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anatomy: muscoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

skull major function

A

to protect the brain

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2
Q

thorax major function

A

to facilitate breathing

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3
Q

spine major function

A

to support the weight of the upper body

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4
Q

upper limb major function

A

to allow for manual dexterity

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5
Q

lower limb major function

A

to allow for weight-bearing locomotion

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6
Q

skull link to anatomy

A

enclosed rigid box with minimal movement at the joints

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7
Q

thorax link to anatomy

A

semi-rigid box which uses its attachments to the muscular diaphragm to alter pressures and drive air into the lungs

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8
Q

what is the anatomical position

A
  • standing erect with feet flat on the floor under the hip joints. - straight back with head and eyes facing forward - arms by the side with forearms and hands facing forwards - eyes focused at infinity on the horizon
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9
Q

what is the sagittal plane

A

sagittal plane is the vertical plane passing through the midline of body, dividing it into right and left parts

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10
Q

what is a parasagittal plane

A

parasagittal plane runs parallel to the sagittal plane but to one side

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11
Q

what is a coronal plane

A

coronal planes are vertical planes which pass through the body at right angles to the sagittal planes; they divide the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)

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12
Q

what is an axial plane

A

axial planes divide the body into superior and inferior parts (top-superior)

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13
Q

superior and inferior meaning

A

above and below

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14
Q

lateral meaning

A

further from the sagittal plane

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15
Q

medial meaning

A

closer to the sagittal plane

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16
Q

superficial meaning

A

closer to the surface

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17
Q

deep meaning

A

further from the surface

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18
Q

anterior meaning

A

closer to the front of the body

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19
Q

prosterior meaning

A

closer to the back of the body

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20
Q

proximal meaning

A

closer to the starting point

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21
Q

distal meaning

A

further from the starting point

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22
Q

ipsilateral meaning

A

same side of the body (eg right arm and right leg)

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23
Q

contralateral meaning

A

opposite sides of the body

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24
Q

supine meaning

A

supine position is a variation of the anatomical position where the person is lying flat on the back

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25
Q

prone meaning

A

prone position is a variation in the anatomical position, here lying face down

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26
Q

what is a joint

A

a joint is connection between two or more bones is a joint, irrespective of whether movement can occur between the two bones

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27
Q

3 types of joints (named after what kind of tissue lies between them)

A

fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial (histological classification)

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28
Q

1?

A

joint cavity

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29
Q

2?

A

joint capsule

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30
Q

3?

A

synovium

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31
Q

4?

A

articular cartilage

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32
Q

5?

A

bone

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33
Q

joint cavity contains…

A

lubcricating synovial fluid

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34
Q

what is a fibrous joint

A

bones in a fibrous joint are united by fibrous tissue. the amount of movement depends on the length of the fibrous joints

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35
Q

which joints have joint cavities and which dont

A

synovial joints do

fibrous and cartilaginous dont

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36
Q

what are primary cartilaginous joints

A

bones are united solely by hyaline cartilage which provides some flexibility

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37
Q

what are secondary cartilaginous joints

A

bones are covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage and then united by fibrocartilage which provides strength

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38
Q

example of primary cartilaginous joint

A

attachment of ribs to sternum

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39
Q

example of secondary cartilaginous joint

A

joints between vertebral bodies

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40
Q
A

plane joint

  • articular surfaces are flat
  • joint capsules are tight
  • sliding movements in planes of articular surfaces
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41
Q
A

hinge joints

  • permits flexion and extension only
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42
Q
A

saddle joints

  • articular surfaces are convex and concave
  • two axes of movement
  • permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
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43
Q
A

condyloid joints

  • similar to saddle joints with movement in two axes but one is usually restricted.
  • permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
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44
Q
A

ball and socket joints

  • spherical and concave articular surfaces
  • multiple axes of movement
  • permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation.
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45
Q
A

pivot joints

-rotation around the central axis

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46
Q

1?

A

anterior cruciate ligament

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47
Q

2?

A

lateral condyle

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48
Q

3?

A

lateral meniscus

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49
Q

4?

A

fibular collateral ligament

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50
Q

5? (bone at posterior leg)

A

fibula

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51
Q

6?

A

patella

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52
Q

7?

A

patellofemoral groove

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53
Q

8?

A

posterior cruciate ligament

54
Q

9?

A

tibial collateral ligament

55
Q

10?

A

medial meniscus

56
Q

11?

A

tibial plateau

57
Q

12?

A

tibia

58
Q

what protects the articulating surfaces of the knee joint?

A

two discs of fibrocartilage

59
Q

what kind of joint is the knee joint

A

the knee joint is a synovial hinge joint with articulations between the lateral and medial condyles of the distal femur

60
Q

which ligaments are on either side of the knee joint

A

lateral and medial collateral ligaments

61
Q

function of the lateral and medial collateral ligaments

A

stabilise the femur and tibia in the coronal plane

62
Q

what kind of tissue are lateral and medial collateral ligaments

A

fibrous connective tissue

63
Q

what are the four ligaments inside the knee joint that prevent excessive movements in the sagittal plane

A

medial and lateral collateral ligaments

AND

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

64
Q

what does the ACL attach to?

A

the ACL attaches the posterior aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur and to the anterior part of the tibial plateau

65
Q

what does the PCL attach to?

A

the PCL arises from the posterior tibial plateau and attaches to the anterior part of the
medial condyle of the femur

66
Q

function of the ACL

A

the ACL prevents excessive forward movements of the tibia in relation to the femur

67
Q

function of the PCL

A

the PCL prevents excessive movements of the femur anteriorly in relation to the tibia

68
Q

how can you injure the ACL?

A

excessive twisting or anterior movement of the tibia when fully weight-bearing

69
Q

how can you injure the PCL?

A

excessive backward movement of the tibia on the femur (eg. Dashboard injury)

70
Q

3 types of muscle

A

cardiac

smooth

skeletal

71
Q

which nervous system controls smooth muscle

A

autonomic nervous system

72
Q

smooth muscle function

A

involuntary bodily functions such as digestion, blood pressure control, micturition, temperature control, etc.

73
Q

smooth msucle description

A
  • narrow tapered rod-shaped cells
  • non-striated, uninucleated fibres
  • occurs in walls of internal organs and blood vessels
  • involuntary
74
Q

cardiac muscle description

A
  • striated, tubular, branched, uninuleated fibres
  • occurs in walls of heart
  • involunatry
75
Q

skeletal muscle description

A
  • striated, tubular, multinucleated fibres
  • usually attached to skeleton
  • voluntary
76
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

to move the skeleton for locomotion and feeding etc.

77
Q

skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton via

A

joints

78
Q

contraction of skeletal muscle does what

A

pull the two attachments closer together and cause a movement at the joint

79
Q

what is the origin of the muscle

A

the muscle attachment that moves the least

80
Q

what is at the opposite end to the origin of the muscle

A

the insertion

81
Q

what is the widest part of the muscle called (skeletal)

A

belly

82
Q

name this

A

fusiform

83
Q

name this

A

parallel

84
Q

name this

A

convergent

85
Q

name this

A

unipennate

86
Q

name this

A

bipennate

87
Q

name this

A

multipennate

88
Q

name this

A

circular

89
Q

what is the motor unit

A

a single fibre (axon) within the nerve will innervate a number of muscle cells

90
Q

what happens when a muscle conntracts

A

it pulls its origin and insertion closer together

AND

causes another muscle to relax (usually)

91
Q

which muscles flex the carpus (wrist) joint

A

flexor carpi ulnaris

flexor carpi radialis

92
Q

what is synergistic?

A

when muscles act together to produce one action

93
Q

what muscles oppose the flexors?

A

antagonistic muscles

94
Q

antagonistic muscles in wrist?

A

extensor carpi radialis longus

extensor carpi ulnaris

95
Q

raising your arm is

A

abduction

96
Q

lowering your arm is

A

adduction

97
Q

circling your arm is

A

circumduction

98
Q

bending over is

A

flexion

99
Q

tilting your head back is

A

extension

100
Q

turning OUT your legs is

A

lateral rotation

101
Q

turning IN your leg is

A

medial rotation

102
Q

turning your head either way is

A

rotation

103
Q

flexion definition

A

when a joint becomes more bent

104
Q

extension definition

A

when the joint is moved to a less bent/more straight position

105
Q

abduction definition

A

movement away from the midline

106
Q

adduction definition

A

movement towards the midline (eg second toe for toes)

107
Q

lateral flexion definition

A

movement of the trunk which takes place at the intervertebral disks (upper body or neck bends to the side)

108
Q

pronation definition

A

rotation of the forearm bones so the palm of the hand posteriorly

109
Q

supination definition

A

rotation of the forearm bones so that the palm of the hand faces anteriorly (up)

110
Q

why are upper and lower limbs similar

A

they both develop in the same way

111
Q

proximal bones on the upper and lower limbs

A

LEG- femur

ARM- humerus

112
Q

distal bones on upper and lower limbs

A

LEGS- tibia and fibula

ARMS- radius and ulna

113
Q

what features make the hip joint stable and able to bear the weight of the body?

A
  • femoral head lies deep in the acetabulum so theres high surface area of contact
  • there are 3 strong ligaments holding it in place
114
Q

why cant the shoulder resist large forces (why isnt it very stable)?

A

the upper limb is evolved for dexterity so the shoulder needs to be mobile. it is a shallow ball and socket joint with no strong ligaments

115
Q

why is the humerus head much more likely to dislocate than the femoral head?

A

the shoulder joint is surrounded by groups of muscles that stabilise it but it has no strong ligaments inside the joint whereas the femoral head has a “screw like” formation of ligaments that effectively tighten to prevent excessive movement

116
Q

compare the muscles in the feet and hands

A

in the hands there are small intrinsic muscles for increased dexterity, but in the feet there are much bigger muscles needed for weight bearing (which also increases the weight of feet compared to hands)

117
Q

other name for C1 and function

A

atlas- supports the weight of the skull

118
Q

adaptations of C1

A
  • large articular surfaces to transmit the force down the vertebral column
  • no vertebral body (fused with axis)
  • has articular surfaces on the superior and inferior surfaces
119
Q

other name for skull

A

occiput

120
Q

name of fused atlas and axis

A

odontoid peg

121
Q

other name for C2

A

axis

122
Q

where is the odontoid peg found

A

just behind the anterior arch of the atlas

123
Q

what holds in place the odontoid peg?

A

cruciate ligament

124
Q

which part of the spine do th eribs attach to?

A

thoracic vertebrae

125
Q

largest vertebrae?

A

lumbar vertebrae

126
Q

other name for the cervical curve

A

lordosis

127
Q

when does the cervical curve form?

A

when the baby is 8 weeks old

128
Q

thoracic curve other name

A

kyphosis

129
Q

when does lumbar lordosis (lumbar curve) form?

A

when the infant starts to walk

130
Q

the spinal nerve passes through the

A

intervertebral foramen

131
Q

what is in between the vertebral bodies

A

a secondary cartilagenous joint:

  • made up of fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage
  • these are separated by and intervertebral disc

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