anatomy of foot and ankle: muscles, nerves and blood vessels- no muscles see spring unit 1 for muscles

Question 1

where is the midline of the foot?

Answer 1

an imaginary sagittal line passing through the middle of the calcaneal tuberosity and second digit

Question 2

recap arches:

Answer 2

they add weight bearing capabilities by distributing the load and resiliency to the foot. they provide an “elasticity” and absorb shock when and then “spring back” when weight is removed aiding in forward propulsion

Question 3

which is the highest and most important arch?

Answer 3

the medial arch

Question 4

what is plantar aponerurosis?

Answer 4

a superficial thick central part of the plantar fascia continuous with the deep fascia of the leg (crural fascia)

Question 5

where does the plantar aponeurosis extend?

Answer 5

from the calcaneus to each digit enclosing their flexor tendons

Question 6

what are the functional roles of the plantar aponeurosis?

Answer 6

aid in holding the foot together, protect the plantar structures, and support the longitudinal arches

Question 7

what is plantar fasciitis?

Answer 7

strain and inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis from traumatic overuse, especially with inappropriate footwear. pain results on the plantar surface of the heel and medial aspect of the foot with tenderness on the medial tubercle of the calcaneus passive DF of big toe increases pain

Question 8

what is the primary function of all the intrinsic muscles of the plantar surface of the foot?

Answer 8

to resist flattening or help to maintain the arches of the foot

Question 9

what is found in layer 1 of the plantar surface of the foot?

Answer 9

abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digitorum brevis

Question 10

what is found in layer 2 of the plantar surface of the foot?

Answer 10

quadratus plantae, lumbricals, flexor digitorum longus tendon, flexor hallicus longus tendon

Question 11

what is hallux valgus?

Answer 11

the great toe is deviated laterally in this deformity biomechanical factors cause it (excessive pronation)- exacerbated by footwear. the first metatarsal shifts medially while the sesamoid bones associated with it shift laterally

Question 12

what is found in layer 3 of the plantar surface of the foot?

Answer 12

flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi

Question 13

what is found in layer 4 of the plantar surface of the foot?

Answer 13

3 PADs
4 DABs

Question 14

what does the superficial fibular nerve do?

Answer 14

provides cutaneous sensation to the majority of the dorsal surface of the foot.

Question 15

where does the superficial fibular nerve emerge?

Answer 15

from the lateral compartment after innervating muscles there

Question 16

what does the deep fibular nerve do?

Answer 16

travels deep and only provides cutaneous supply to the skin between the 1st-2nd digits

Question 17

where is the tibial nerve?

Answer 17

in the posterior leg and divides posterior to the medial malleolus into the medial and lateral plantar nerves

Question 18

what does the medial plantar nerve supply?

Answer 18

cutaneous innervation to the medial 3 and 1/2 digits on the plantar surface of the foot

Question 19

what does the lateral plantar nerve supply?

Answer 19

cutaneous innervation to the lateral 1 and 1/2 digits on the plantar surface of the foot

Question 20

what provides the major blood supply to the toes?

Answer 20

anterior tibial artery distribution

Question 21

what does the arcuate artery branch from?

Answer 21

the dorsal pedis artery

Question 22

what is the deep plantar artery?

Answer 22

a terminal branch of the dorsalis pedis artery that travels deep between the 1st and 2nd metatarsals to give rise to the plantar arterial arch

Question 23

what are 2 terminal branches of the dorsalis pedis artery?

Answer 23

deep plantar and 1st metatarsal artery

Question 24

what is the dorsal pedal pulse?

Answer 24

from the posterior tibial/ dorsalis pedis artery. just lateral to the tendon of EHL. pulse is felt posterior to the medial malleolus and anterior to the medial border of the calcaneal tendon

Question 25

what does a diminished dorsal pedal pulse indicate?

Answer 25

peripheral arterial disease

Question 26

the plantar arterial arch represents what?

Answer 26

an anastomosis between the lateral and medial plantar artery