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SLP Praxis > Anatomy, neuroanatomy, and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism > Flashcards

Anatomy, neuroanatomy, and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism Flashcards

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1
Q

When oxygen is needed, what part of the brain fires impulses to the respiratory muscles?

A

Medulla Oblongata.

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2
Q

Framework of Respiration

A

inhalation –> chest and lungs expand –> diaphragm lowers –> air flows thru nose and mouth –> air goes down pharynx thru the open vocal folds –> air continues down to trachea and bronchial tubes –> air gets to lungs

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3
Q

When respiratory system is at rest, how much are the lungs inflated?

A

40%

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4
Q

which lung is shorter, broader and bigger?

A

the right lung

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5
Q

What are the three structures that are key to adequate respiration?

A

Lungs: this is where the exchange of gas is accomplished

Bronchi: these are tubes that extend from trachea into lungs, communicate with alveoli that open to tiny air sacks in the lungs

trachea: as person inhales-air goes through larynx to the trachea to the lungs which expand. when exhale, air goes upward through trachea-cartilage rings.connects larynx to the bronchi

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6
Q

internal intercostals

A

pull ribs down to to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation

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7
Q

external intercostals

A

raise the ribs up and out for inhalation

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8
Q

3 biological functions of the larynx

A
  1. cough
  2. close trachea so food doesn’t enter the lungs.
  3. Adduct VFs to build up pressure for lifting
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9
Q

what are the Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A 
thyroarytenoid
lateral cricoarytenoid 
transverse aryetenoid 
oblique arytenoid 
cricothyroid 
posterior cricoarytenoid
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10
Q

What muscle makes up the vocal folds

A

vocalic muscle

thyroarytenoid

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11
Q

which muscle lengthens and tenses the vocal folds?

A

cricothyroid

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12
Q

Which muscle increases medial compression of the vocal folds?

A

lateral cricoarytenoid

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13
Q

What muscle increases pitch?

A

cricothyroid

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14
Q

What is the only abductor of the vocal folds?

A

posterior cricothyroid

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15
Q

what are the adductor muscles of the vocal folds

A

lateral cricoarytenoid
transverse arytenoid
oblique arytenoid

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16
Q

which muscles depress the larynx?

A 
(4)
thyrohyoid
omohyoid
sternothyroid
sternohyoid
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17
Q

what muscles elevate the larynx?

A 
(6)
digastric
geniohyoid
mylohyoid
stylohyoid
hyoglossus
genioglossus
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18
Q

What are the three Layers of the vocal folds?

A
  1. epithelium
  2. Lamina propia
  3. Vocalic muscle -thyroarytenoid - body
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19
Q

what are the three layers of the lamina propia

A
  1. superficial
  2. intermediate
  3. deep lamina propia
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20
Q

What is the cover?

A

the cover is the epithelium and the superficial layer and much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propia

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21
Q

What is the body of the vocal fold

A

the remainder of the intermediate layer , the deep layer and the thyroarytenoid muscle

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22
Q

What is the cover body theory of phonation

A

the cover vibrates while the body is stationary

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23
Q

what is composed of a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoids to the larynx

A

aryepiglottic folds

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24
Q

What are the functions of the aryepiglottic folds

A

they seperate the larngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway

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25
Q

what folds usually compress during coughing or heavy lifting?

A

ventricular, false folds

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26
Q

What is the myoelastic- aerodynamic theory

A

the vocal folds vibrate due to the forces and pressure of the air and the elasticity of the vocal folds
Myoelasticity: once the VF have been forced apart, they begin to recoil back to midline, due to their natural elasticity. (elastic recoil- similar to the lung-thorax unit)

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27
Q

bernouli effect

A

air travels towards less pressure

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28
Q

what direction does the mucosal wave travel

A

back to front

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29
Q

The primary cortical areas involved in speech-motor control

A

primary motor cortex
brocas area
somatosensory cortex
supplementary motor cortex

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30
Q

function of the cerebellum

A

regulates motor movement

coordination

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31
Q

what branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervated he cricothyroid muscle?

A

the external branch of the SLN

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32
Q

what are the 3 branches of the Vagus nerve

A

superior laryngeal
recurrent laryngeal
pharyngeal

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33
Q

What happens if there is damage to the superior laryngeal branch?

A

difficulties managing the pitch

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34
Q

What happens if there is damage to the recurrent laryngeal branch?

A

paralysis of the vocal folds

35
Q

What happens if there is damage to the pharyngeal

A

hypernasality

36
Q

what branch innervates the cricothyroid?

A

superior laryngeal

37
Q

what branch innervates all intrinsic muscles of the larynx beside the cricothyroid?

A

recurrent laryngeal branch

38
Q

What are the resonators that modify laryngeal tone?

A

pharynx
nasal cavity
oral cavity

39
Q

What are the muscles needed for velopharyngeal closure.?

A

Tensor veli palatini.
Levator veli palatini.

Palatoglossus.
Palatopharyngeus.

40
Q

what is the primary elevator of the velum?

A

levator veli palatini

41
Q

what tenses the velum and dilates the eustachian tube?

A

tensor veli palatini

42
Q

What are the two functions of the muscles of the mouth?

A
  1. chewing food

2. opening and closing mouth

43
Q

What is the primary muscle of the lips?

A

orbicularis oris muscle

44
Q

What muscle are the cheeks primarily made of?

A

buccinator

45
Q

What nerves primarily supplies the facial muscles

A

buccal branches and mandibular marginal branch of the facial nerve (VII)

46
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

shorten and turn up

47
Q

what do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

bulk tongue, depress, down and retract

48
Q

What are the cranial nerves most associated with articulation?

A 
trigeminal V
facial VII
Vagus X
Spinal accessory VI 
hypoglossal VII
49
Q

pneumonic for remembering the cranial nerves

A

On Old Olympus’ Towering Top, A Finn and German Viewed Some Hops

50
Q

What cranial nerve functions as sensory for the face and motor for the jaw?

A

Trgeminal V

51
Q

Taste sensation to anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

Facial VII

52
Q

If damage to this nerve theres a mask like facial expression

A

Facial VII

53
Q

Nerve primarily for balance and equilibrium

A

Acoustic VIII

54
Q

Lesions on this nerve create difficulty in swallowing, unilateral loss of the gag reflex, and loss of taste in the posterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal IX

55
Q

Lesions to this nerve can result in tongue paralysis, diminished intelligibility and swallowing problems.

A

Hypoglossol XII

56
Q

What are the three key structures of the brain stem

A

midbrain, pons and the medulla

57
Q

contains descending motor fibers and is involved with hearing and balance. houses the nuclei for the trigeminal V and facial nerve VII

A

The Pons

58
Q

most important part of the brainstem for speech production

A

the medulla

59
Q

pyramidal tracts start here

A

the medulla

60
Q

lesions here, result in unusual body posture, dysarthria, changes in body tone, and dyskinesias that interfere with a persons ability to walk, speak and many other activities

A

Basal Ganglia

61
Q

damage to this part of the brain causes ataxia

A

cerebellum

62
Q

Area around this fissure are critical in speech language and hearing

A

sylvian fissure

63
Q

What lobe is important in planning, executing and attention

A

the frontal lobe

64
Q

which lobe is important in perception and processing of visual, tactile and proprioceptive inso

A

parietal lobe

think right hemisphere disorder

65
Q

lobe that houses auditory skills

A

temporal lobe

66
Q

what is located on the the precentral gyrus and controls voluntary movements of the skeletal system on the opposite side.

A

primary motor cortex/motor strip

67
Q

Wernickes area is located in what lobe?

A

temporal lobe

68
Q

what is the direct motor activation pathway that is primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movements

A

the pyramidal system

69
Q

The pyramidal system is composed of what two tracts

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar

70
Q

where do the projection fibers of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tract originate?

A

cerebral cortex

71
Q

corticospinal is contralateral of ipsilateral

A

contralateral

72
Q

Which tract from the pyramidal system is critical to speech production

A

corticobulbar

73
Q

cerebral ventricles are filled with

A

cerebral spinal fluid

74
Q

Function of Cerebral spinal fluid is

A

nourish the the neural tissue, remove waste product, cushion the brain and regulate intracranial pressure

75
Q

there are ___ cerebral ventricles

A

4
(2) lateral (biggest)
the third
and the fourth

76
Q

How many layers protect the brain and what are they called?

A

3 the meninges

77
Q

describe the three meninges

A
  1. dura =outermost, thick and tough
  2. arachnoid = spider web =semitransparent, thin delicate, weblike, CSF fills the space between arachnoid and pia matter
  3. Pia matter= delicate thin membrane that adheres to the brain surface like plastic wrap,
78
Q

Major blood suppliers of the brain =

A

the aorta, vertebral arteries, carotid arteries, and the circle of willis

79
Q

damage to the middle cerebral artery may result in:

A

strokes, aphasia

80
Q

What will happen if an artery is blocked above the circle of willis?

A

brain damage, because the brain has no alternate source of blood

81
Q

What will happen if an artery is blocked below the circle of willis?

A

brain damage may be minimal because alternate channels may be available

82
Q

Which pyramidal tract is more of the indirect activation system?

A

extrapyramidal

it helps maintain posture and tone

83
Q

what cranial nerves innervate the pharynx

A

IX and X

glossopharyngeas and Vagus

84
Q

What type of neuron carries signals away from the brain?

A

efferent

SLP Praxis (11 decks)

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