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Anatomy Musculoskeletal (Skeleton) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the skeleton consist of?

A

Consists of cartilage and bone

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2
Q

How many bones does a newborn human have?

A

350

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3
Q

How many bones does an adult human have?

A

206

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4
Q

What is bone?

A

Bone is a calcified, living, connective tissue that forms the majority of the skeleton

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5
Q

What does the bone consist of?

A

Consists of an intracellular calcified matrix, which also contains collagen fibers and several types of cells within the matrix

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6
Q

What is the role of bones?

A
  • Supportive structure for the body
  • Protector of vital organs
  • Reservoirs of calcium and phosphate
  • Levers on which muscles act to produce movement
  • Container for blood-producing cells
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7
Q

What are the 2 basic types of bone tissue?

A
  1. Compact bone
    - Dense tissue
  2. Spongy bone
    - Spicules of bone enclosing
    - Cavities containing blood-forming cells(Marrow)
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8
Q

What are long bones?

A

Long bones are tubular

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9
Q

What are short bones?

A

Short bones are cuboidal

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10
Q

What do flat bones consist of?

A

Flat bones consist of 2 compact bone plates separated by spongy bone

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11
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Irregular bones are bones with various shapes

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12
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Is the shaft of the bone

and is compact bone

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13
Q

What is the epiphysis composed mostly of?

A

Composed mostly of spongy bones

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14
Q

Vascularity of bones

A

Bones are vascular and innervated

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15
Q

What are periosteum?

A

They are fibrous connective tissue membrane

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16
Q

Where are periosteum not present?

A

Not in the area of a joint covered by cartilage

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17
Q

What is the unique capability of periosteum?

A

Unique capability of forming new bones

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18
Q

Nerve fibres in bones

A

Bone itself have few sensory nerve fibres

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19
Q

What is the periosteum supplied with and sensitive to?

A

Periosteum is supplied with numerous fibres and is very sensitive to any type of injury

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20
Q

What does articular cartilage cover?

A

Covers the external surface to the epiphyses

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21
Q

What does articular cartilage do?

A

Decreases friction at joint surfaces

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22
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage on the articular surfaces on the bone

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23
Q

Where do all bones come from developmentally and by either what way?

A

Developmentally all bones come from mesenchyme by either:
-Intramembranous ossification
OR
-Endochondral ossification in which cartilaginous models of bones form from mesenchyme and undergo ossification

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24
Q

What allows for the growth of long bone during childhood?

A

Epiphyseal plates allow for the growth of long bone during childhood

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25
When does growth of long bone stop?
Stops when the growth plate hardens and becomes ossified
26
What stimulates and stops growth of long bones?
- Growth hormones stimulate growth | - Sex hormones stop growth
27
Why do bones grow in width?
Bones grow in width to support weight
28
How are bone fractures treated?
Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization, realignment of the bone
29
What happens after a fracture?
- After fracture a hematoma forms - New vessels grow then and then a jelly matrix is formed called the soft callus - Soft callus is replaced by bony callus - Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
30
What subgroups can the skeleton be divided into?
Can be divided into: - The axial skeleton - The appendicular skeleton
31
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
Bones of the skill(cranium), Vertebral column, ribs and sternum
32
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
Bones of the upper and lower limbs
33
How many bones does the skull have?
The skull has 28 bones
34
What are the 2 sets of bones in the skull?
- Cranium(8 bones) | - Facial bones(14 bones)
35
What are the bones in the skull joined by?
Bones are joined by sutures
36
What is the mandible only attached by in the skull?
Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
37
What are paranasal sinus?
Air filled cavities
38
What is the function of paranasal sinuses?
- Lighten the skull | - Give resonance and amplification to voice
39
What is the fontanelles in the foetal skull and what does it allow?
Fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones | -Allow brain growth
40
When does the fontanelles in the foetal skull convert to bone?
Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
41
What is the shape of the hyoid bone?
U shaped
42
Where is the hyoid bone found?
Found in the upper neck
43
Does the hyoid articulate with any other bone?
No | its the only bone that does not articulate with another bone
44
What does the hyoid bone serve as?
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
45
How many bones are there in the ear and what are they called?
3 bones: - Malleus - Incus - Stapes(Smallest bone in the body)
46
What do the bones in the ear do?
Transmit vibrations
47
What is the vertebral column made up of?
Made up of 33 individual vertebrate
48
What are the vertebrate separated by?
Vertebrae separated by intervertebral disc
49
What do the intervertebral discs act as?
Act as shock absorbers
50
What are the 2 physiological curvatures the spine has?
- Kyphosis | - Lordosis
51
Vertebrates and there names
- C1-C7 cervical vertebrae - T1-T12 thoracic vertebrae - L1-L5 lumbar vertebrae - Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae - Coccyx is 3-5 fused vertebrae
52
What does the thoracic cage consist of?
Consists of sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae
53
Which ones are the true ribs in the thoracic vertebrae?
The first 7 pairs
54
Which ones are the false ribs in the thoracic vertebrae?
The last 5 pairs
55
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
- Limbs - Pectoral - Pelvic girdle
56
What does the pectoral girdle consist of?
scapulae and clavicles
57
What is the bone in the upper limb called?
The humerus
58
How many bones does the forearm have and what are they called?
The forearm has 2 bones: - Ulna - Radius
59
What are the bones in the hand?
- Carpals(Wrist) - Metacarpals(Palm) - Phalanges
60
What is the pelvic girdle composed of?
Composed of 2 hip bones
61
What are the 2 hip bones composed of?
Composed of 3 pair of fused: - Illium - Ischium - Pubis
62
What does the total weight of the upper body rest on?
Rests on the pelvis
63
What organs does the pelvic girdle protect?
Protects: - Reproductive organs - Urinary bladder - Parts of the large intestine
64
What are the bones in the thigh?
- Femur | - Patella
65
What are the bones in the leg?
- Tibia | - Fibula
66
What are the bones in the foot?
- Tarsal(7)-Ankle - Metatarsals(5)-sole/instep - Phalanges(14)-toes
67
What are joints?
Articulations of bones
68
What is the function of joints?
- Hold bones together | - Provide flexibility
69
What are the ways that joints are classified?
- By their function | - By their structure
70
Different classification of movement joints
1. Synarthroses - Immovable joints 2. Amphiarthroses - Slightly moveable joints 3. Diarthroses - Freely moveable joints
71
Different classification of structural joints
1. Fibrous joints - Generally immovable 2. Cartilaginous joints - Immovable or slightly moveable 3. Synovial joints - Freely moveable
72
What are cartilaginous joint and examples?
Are bones connected by cartilage Examples include: -Pubic symphysis -Intervertebral joints
73
What are articulating bones separated by?
Separated by a joint cavity
74
What is found in the joint cavity?
Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
75
What are synovial joints reinforced by?
Reinforced by ligaments
76
``` Synovial joint (Hinge joint) ```
-Movement is like two boards joined together by a hinge • Movement in one direction • Elbow, knees, fingers
77
``` Synovial joint (Ball and socket joint) ```
-When ball-shaped end of one bone fits into the cup-shaped socket of another • Bones can move in many directions • Shoulder, hip
78
``` Synovial joint (Pivot joint) ```
-Allows for rotation around the length of a bone. • Allows only for rotation • Head (side to side “no” action) • Forearm joints (palms) supination pronation
79
``` Synovial joints (Saddle joint) ```
``` -When the surfaces of both articulation bones are saddle-shaped • Concave/convex • Thumb • Wide range of motion ```
80
``` Synovial joints (Gliding joint) ```
-Interaction of flat surfaces of articulating bones • Limited but complex movement • Wrist, ankle
81
``` Synovial joints (Condyloid joint) ```
-Oval-shaped articular surface of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another • Mandible, knuckles
82
Structures associated with the synovial joint
``` -Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs • Lined with synovial membranes • Filled with synovial fluid • Not actually part of the joint • Tendon sheath • Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon ```

ANNNAA (4 decks)

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