Anatomy of a Cell Flashcards
Two types of cells?
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Which cell type contains a Cytoskeleton?
Eukaryotes
What is the Surface Area: Volume Ratio for each cell type?
Eukaryotes- Small surface area to volume ratio
Prokaryotes- Large Surface Area to volume ratio
Which type of cell has more intracellular membrane structures?
Eukaryotes- as large volume
What is the Plasmalemma?
- Type of cell membrane
- Contains lipids and proteins
- Separates Cytoplasm and Extracellular environment
- Selectively permeable
- Ions Impermeable
Why can the Plasmalemma change shape easily?
-It’s a fluid
Name the Intracellular Components found inside Eukaryotes.
- RER
- SER
- Mitochondria
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Nucleus
Function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
-Forms a network of connecting membrane compartments
Smooth ER- Lacks ribosomes- Lipid Synthesis (no ribosomes)
Rough ER- Budded with Ribosomes- Protein Synthesis
Function of the mitochondria?
Site of aerobic respiration-ATP produced
-Forms Cristae (location of Electron-Chain Reaction)
Function of the Golgi apparatus?
- Post-Translational Modification
- Made of flattened membrane discs
Function of Lysosomes?
-Contain Hydrolytic Enzymes to break up/digest molecules
Function of Nucleus?
- Enclosed by a nuclear envelope and has nuclear pores
- Contains DNA
- Controls the cell
- DNA Transcription occurs here
What are ‘Inclusions?’
- Non-membrane bound organelles
- Contain nutrients, pigment molecules and Secretory products
What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?
- Provides structural support to the cell
- Maintained by cytoskeletal proteins
- Inside membrane
Name the X3 Layers that make up the Cytoskeleton
1) Microfilaments
2) Intermediate Filaments
3) Microtubules
What are Microfilaments and their function?
- Composed of the protein Actin
- Polymerise and Depolymerise
What are the Intermediate Filaments and their function?
- Composed of X6 proteins
- Combine intracellular elements together
What are Microtubules?
- Composed of X2 Tubulin proteins
- Radiate from the MTOC
- Can form spindle fibres
What are the two types of Actin?
Globular and Filamentous
Name the two proteins that are associated with Microtubules
Kinesin and Dyesin
Function of Ribosomes?
- Protein Syntheis
- Made of proteins and tRNA
What is the role of Intracellular Junctions?
-Links individual cells together to form a functional unit-Tissue
Name X3 types of Intracellular Junctions
-Occluding
-Anchoring
-Communication
(ACO)
Function of Occluding Junctions?
-Diffusion Barrier
What is the other X2 names for Occluding Junctions?
- Tight Junctions
- Zonula Occludens
Function of anchoring junctions?
- Provides mechanical stability (like an anchor..)
- LINK adjacent cells
What is the other name for anchoring junctions?
-Zonula Adherens
Function of Communicating junctions?
-Selective diffusion between cells
What is the other name for Communicating Junctions?
-Gap Junctions
What is Endocytosis?
- Process when membrane ‘Invaginates’-turns inside out
- Outside material is brought inside the cell
What is Pinocytosis?
-Fluid form of Endocytosis
What is Phagocytosis?
- Phagocyte engulfs pathogen
- Contains lysosomes- contain digestive enzymes to break up pathogen
What is a Phagosome?
Vesicle forms around engulfed pathogen
What is a Phagolysosome?
Phagosome + Lysosome
