anatomy of foot and ankle: muscles, nerves and blood vessels- no muscles see spring unit 1 for muscles Flashcards
where is the midline of the foot?
an imaginary sagittal line passing through the middle of the calcaneal tuberosity and second digit
recap arches:
they add weight bearing capabilities by distributing the load and resiliency to the foot. they provide an “elasticity” and absorb shock when and then “spring back” when weight is removed aiding in forward propulsion
which is the highest and most important arch?
the medial arch
what is plantar aponerurosis?
a superficial thick central part of the plantar fascia continuous with the deep fascia of the leg (crural fascia)
where does the plantar aponeurosis extend?
from the calcaneus to each digit enclosing their flexor tendons
what are the functional roles of the plantar aponeurosis?
aid in holding the foot together, protect the plantar structures, and support the longitudinal arches
what is plantar fasciitis?
strain and inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis from traumatic overuse, especially with inappropriate footwear. pain results on the plantar surface of the heel and medial aspect of the foot with tenderness on the medial tubercle of the calcaneus passive DF of big toe increases pain
what is the primary function of all the intrinsic muscles of the plantar surface of the foot?
to resist flattening or help to maintain the arches of the foot
what is found in layer 1 of the plantar surface of the foot?
abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digitorum brevis
what is found in layer 2 of the plantar surface of the foot?
quadratus plantae, lumbricals, flexor digitorum longus tendon, flexor hallicus longus tendon
what is hallux valgus?
the great toe is deviated laterally in this deformity biomechanical factors cause it (excessive pronation)- exacerbated by footwear. the first metatarsal shifts medially while the sesamoid bones associated with it shift laterally
what is found in layer 3 of the plantar surface of the foot?
flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi
what is found in layer 4 of the plantar surface of the foot?
3 PADs
4 DABs
what does the superficial fibular nerve do?
provides cutaneous sensation to the majority of the dorsal surface of the foot.
where does the superficial fibular nerve emerge?
from the lateral compartment after innervating muscles there
what does the deep fibular nerve do?
travels deep and only provides cutaneous supply to the skin between the 1st-2nd digits
where is the tibial nerve?
in the posterior leg and divides posterior to the medial malleolus into the medial and lateral plantar nerves
what does the medial plantar nerve supply?
cutaneous innervation to the medial 3 and 1/2 digits on the plantar surface of the foot
what does the lateral plantar nerve supply?
cutaneous innervation to the lateral 1 and 1/2 digits on the plantar surface of the foot
what provides the major blood supply to the toes?
anterior tibial artery distribution
what does the arcuate artery branch from?
the dorsal pedis artery
what is the deep plantar artery?
a terminal branch of the dorsalis pedis artery that travels deep between the 1st and 2nd metatarsals to give rise to the plantar arterial arch
what are 2 terminal branches of the dorsalis pedis artery?
deep plantar and 1st metatarsal artery
what is the dorsal pedal pulse?
from the posterior tibial/ dorsalis pedis artery. just lateral to the tendon of EHL. pulse is felt posterior to the medial malleolus and anterior to the medial border of the calcaneal tendon
