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ANNNAA > Anatomy Musculoskeletal (Skeleton) > Flashcards

Anatomy Musculoskeletal (Skeleton) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the skeleton consist of?

A

Consists of cartilage and bone

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2
Q

How many bones does a newborn human have?

A

350

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3
Q

How many bones does an adult human have?

A

206

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4
Q

What is bone?

A

Bone is a calcified, living, connective tissue that forms the majority of the skeleton

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5
Q

What does the bone consist of?

A

Consists of an intracellular calcified matrix, which also contains collagen fibers and several types of cells within the matrix

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6
Q

What is the role of bones?

A
  • Supportive structure for the body
  • Protector of vital organs
  • Reservoirs of calcium and phosphate
  • Levers on which muscles act to produce movement
  • Container for blood-producing cells
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7
Q

What are the 2 basic types of bone tissue?

A
  1. Compact bone
    - Dense tissue
  2. Spongy bone
    - Spicules of bone enclosing
    - Cavities containing blood-forming cells(Marrow)
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8
Q

What are long bones?

A

Long bones are tubular

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9
Q

What are short bones?

A

Short bones are cuboidal

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10
Q

What do flat bones consist of?

A

Flat bones consist of 2 compact bone plates separated by spongy bone

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11
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Irregular bones are bones with various shapes

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12
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Is the shaft of the bone

and is compact bone

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13
Q

What is the epiphysis composed mostly of?

A

Composed mostly of spongy bones

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14
Q

Vascularity of bones

A

Bones are vascular and innervated

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15
Q

What are periosteum?

A

They are fibrous connective tissue membrane

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16
Q

Where are periosteum not present?

A

Not in the area of a joint covered by cartilage

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17
Q

What is the unique capability of periosteum?

A

Unique capability of forming new bones

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18
Q

Nerve fibres in bones

A

Bone itself have few sensory nerve fibres

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19
Q

What is the periosteum supplied with and sensitive to?

A

Periosteum is supplied with numerous fibres and is very sensitive to any type of injury

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20
Q

What does articular cartilage cover?

A

Covers the external surface to the epiphyses

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21
Q

What does articular cartilage do?

A

Decreases friction at joint surfaces

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22
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage on the articular surfaces on the bone

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23
Q

Where do all bones come from developmentally and by either what way?

A

Developmentally all bones come from mesenchyme by either:
-Intramembranous ossification
OR
-Endochondral ossification in which cartilaginous models of bones form from mesenchyme and undergo ossification

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24
Q

What allows for the growth of long bone during childhood?

A

Epiphyseal plates allow for the growth of long bone during childhood

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25
Q

When does growth of long bone stop?

A

Stops when the growth plate hardens and becomes ossified

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26
Q

What stimulates and stops growth of long bones?

A
  • Growth hormones stimulate growth

- Sex hormones stop growth

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27
Q

Why do bones grow in width?

A

Bones grow in width to support weight

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28
Q

How are bone fractures treated?

A

Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization, realignment of the bone

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29
Q

What happens after a fracture?

A
  • After fracture a hematoma forms
  • New vessels grow then and then a jelly matrix is formed called the soft callus
  • Soft callus is replaced by bony callus
  • Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
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30
Q

What subgroups can the skeleton be divided into?

A

Can be divided into:

  • The axial skeleton
  • The appendicular skeleton
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31
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Bones of the skill(cranium), Vertebral column, ribs and sternum

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32
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

Bones of the upper and lower limbs

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33
Q

How many bones does the skull have?

A

The skull has 28 bones

34
Q

What are the 2 sets of bones in the skull?

A
  • Cranium(8 bones)

- Facial bones(14 bones)

35
Q

What are the bones in the skull joined by?

A

Bones are joined by sutures

36
Q

What is the mandible only attached by in the skull?

A

Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

37
Q

What are paranasal sinus?

A

Air filled cavities

38
Q

What is the function of paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Lighten the skull

- Give resonance and amplification to voice

39
Q

What is the fontanelles in the foetal skull and what does it allow?

A

Fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones

-Allow brain growth

40
Q

When does the fontanelles in the foetal skull convert to bone?

A

Convert to bone within 24 months after birth

41
Q

What is the shape of the hyoid bone?

42
Q

Where is the hyoid bone found?

A

Found in the upper neck

43
Q

Does the hyoid articulate with any other bone?

A

No

its the only bone that does not articulate with another bone

44
Q

What does the hyoid bone serve as?

A

Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

45
Q

How many bones are there in the ear and what are they called?

A

3 bones:

  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes(Smallest bone in the body)
46
Q

What do the bones in the ear do?

A

Transmit vibrations

47
Q

What is the vertebral column made up of?

A

Made up of 33 individual vertebrate

48
Q

What are the vertebrate separated by?

A

Vertebrae separated by intervertebral disc

49
Q

What do the intervertebral discs act as?

A

Act as shock absorbers

50
Q

What are the 2 physiological curvatures the spine has?

A
  • Kyphosis

- Lordosis

51
Q

Vertebrates and there names

A
  • C1-C7 cervical vertebrae
  • T1-T12 thoracic vertebrae
  • L1-L5 lumbar vertebrae
  • Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae
  • Coccyx is 3-5 fused vertebrae
52
Q

What does the thoracic cage consist of?

A

Consists of sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae

53
Q

Which ones are the true ribs in the thoracic vertebrae?

A

The first 7 pairs

54
Q

Which ones are the false ribs in the thoracic vertebrae?

A

The last 5 pairs

55
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A
  • Limbs
  • Pectoral
  • Pelvic girdle
56
Q

What does the pectoral girdle consist of?

A

scapulae and clavicles

57
Q

What is the bone in the upper limb called?

A

The humerus

58
Q

How many bones does the forearm have and what are they called?

A

The forearm has 2 bones:

  • Ulna
  • Radius
59
Q

What are the bones in the hand?

A
  • Carpals(Wrist)
  • Metacarpals(Palm)
  • Phalanges
60
Q

What is the pelvic girdle composed of?

A

Composed of 2 hip bones

61
Q

What are the 2 hip bones composed of?

A

Composed of 3 pair of fused:

  • Illium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
62
Q

What does the total weight of the upper body rest on?

A

Rests on the pelvis

63
Q

What organs does the pelvic girdle protect?

A

Protects:

  • Reproductive organs
  • Urinary bladder
  • Parts of the large intestine
64
Q

What are the bones in the thigh?

A
  • Femur

- Patella

65
Q

What are the bones in the leg?

A
  • Tibia

- Fibula

66
Q

What are the bones in the foot?

A
  • Tarsal(7)-Ankle
  • Metatarsals(5)-sole/instep
  • Phalanges(14)-toes
67
Q

What are joints?

A

Articulations of bones

68
Q

What is the function of joints?

A
  • Hold bones together

- Provide flexibility

69
Q

What are the ways that joints are classified?

A
  • By their function

- By their structure

70
Q

Different classification of movement joints

A
  1. Synarthroses
    - Immovable joints
  2. Amphiarthroses
    - Slightly moveable joints
  3. Diarthroses
    - Freely moveable joints
71
Q

Different classification of structural joints

A
  1. Fibrous joints
    - Generally immovable
  2. Cartilaginous joints
    - Immovable or slightly moveable
  3. Synovial joints
    - Freely moveable
72
Q

What are cartilaginous joint and examples?

A

Are bones connected by cartilage
Examples include:
-Pubic symphysis
-Intervertebral joints

73
Q

What are articulating bones separated by?

A

Separated by a joint cavity

74
Q

What is found in the joint cavity?

A

Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity

75
Q

What are synovial joints reinforced by?

A

Reinforced by ligaments

76
Q 
Synovial joint
(Hinge joint)
A

-Movement is like two boards joined together by a hinge
• Movement in one direction
• Elbow, knees, fingers

77
Q 
Synovial joint
(Ball and socket joint)
A

-When ball-shaped end of one bone fits into the cup-shaped socket of
another
• Bones can move in many directions
• Shoulder, hip

78
Q 
Synovial joint
(Pivot joint)
A

-Allows for rotation around the length of a bone.
• Allows only for rotation
• Head (side to side “no” action)
• Forearm joints (palms) supination pronation

79
Q 
Synovial joints
(Saddle joint)
A 
-When the surfaces of both articulation
bones are saddle-shaped
• Concave/convex
• Thumb
• Wide range of motion
80
Q 
Synovial joints
(Gliding joint)
A

-Interaction of flat surfaces of
articulating bones
• Limited but complex movement
• Wrist, ankle

81
Q 
Synovial joints
(Condyloid joint)
A

-Oval-shaped articular surface of one
bone fits into the oval-shaped
depression of another
• Mandible, knuckles

82
Q

Structures associated with the synovial joint

A 
-Bursae – flattened
fibrous sacs
• Lined with synovial
membranes
• Filled with synovial
fluid
• Not actually part of
the joint
• Tendon sheath
• Elongated bursa that
wraps around a
tendon

ANNNAA (4 decks)

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