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ENT > anatomy of mouth and throat > Flashcards

anatomy of mouth and throat Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the larynx?

A

respiratory- Facilitate passage of air between the atmosphere and lungs

protective- Reduce the potential from aspiration of items into the airway

phonation- Generate vibrations in air to aid communication

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2
Q

what happens to the vocal fold during forced inspiration?

A

they abduct to allow passage of air

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3
Q

how is the protective function of the larynx achieved?

A

glottic clousre and cough reflex

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4
Q

how does larynx produce a sound (phonation)?

A
  • Controlled expiration helps build pressure
  • Once subglottal pressure threshold is reached then air crosses vocal cords causing vibration
  • Length/tension of vocal cords dictates pitch of sound produced by vibration of the cords
  • Degree of opening and the shape of the rima glottidis also important
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5
Q

what muscles tense the vocal ligament?

A

cricothyroid muscles
increases pitch

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6
Q

what muscles relax the vocal ligament?

A

thyroarytenoid muscles
decrease pitch

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7
Q

what muscles open the rima glottidis in forced respiration by contracting the vocal folds?

A

posterior crico-arytenoids

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8
Q

what muscles contract the rima glottidis into a thin slit for phonation?

A

arytenoids (assist lateral crico-arytenoids)

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9
Q

what happens when the lateral crico-arytenoids contract to produce a whisper?

A

vocal folds fully closed with small posterior opening to allow passage of air

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10
Q

what nerve supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid?

A

inferior laryngeal nerve

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11
Q

what nerve supplies the cricothyroid?

A

an external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

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12
Q

where do supra-glottic tumours drain into?

A

superior deep cervical nodes

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13
Q

where do sub-glottic tumours spread to?

A

paratracheal nodes
present with voice/airway obstruction

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14
Q

how is sound articulation done?

A
  • Soft palate tenses (CN V3) and elevates (CN X) to close off entrance into nasopharynx
  • Directs stream of air through oral cavity
  • Sound interrupted by the tongue (CN XII) and the teeth/lips (CN VII) to produce most vowels and consonants in English language
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15
Q

what are the 3 phases of swallowing?

A

oral phase (voluntary)
pharyngeal phase (involuntary)
oesophageal phase (involuntary

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16
Q

what happens in the oral phase of swallowing?

A

mastication (done by CN V3)
bolus manipulation (done by CN X and XII)
labial seal (done by CN VII)

17
Q

what happens in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A

hyolaryngeal elevation
sequential constrictor contraction

18
Q

what happens in the oesophageal phase of swallowing?

A

relaxation of the upper oesophageal sphincter

19
Q

what muscle creates a labial seal?

A

orbicularis oris

20
Q

what muscle tightens the cheek?

A

buccinator

21
Q

what happens in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A
  • Elevation of soft palate
    Seals off nasopharynx from oropharynx
  • Posterior pressure from tongue
    Seals off laryngeal aditus with help from epiglottis
  • Hyolaryngeal elevation
    Protects airway
    Opens upper oesophageal sphincter
  • Pharyngeal constrictor contraction
22
Q

what muscles move the hyoid bone superiorly and anteriorly?

A

suprahopid and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles

23
Q

what muscle causes relaxation of the upper oesophageal sphincter?

A

cricopharyngeus

24
Q

how long does the oesophageal phase of swallowing last?

A

8-20 seconds

25
Q

what nerves from the pharyngeal plexus?

A

CN IX and X (glossopharyngeal and vagus)

26
Q

what is the innervation of the tensor veli palatini?

A

CN V3 (mandibular)

27
Q

what does the pharyngeal plexus innervate?

A

muscles of the soft palate and pharynx except for tensor veli palatini

28
Q

describe the sensory component of the gag reflex

A

Stimuli presented to the posterior 1/3 of tongue, palatine tonsils or wall of oropharynx (also nasopharynx and auditory tube/middle ear)
All innervated by the CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

29
Q

describe the motor component of the gag reflex

A

Close off nasopharynx and contraction of pharyngeal muscles.
Muscles involved include:
- Constrictors of pharynx (CN X)
- Longitudinal muscles of pharynx (CN IX and X)
- Tongue (CN XII) and soft palate (CN X and CN V3)

30
Q

what muscle adducts vocal cords?

A

lateral cricoarytenoids

31
Q

what does the lingual nerve branch from

A

CN V3 (mandibular)
- provides general sensation to ant 2/3 of tongue

32
Q

what is the diagnosis for a nodule that moves on tongue protrusion?

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

33
Q

how many branches in the neck does the internal carotid have?

A

0

34
Q

what nerve passes through the foramen ovale?

A

CN V3 (mandibular)

35
Q

what muscle abducts the vocal cords?

A

posterior cricoarytenoid

ENT (16 decks)

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