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MSK > Anatomy of lower limb > Flashcards

Anatomy of lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three functions of the lower limb?

A

Support body weight
locomotion
maintain balance

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2
Q

What are the six regions of the lower limb

A 
Gluteal
Femoral (thigh)
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot
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3
Q

What are the two muscle groups in the gluteal region?

A

Superficial and deep muscle group

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4
Q

What is in the superficial muscle group?

A

Gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia latae

Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

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5
Q

What is the superficial muscle group innervated by?

A

Gluteal nerves

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6
Q

What is the gluteus Maximus innervated by?

A

inferior gluteal

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7
Q

What is the gluteus radius, gluteus minimum and the tensor fascia latae innervated by?

A

superior gluteal

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8
Q

What is trendelenburg’s gait

A

Abnormal walk caused by weakness of the gluteus medium/ gluteus minimus

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9
Q

What are the actions of the superficial muscle group?

A

extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

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10
Q

What is included in the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?

A

Piriformis
obturator internus
gemelli
quadratus femoris

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11
Q

What are the actions of the deep muscle group?

A

Lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers

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12
Q

What is the deep muscle group supplied by?

A

nerves from sacral plexus

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13
Q

What do nerves enter/exit the pelvis and perineum via

A

greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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14
Q

the _ sciatic foramen acts as a passageway for structures of the pelvis

A

greater

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15
Q

the _ sciatic foramen acts as a passageway for structures of the pelvis

A

lesser

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16
Q

The greater/lesser sciatic foramen are _ , the ligaments form a hole to make them _

A

Notches

Foramens

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17
Q

Which section of the butt should you inject into and why?

A

into the upper lateral section ( no nerves or vessels in this area that you could be damaging)

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18
Q

What is the largest nerve in the body?

A

Sciatic

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19
Q

What are the two divisions of the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial –>larger, medial

Common fibular–>smaller, lateral

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20
Q

What is pudendal the principle nerve to?

A

perineum

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21
Q

The sciatic arises from which nerves?

A

L4-S3

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22
Q

The pudendal arises from which spinal nerves?

A

S2-S4

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23
Q

The posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh arises from which nerves?

A

S1-S3

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24
Q

What does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscles and most of the skin

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25
Q

What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh innervate?

A

skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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26
Q

The sciatic nerve usually exits _ to piriformis

A

inferior

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27
Q

What is the most lateral structure leaving the greater sciatic foramen?

A

sciatic nerve

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28
Q

What supplies the sciatic nerve

A

the artery to the sciatic nerve

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29
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply in the gluteal region

A

TRICK-nothing. Medicine is hard- have a cookie

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30
Q

What is the longest muscle in the body?

A

Sartorius

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31
Q

What is the superior boundary of the femoral triangle

A

inguinal ligament

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32
Q

What is the medial border of the femoral triangle

A

lateral border of the adductor longus

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33
Q

What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A

medial border of the sartorius

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34
Q

What is the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

iliopoas and pectineus

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35
Q

What is the roof of the femoral triangle

A

deep fascia (fascia lata)

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36
Q

What is the acronym to remember what is contained within the femoral triangle

A 
NAVY
femoral Nerve
femoral Artery
fermoral Vein
Lymphatics
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37
Q

Name one thing that is not in the femoral sheath ( that you might expect to be)

A

Femoral nerve

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38
Q

What is bigger - tibia or fibula

A

tibia ( think of tit)

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39
Q

What does fascia create in the legs

A

enclosed space-muscle compartments

40
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Increased pressure caused by swelling of tissue or increase in fluid (bleeding) which affects the function of the muscles and nerves in the compartment

41
Q

What is done to treat compartment syndrome?

A

fasciotomy

42
Q

Name the three compartments of the thigh

A

Anterior, medial and posterior

43
Q

Name the three compartments of the leg

A

Anterior, posterior and lateral

44
Q

Muscles within each compartment have generally _ actions and generally the _ nerve supply

A

similar

same

45
Q

In the anterior compartment of the thigh what are the flexors?

A

pectineus, iliopsoas, sartorius

46
Q

In the anterior compartment of the leg what are the extensors?

A

Quadriceps femoris (p.s. Keep going- you’re doing great)

47
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh and what is the exception?

A

All femoral nerve (L2,L3,L4)

with the exception of the psoas major (L1,2,3)

48
Q

What are the adductors is the medial compartment of the thigh?

A 
Adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
gracillis
obturator externus
(These questions are horrible- go grab yourself a cup of tea)
49
Q

What nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thigh

A

obturator nerve (L2,3,4)

50
Q

What nerve supplies the hamstring part of the adductor Magnus?

A

tibial nerve

51
Q

What do the muscles contained within the posterior compartment of the thigh do?

A

Extensors of thigh and flexors of leg

52
Q

What supplies the posterior compartments of the thigh

A

all tibial divisions of sciatic nerve (L5,S1,S2)

53
Q

What is the short head biceps femurs supplied by?

A

common fibular division of sciatic

54
Q

What actions is the anterior compartment of the leg responsible for

A

dorsiflexors of ankle and extensors of toes

55
Q

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
fibularis tertius

56
Q

What actions has the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Every foot and weakly plantar flex ankle

57
Q

What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibularis longus

fibulas brevis

58
Q

What supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

all superficial fibular nerve (L5,S1,S2)

59
Q

What does the common fibular nerve split into and what do these go on to supply?

A

Deep nerve–> supplies anterior compartment

superficial nerve –> Suplies lateral compartment

60
Q

What 2 groups are contained within the posterior compartment of the leg and what are their roles

A

superficial group- plantar flexors of ankle

deep group- flexors of toes and plantar flexors of ankle

61
Q

What are both groups contained within the posterior compartment of the leg supplied by

A

Tibial nerve

62
Q

What muscles are in the superficial group in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

63
Q

What muscles are in the deep group in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus(flexes big toe)
flexor digitorum longus( flexes your digits)
tibialis posterior

64
Q

What are the ball and socket in the hip joint?

A

Ball- head of femur

Socket- acetabulum of hip

65
Q

TRUE/FLASE

The hip joint is biaxial

A 
false- it is multiaxial
flexion-extension
abduction-adduction
medial-lateral rotation
circumduction
66
Q

What is the most common fracture?

A

Neck of femur

67
Q

Iliofemoral and ischiofemoral- which is more anterior

A

Illiofemoral

68
Q

What does ligament teres do?

A

carries arteries to the head of the femur. Therefore if you have a fracture to the neck you can damage the arterial supply to the femur

69
Q

What 3 ligaments are involved in the hip joint

A

illiofemoral
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral

70
Q

Thick part of fibrous layer of joint capsule forms…

A

Ligaments

71
Q

From which artery do the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries usually arise?

A

deep femoral artery

72
Q

What arteries do the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries give off?

A

Retinacular arteries

73
Q

How many articulations does the knee joint have?

A

3
2 x femerotibial (left and right)
1 x femeopatellar

74
Q

What is the main movement of the knee

A

Flexion-extension

75
Q

Joints are strengthened by _

A

ligaments

76
Q

What are the extra capsular ligaments?

A

Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament

Medial (tibial) collateral ligament

77
Q

What are the intra-articular ligaments?

A 
anterior cruciate (ACL)
posterior cruciate(PCL)
78
Q

Menisci?

A

a present shaped piece of fibrocartilage where two bones meet- in the knee there is a medial and lateral menisci

79
Q

Joint integrity can be assessed using…

A

Drawer signs

80
Q

The popliteal fossa is __ to the knee

A

posterior ( literally so close to the end- keep going)

81
Q

What is the superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

biceps femoris

82
Q

What is the roof of the popliteal fossa

A

popliteal fascia

83
Q

What is the superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus

84
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

gastrocnemius

85
Q

Where is the terminal for the small saphenous vein?

A

popliteal fossa

86
Q

What is contained within the popliteal fossa?

A

Lots of fat
Terminal small saphenous vein
popliteal vessels
tibial and common fibular nerves

87
Q

What is the calceneal tendon also known as

A

achilles tendon

88
Q

What two tendons come together to form the calcanea tendon?

A

tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus

89
Q

Where does the calcanea tendon attach?

A

Calcanea tuberosity of the calcaneus

90
Q

What does the “ankle jerk reflex” test?

A

s1,s2 nerve roots -normal result is plantar flexion

91
Q

What do superficial lymphatics follow?

A

saphenous veins

92
Q

Where do superficial lymphatics drain

A

to superficial lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes

93
Q

What do deep lymphatics follow?

A

deep veins

94
Q

What do deep lymphatics drain into?

A

deep inguinal lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes

95
Q

What lymphatics run from external to common iliac

A

lumbar lymphatics

96
Q

YAAAAAY you finished

A

lol go check the weird nerve sheet

MSK (11 decks)

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