfactory nerves.

40
Q

What is an Onodi cell?

A

A posterior ethmoidal cell that can grow near or superior to the sphenoid sinus.

41
Q

What do parasympathetic nerves in the nose do?

A

Control nasal gland secretion and vasodilation.

42
Q

What is the Supreme Turbinate?

A

Sometimes present above the superior turbinate.

43
Q

What does an enlarged Agger Nasi cause?

A

Mechanical obstruction to frontal sinus drainage.

44
Q

What forms the lateral sinus?

A

Suprabullar and retrobullar recesses.

45
Q

Where is the Bulla Ethmoidalis located?

A

Behind the uncinate process, forms the posterior boundary of the hiatus semilunaris.

ENT (EAR,NOSE,THROAT) (6 decks)

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