anatomy: gastrointestinal Flashcards
1
Q
what are the abdominal wall ligaments called?
A
aponeuroses
2
Q
what are the vertical muscles on either side of the abdominal midline?
A
rectus abdominis
3
Q
what are the rectus abdominis muscles attached to?
A
sternum and costal margin superiorly and pubis inferiorly
4
Q
what direction do the external obliques run in?
A
down and in
5
Q
what direction do the internal obliques run in?
A
up and in
6
Q
what are the 3 muscles lateral to the rectus sheath?
A
external obliques, internal obliques, transversus abdominis
7
Q
what does the inguinal ligament attach to?
A
anterior superior iliac spine (laterally) and pubic tubercle (medially)
8
Q
what lies just above the inguinal ligament?
A
inguinal canal
9
Q
what marks the base of the appendix?
A
McBurney’s point
10
Q
function of the aperneroses?
A
to hold the abdominal viscera within the abdominal cavity and aid breathing
11
Q
The foregut is supplied by which nerve?
A
The greater splanchnic nerve
12
Q
The splanchnic nerve arises from where?
A
T5 - T9
13
Q
Where is the t5 to t9 dermatome level?
A
Epigastrium
14
Q
What nerve supplies the midgut?
A
Lesser splanchnic nerve
15
Q
Origins of lesser splanchnic nerve?
A
T10-T11
16
Q
T10-T11 dermatome?
A
Periumbilical area
17
Q
Which nerve supplies the hind gut?
A
Least splanchnic nerve
18
Q
T12 dermatome?
A
Suprapubic area
19
Q
Kidney pain is felt where?
A
Radiating from the loin to the groin or in the gonodal area
20
Q
What blood vessels can be found on the rectus abdominis muscle?
A
Superior and inferior epigastric arteries
21
Q
Which nerves run through the rectus sheath?
A
Intercostal nerves
22
Q
What is deep to the rectus abdominis muscle? (4 things)
A
Posterior rictus sheath, extra-peritoneal fat, peritoneum, abdominal cavity
23
Q
History for appendicitis?
A
Vague (dull) central abdominal pain which after a few hours moves to the right iliac fosser and changes character (sharp pain over appendix)
24
Q
Shingles virus?
A
Herpes Zoster virus
25
Shingles virus can lie dormant where?
Sensory dorsal root ganglia
26
Peritoneum is lined by which kind of epithelium?
Simple squamous
27
Other name for peritoneum?
Serosa
28
The parietal peritoneum covers what?
The inside of the abdominal wall
29
The visceral peritoneum covers what?
Bowl and mesentery
30
Why are the viscera able to slide freely?
The peritoneal cells trap a layer of mucous between their microvilli
31
What is it called when the peritoneal cavity becomes filled with fluid?
ascites
32
What is the structure extending from the dome of the bladder to the umbilicus?
Urachus
33
What is the function of the urachus
Embryological remnant that allowed urine to flow out of the umbilicus
34
Which vein runs through the falciform ligament?
Umbilical vein
35
What organ is to the left of the falciform ligament?
Left lobe of the liver
36
What attaches the liver to the under-surface of the diaphragm?
Left triangular ligament
37
The entire left lobe of the liver is above what point?
Costal margin
38
What organ lies deep to the left lobe of the liver?
The stomach
39
What is to the right of the falciform ligament?
Right lobe of the liver
40
What's on the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver?
Gall badder
41
Above the anterior wall of the stomach there is a thin sheet of fatty tissue, what is this?
Lesser omentum
42
Where is the portal triad found?
In the epiploic foramen which is behind the lesser omentum
43
What other sac is behind the stomach?
The lesser sac
44
The greater omentum is attached to what?
Greater curvature of stomach, posterior abdominal wall, transverse colon
45
Where is there no posterior rectus sheath?
Lower 1/3 of the abdomen
46
In the upper 2/3 of the abdomen, what is the anterior rectus sheath made of?
The external obliques and half of the internal obliques
47
In the upper 2/3 of the abdomen, what is the posterior rectus sheath made of?
Half of the internal obliques and all of the transversus abdominis
48
Where does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm ?
Oesophageal hiatus
49
Where is the duodenum and what is it attached to?
Attached to the pylorus and the jejenum in the retro-peritoneum
50
When does the duodenum become the jejenum?
When it develops a mesentery
51
What is the name of the region of abdomen below the greater omentum?
Infra-coelic region of the abdomen
52
What is the point where the duodenum joins the jejenum
duodeno-jejenal fletcher
53
What valve attaches the ilium to the caecum?
The ilio-caecal valve
54
What is the right bend in the colon?
Hepatic fletcher
55
What is the left bend in the colon?
The splenic fletcher
56
Which parts of the colon have a mesentery (are mobile)?
Transverse and sigmoid colon
57
What is the main blood supply to the small bowel?
Superior mesenteric artery
58
What is the last bit of the small bowel?
Terminal ileum
59
Why does the ilium need less blood flow?
Because it doesn't need to absorb as much nutrients
60
What are the loops of blood vessels in the mesentery called?
Arcades
61
What branches come of the arcades?
Vasa recta
62
The ilia coelic artery comes off which vessel?
The right superior mesenteric artery
63
What vessels supply the ascending colon?
Iliocolic and right colic arteries (from the superior mesenteric artery)
64
Branches of the ilio-coelic artery?
Colic, anterior cecal, posterior cecal (all supply ascending colon)
65
What supplies the transverse colon and what are their origins?
Right, middle and left colic arteries (R and M from superior mesenteric artery, L from inferior mesenteric artery)
66
What supplies the descending colon?
Left colic artery
67
What supplies the sigmoid colon?
Sigmoid arteries (from inferior mesenteric artery)
68
What is derived from the mid-gut?
Ascending colon and proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon
69
What is derived from the hind-gut?
Distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon
70
What innervates the midgut derived structures?
Superior mesenteric plexus
71
What innervates hindgut derived structures?
Sympathetic- lumbar splanchnic nerves
| Parasympathetic- pelvic splanchnic nerves
72
What drains the lymph from the ascending and transverse colon?
Superior mesenteric nodes
73
What drains the lymph from the descending and sigmoid colon?
Inferior mesentenic nodes
74
What are the folds in the jejenum mucosa called?
plicae circularis
75
What are the 4 factors that increase the surface area of the small intestine?
Length, plicae circularis, villi and microvilli
76
Where does the inferior mesenteric artery bifurcate?
L4 /L5
77
Which nerves supply the gall bladder?
Vagus and sympathetic nerves
78
What does the hepatic artery do?
Bring oxygenated blood to the liver
79
What supplies the hepatic artery?
Coeliac axis
80
Where is bile excreted into?
The common bile duct → bowel
81
What structures make up the portal triad?
Hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct
82
What does the hepatic portal vein supply?
the lower 3rd of the oesophagus, whole bowel down to the end of the rectum. Blood is then brought up to the liver so it can be processed
83
Fat is absorbed through the lymphatic into what?
Cysterna chyli
84
Where does absorbed fat enter the circulation?
At the confluence of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins
85
Which structures join to form the common bile duct?
Cystic duct and hepatic duct
86
Which duct has a "y-shape"
Bile duct
87
Which artery passes behind the bile duct?
Cystic artery
88
What is the name of the hole on the right side going into the lesser sac?
Epiploic foramina
89
What do the hepatic veins drain into?
The inferior vena cava
90
What are the 3 main ligaments of the liver?
Falciform, left triangular and right triangular ligaments
91
What is morison's pouch?
Space between the visceral surface of the liver and the right kidney
92
Where is the subphrenic space?
Between the diaphragm and the anterior and superior aspects of the liver
93
Where is the subhepatic space?
Between the inferior surface of the liver and the transverse colon
94
What are the 3 hepatic recesses?
Morison's pouch, subphrenic space, subhepatic space
95
What is the fibrous layer that covers the liver?
Glisson's capsule
96
What divides the liver into right and left lobes?
Falciform ligament
97
What is the bare area of the liver?
An area on the right lobe not covered by peritoneum
98
Where is the caudate lobe of the liver?
Upper aspect of the visceral surface between the inferior vena cona and the fossa produced by the ligamentum venous
99
Where is the quadrate lobe of the liver?
Lower aspect of the visceral surface between the gallbladder and fossa produced by the ligamentum terese
100
What separates the caudate and quadrate lobes?
Porta hepatic (a transverse fissure)
101
What does the hepatic plexus consist of?
Coeliac plexus (sympathetic) and vagus (parasympatheric) nerve fibres
102
Gisson's capsule is innovated by what?
Lower intercostal nerves
103
What 2 ligaments are attached to the bare area of the liver?
Anterior and posterior coronary ligaments
104
Where do the pancreatic and bile ducts enter the duodenum?
Duodenal papilla
105
What is the name of the muscular value surrounding the exit of the bile and pancreatic ducts into the duodenum?
Sphincter of Oddi
106
What is the name of the point where the bile duct and pancreatic ducts join and empty into the small intestine?
Ampulla of Vater
107
Which duct lies next to the bile duct?
The pancreatic duct
108
What makes up the Porta Hepatis?
Hepatic artery proper, portal vein, hepatic bile duct, vagus nerve branches, sympathetic and lymphatics (NOT HEPATIC VEIN)
109
What supplies arterial blood to the jejenum?
Superior mesenteric artery
110
Where does the common bile duct drain into?
Duodenum
111
Which duct deposits bile directly in the gull bladder for storage?
Cystic duct (comes of common bile duct)
112
What are gallstones made from?
Cholesterol, bile salts and bilirubin
113
What is cholecystisis?
When gallstones obstruct the cystic duct and become infected
114
What innervates the gallbladder?
Greater splanchnic nerve
