Anatomy of lower limb Flashcards
What are the three functions of the lower limb?
Support body weight
locomotion
maintain balance
What are the six regions of the lower limb
Gluteal Femoral (thigh) Knee Leg Ankle Foot
What are the two muscle groups in the gluteal region?
Superficial and deep muscle group
What is in the superficial muscle group?
Gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia latae
Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh
What is the superficial muscle group innervated by?
Gluteal nerves
What is the gluteus Maximus innervated by?
inferior gluteal
What is the gluteus radius, gluteus minimum and the tensor fascia latae innervated by?
superior gluteal
What is trendelenburg’s gait
Abnormal walk caused by weakness of the gluteus medium/ gluteus minimus
What are the actions of the superficial muscle group?
extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh
What is included in the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?
Piriformis
obturator internus
gemelli
quadratus femoris
What are the actions of the deep muscle group?
Lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers
What is the deep muscle group supplied by?
nerves from sacral plexus
What do nerves enter/exit the pelvis and perineum via
greater and lesser sciatic foramen
the _ sciatic foramen acts as a passageway for structures of the pelvis
greater
the _ sciatic foramen acts as a passageway for structures of the pelvis
lesser
The greater/lesser sciatic foramen are _ , the ligaments form a hole to make them _
Notches
Foramens
Which section of the butt should you inject into and why?
into the upper lateral section ( no nerves or vessels in this area that you could be damaging)
What is the largest nerve in the body?
Sciatic
What are the two divisions of the sciatic nerve?
Tibial –>larger, medial
Common fibular–>smaller, lateral
What is pudendal the principle nerve to?
perineum
The sciatic arises from which nerves?
L4-S3
The pudendal arises from which spinal nerves?
S2-S4
The posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh arises from which nerves?
S1-S3
What does the sciatic nerve innervate?
posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscles and most of the skin
What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh innervate?
skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh
The sciatic nerve usually exits _ to piriformis
inferior
What is the most lateral structure leaving the greater sciatic foramen?
sciatic nerve
What supplies the sciatic nerve
the artery to the sciatic nerve
What does the sciatic nerve supply in the gluteal region
TRICK-nothing. Medicine is hard- have a cookie
What is the longest muscle in the body?
Sartorius
What is the superior boundary of the femoral triangle
inguinal ligament
What is the medial border of the femoral triangle
lateral border of the adductor longus
What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
medial border of the sartorius
What is the floor of the femoral triangle?
iliopoas and pectineus
What is the roof of the femoral triangle
deep fascia (fascia lata)
What is the acronym to remember what is contained within the femoral triangle
NAVY femoral Nerve femoral Artery fermoral Vein Lymphatics
Name one thing that is not in the femoral sheath ( that you might expect to be)
Femoral nerve
What is bigger - tibia or fibula
tibia ( think of tit)
What does fascia create in the legs
enclosed space-muscle compartments
What is compartment syndrome?
Increased pressure caused by swelling of tissue or increase in fluid (bleeding) which affects the function of the muscles and nerves in the compartment
What is done to treat compartment syndrome?
fasciotomy
Name the three compartments of the thigh
Anterior, medial and posterior
Name the three compartments of the leg
Anterior, posterior and lateral
Muscles within each compartment have generally _ actions and generally the _ nerve supply
similar
same
In the anterior compartment of the thigh what are the flexors?
pectineus, iliopsoas, sartorius
In the anterior compartment of the leg what are the extensors?
Quadriceps femoris (p.s. Keep going- you’re doing great)
What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh and what is the exception?
All femoral nerve (L2,L3,L4)
with the exception of the psoas major (L1,2,3)
What are the adductors is the medial compartment of the thigh?
Adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus gracillis obturator externus (These questions are horrible- go grab yourself a cup of tea)
What nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thigh
obturator nerve (L2,3,4)
What nerve supplies the hamstring part of the adductor Magnus?
tibial nerve
What do the muscles contained within the posterior compartment of the thigh do?
Extensors of thigh and flexors of leg
What supplies the posterior compartments of the thigh
all tibial divisions of sciatic nerve (L5,S1,S2)
What is the short head biceps femurs supplied by?
common fibular division of sciatic
What actions is the anterior compartment of the leg responsible for
dorsiflexors of ankle and extensors of toes
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
fibularis tertius
What actions has the lateral compartment of the leg?
Every foot and weakly plantar flex ankle
What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis longus
fibulas brevis
What supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?
all superficial fibular nerve (L5,S1,S2)
What does the common fibular nerve split into and what do these go on to supply?
Deep nerve–> supplies anterior compartment
superficial nerve –> Suplies lateral compartment
What 2 groups are contained within the posterior compartment of the leg and what are their roles
superficial group- plantar flexors of ankle
deep group- flexors of toes and plantar flexors of ankle
What are both groups contained within the posterior compartment of the leg supplied by
Tibial nerve
What muscles are in the superficial group in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
What muscles are in the deep group in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus(flexes big toe)
flexor digitorum longus( flexes your digits)
tibialis posterior
What are the ball and socket in the hip joint?
Ball- head of femur
Socket- acetabulum of hip
TRUE/FLASE
The hip joint is biaxial
false- it is multiaxial flexion-extension abduction-adduction medial-lateral rotation circumduction
What is the most common fracture?
Neck of femur
Iliofemoral and ischiofemoral- which is more anterior
Illiofemoral
What does ligament teres do?
carries arteries to the head of the femur. Therefore if you have a fracture to the neck you can damage the arterial supply to the femur
What 3 ligaments are involved in the hip joint
illiofemoral
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral
Thick part of fibrous layer of joint capsule forms…
Ligaments
From which artery do the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries usually arise?
deep femoral artery
What arteries do the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries give off?
Retinacular arteries
How many articulations does the knee joint have?
3
2 x femerotibial (left and right)
1 x femeopatellar
What is the main movement of the knee
Flexion-extension
Joints are strengthened by _
ligaments
What are the extra capsular ligaments?
Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
Medial (tibial) collateral ligament
What are the intra-articular ligaments?
anterior cruciate (ACL) posterior cruciate(PCL)
Menisci?
a present shaped piece of fibrocartilage where two bones meet- in the knee there is a medial and lateral menisci
Joint integrity can be assessed using…
Drawer signs
The popliteal fossa is __ to the knee
posterior ( literally so close to the end- keep going)
What is the superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?
biceps femoris
What is the roof of the popliteal fossa
popliteal fascia
What is the superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa?
Semimembranosus
What is the inferior boundary of the popliteal fossa?
gastrocnemius
Where is the terminal for the small saphenous vein?
popliteal fossa
What is contained within the popliteal fossa?
Lots of fat
Terminal small saphenous vein
popliteal vessels
tibial and common fibular nerves
What is the calceneal tendon also known as
achilles tendon
What two tendons come together to form the calcanea tendon?
tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus
Where does the calcanea tendon attach?
Calcanea tuberosity of the calcaneus
What does the “ankle jerk reflex” test?
s1,s2 nerve roots -normal result is plantar flexion
What do superficial lymphatics follow?
saphenous veins
Where do superficial lymphatics drain
to superficial lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes
What do deep lymphatics follow?
deep veins
What do deep lymphatics drain into?
deep inguinal lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes
What lymphatics run from external to common iliac
lumbar lymphatics
YAAAAAY you finished
lol go check the weird nerve sheet
