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anatomy: nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are gyri

A

folds on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere

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2
Q

what are sulci

A

valleys which separate the gyri on the cerebral hemisphere’s surface

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3
Q

what separates the frontal and parietal lobes

A

central sulcus

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4
Q

where is the motor cortex and what does it do

A

in front of the central sulcus

controls the muscles of the opposite side of the body

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5
Q

where is the corresponding sensory gyrus and what does it do

A

behind the central sulcus

controls the muscles of the opposite side of the body

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6
Q

what colour are axons

A

white (because theyre covered in myelin)

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7
Q

grey matter: what happens here and what does it consist of

A

where all the processing takes place

consists mainly of neurone cell bodies

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8
Q

white matter: what happens here and what does it consist of

A

transmits the information from one place to another

consists of myelinated nerve fibres

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9
Q

the brain stem is predominantly which matter

A

white matter

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10
Q

CNS consists of

A

brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

PNS consists of

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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12
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary activities:

  • motor (control of skeletal muscles)
  • sensations (which reach conciousness)
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13
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary activities:

  • motor (to glands, blood vessels, heart etc)
  • sensory (blood pressure, co2 in blood etc)
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14
Q

autonomic nervous system is divided into

A

sympathetic (prepares body for emergencies)

parasympathetic (creates a state of rest and facilitates digestion)

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15
Q

what are the meninges

A

3 protective layers that lie between the skull ad the brain

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16
Q

function of the meninges

A
  • to protect the brain
  • to provide a framework for the blood supply
  • to enclose the fluid filled subarachnoid space
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17
Q

3 meningeal layers

A

dura (inner surface of skull)
arachnoid (lies deep to the dura)
pia (adheres to the brain’s surface)

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18
Q

dura mater layers

A 
periosteal layer (adherent to the inside of the skull)
meningeal layer (stuck to the periosteal layer)
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19
Q

what is a venous sinus

A

where the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater separate and the gap is filled with vebous blood

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20
Q

what gives the brain its “shiny” appearance

A

pia mater

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21
Q

3 potential spaces between the layers of the meninges

A
  • outside the dura: epi-dural space/extradural space (doesnt exist in the absence of pathogens)
  • between the dura and arachnoid: subdural space (doesnt exist in the absence of pathogens)
  • between the arachnoid and pia mater: subarachnoid space (healthy- filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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22
Q

what is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and what does it do

A

clear fluid found in the subarachnoid space

  • provides nutrients to the brain and helps maintain the balance of extracellular fluid
  • protects the brain by providing a cushion against trauma
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23
Q

where is CSF made

A

choroid plexus (in the ventricles of the brain)

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24
Q

what are the 4 ventricles in the brain

A
  • right and left lateral ventricles
  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
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25
Q

where are the lateral ventricles

A

one on either side of the cerebral hemispheres

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26
Q

where is the third ventricle

A

in the midbrain

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27
Q

where is the fourth ventricle

A

lies behind the pons and medulla but in front of the cerebellum

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28
Q

where does CSF flow from and to

A

lateral ventricles → 3rd ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle → subarachnoid space → venous sinuses and venous system

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29
Q

what is the Circle of Willis

A

the ring of blood vessels formed at the base of the brain by the 2 internal carotid arteries and 2 vertebral arteries

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30
Q

how many branches does the Circle of Willis have

A

6

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31
Q

what supplies the motor and sensory cortex with blood

A

middle cerebral artery

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32
Q

what are cranial nerves

A

nerves that arise directly from the substance of the brain

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33
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

A

12 pairs

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34
Q

I olfactory

A

sensory- smell

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35
Q

II optic

A

sensory- sight

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36
Q

III oculometer

A

motor- movement of eye,, autonomic to pupil and lens

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37
Q

IV trochlear

A

motor- movement of eye

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38
Q

V trigeminal

A

sensory- face, nose, oral cavity

motor- chewing muscles

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39
Q

VI abducens

A

motor- lateral (outward) movement of eye

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40
Q

VII facial

A

motor- facial expression
sensory- taste
autonomic- salivary glands

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41
Q

VIII vestibulocochlear

A

sensory- balance and hearing

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42
Q

IX glossopharyngeal

A

sensory- tongue and pharynx

autonomic- salivary glands

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43
Q

X vagus

A

autonomic motor- TO thoracic and abdominal organs

autonomic sensory- FROM thoracic and abdominal organs

44
Q

XI accessory

A

motor- head, shoulders, pharynx, larynx and soft palate

45
Q

XII hypoglossal

A

motor- tongue

46
Q

clinical examination of I (olfactory nerve)

A

Test each nostril separately by asking the patient to close one nostril and smell different odours from small bottles

47
Q

clinical examination of II (optic nerve)

A

Test visual acuity using a Snellen’s charts.
Test coloured vision using pseudo-isochromatic plates (eg Ishihara)
Test visual fields with either confrontation test or using a perimeter. The Red Pin test can also be used to outline the central field.
Ophthalmoscopy is essential to visualise the optic disc

48
Q

clinical examination of III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), VI (abducens)

A

These three nerves are tested together as they control the external ocular muscles responsible for ocular movements. Ask the patient to look at and follow your finger (each eye separately and both simultaneously) and make an ‘H’-shaped movement

49
Q

clinical examination of V (trigeminal nerve)

A

Sensory: Test all sensory modalities at the three main branches (ophthalmic, maxillary, and Mandibular)
Motor: Test the temporal and masseter muscles by asking patient to clench their teeth

50
Q

clinical examination of VII (facial nerve)

A

Ask patient to shut their eyes as tight as possible, then raise their eyebrows, then smile and whistle at you. Also taste sensation on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

51
Q

clinical examination of VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

A

Simply whisper in each ear and ask patient to repeat. Use a vibrating tuning fork to perform Rinne and Weber tests (will be explained to you by your demonstrator)

52
Q

clinical examination of IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), X (vagus nerve)

A

Tickle back of pharynx - IX sensory branch, and note if reflex contraction occurs – X motor branch (palatal or ‘gag’ reflex)

53
Q

clinical examination of XI (accessory nerve)

A

Test the function of the Trapezius muscle by asking patient to shrug their shoulders against resistance and of the Sternocleidomastoid muscle by asking patient to turn head on each side against resistance

54
Q

clinical examination of XII (hypoglossal nerve)

A

Ask patient to put out the tongue as far as possible is it straight or deviated to one side?

55
Q

nerve fibres entering the spinal cord

A

dorsal root fibres (sensory)

56
Q

nerve fibres leaving the spinal cord

A

ventral root fibres (motor)

57
Q

the ventral (motor) and dorsal (sensory) roots join together at the ?? to form a ??

A

intervertebral foramen to form a spinal nerve

58
Q

what is the area from which the spinal cord emerges?

A

spinal cord segment

59
Q

how many spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs (so 31 segments)

60
Q

the first seven spinal nerves pass through the foramina _______ the corresponding cervical vertebrae

A

ABOVE

61
Q

the eighth and below spinal nerves pass through the foramina _______ the corresponding cervical vertebrae

A

BELOW

62
Q

herniation of the inter-vertebral disc can do what?

A
  • narrow the inter-vertebral foramen

- compress the nerve root

63
Q

what causes sciatica?

A

compressed sciatic nerve at lumbar 5

64
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

an area of skin which receives a sensory nerve supply form a single root of the spinal cord

65
Q

what is a myotome?

A

a group of muscles supplied by the same spinal root

66
Q

C5 myotome

A

elbow flexion

67
Q

C7 myotome

A

elbow extension

68
Q

L3 myotome

A

knee extension

69
Q

L4 myotome

A

ankle dorsiflexion

70
Q

S1 myotome

A

ankle plantarflexion

71
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control

A

heart/lungs/smooth muscle/glands (unconscious activity)

72
Q

the parasympathetic ganglion will be where

A

close to the organ of innervation (target organ)

73
Q

What are the frontal lobes

A

Primary motor cortex and prefrontal cortex

74
Q

What are the temporal lobes? (4)

A

Primary auditory cortex, auditory association cortex (wernicke’s area), hippocampus and amygdala

75
Q

What are the parietal lobes?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex and association cortex

76
Q

What are the occipital lobes?

A

Primary visual and visual association cortex

77
Q

what is the most posterior part of the frontal lobe

A

motor cortex

78
Q

what is the most anterior part of the parietal lobe

A

somato-sensory cortex (important for sensation)

79
Q

what joins the hindbrain and the cerebrum

A

the midbrain

80
Q

what joins the 2 lobes of the cerebellum

A

vermis

81
Q

what makes up the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons and medulla

82
Q

What covers the insula

A

Frontal and temporal opercula

83
Q

2 main fissures in the cerebellum?

A

horizontal and primary fissures

84
Q

what information does the flocculo-nodular lobe deal with?

A

vestibular

85
Q

what is the “worm like structure” in the centre of the cerebellum

A

vermis

86
Q

what tract is linked to the superior cerebellar peduncle

A

spinocerebellar tract (sensory info for balance and position sense)

87
Q

what tract is linked to the middle cerebellar peduncle

A

corticopontocerebellar (info from primary and motor cortex to spine)-motor planning

88
Q

what is the largest and most lateral deep cerebellar nucleus

A

dentate nucleus

89
Q

what is the inferior apex of the rhomboid fossa

A

obex

90
Q

what is the posterior end of the corpus callosum called

A

spelium

91
Q

what is the middle of the corpus callosum called

A

body

92
Q

what is the anterior superior corpus callosum called

A

genu

93
Q

what is the anterior inferior corpus callosum called

A

rostrum

94
Q

the optic chiasm is at which side of the midbrain

A

anterior (rostral)

95
Q

where is the primary visual cortex

A

in the walls of the calcarine sulcus

96
Q

what is the white band in the primary visual cortex

A

striae of genari

97
Q

anterior commisure

A

white matter fibres that connect the temporal lobes and olfactory structures on each side

98
Q

septum pellucidum

A

2 thin vertical sheets made primarily of glia

99
Q

where does the lamina terminalis go from and to

A

from rostrum of corpus callosum to anterior wall of 3rd ventricle

100
Q

what joins the thalami of each side

A

interthalamic adhesion

101
Q

what divides the diencephalon into the dorsal and ventral parts

A

hypothalamic sulcus

102
Q

what does the medial geniculate body do

A

relays auditory info from midbrain to auditory cortex via the inferior brachium then inferior colliculi

103
Q

what does the lateral geniculate body do

A

relays visual info from the optic nerve to both visual cortex via the optic radiation (vision) and superior brachium then superior colliculi (pupillary reflexes)

104
Q

what connects the lateral and third ventricles

A

intraventricular foramen/ foramen of munroe (anterior)

105
Q

what connects the lateral and fourth ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct

106
Q

how does the vertebral body exert force on the lower body

A

by sacroiliac joints

107
Q

what is contained within the vertebral canal

A

spinal cord (and its coverings) and spinal nerves

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