Anatomy - MSK Flashcards
Musculoskeletal anatomy
1
Q
Bone classifications based on shape
A
Long, short, flat, irregular
2
Q
End of long bone is called?
A
Epiphysis
3
Q
Shaft of long bone is called?
A
Diaphysis
4
Q
Region in between end and shaft of long bone is called?
A
Metaphysis
5
Q
Classify based on shape: Femur
A
Long
6
Q
Classify based on shape: Humerus
A
Long
7
Q
Classify based on shape: Carpals
A
Short
8
Q
Classify based on shape: Tarsals
A
Short
9
Q
Classify based on shape: Skull
A
Flat
10
Q
Classify based on shape: Ribs
A
Flat
11
Q
Classify based on shape: Sternum
A
Flat
12
Q
Classify based on shape: Vertebra
A
Irregular
13
Q
Classify based on shape: Hip
A
Irregular
14
Q
Type of cartilage in articular cartilage
A
Hyaline
15
Q
Marrow in adults
A
Yellow marrow
16
Q
Marrow in infants
A
Red marrow
17
Q
Urogenital system arises from which mesoderm?
A
Intermediate
18
Q
System arising from intermediate mesoderm
A
Urogenital system
19
Q
Appendicular limb bone and muscles arise from?
A
Somatic portion of lateral plate of the mesoderm
20
Q
Axial skeletal muscles and bone arise from?
A
Paraaxial mesoderm
21
Q
In osteogenesis, chondrocytes divide in which zone?
A
Resting zone
22
Q
In osteogenesis, which zone containes glycogen vacuoles?
A
Zone of hypertrophy
23
Q
Zones of osteogenesis (5)
A
Resting, Proliferation, Hypertrophy, Calcification, Ossification
24
Q
In osteogenesis, zone where matrix becomes filled with hydroxyapatite
A
Zone of calcification
25
In osteogenesis, zone containing differentiating osteoblasts
Zone of ossification
26
Immovable joints are called?
Synarthroses
27
Slightly moveable joints are called?
Amphiarthroses
28
Freely moveable joints are called?
Diarthroses
29
What type of joint is pubic symphysis? (fibrous or cartilagenous?)
cartilagenous
30
Fibrous joint that allows some degree of movement
Syndesmoses
31
Example of syndesmosis
Distal end of tibia and fibula
32
Synarthroses are what kind of joints?
Fibrous joints
33
Amphiarthroses are what kind of joint?
Cartilagenous joints
34
Diarthroses are what kind of joint?
Synovial joint
35
Pubic symphysis is connected by what kind of cartilage?
Fibrocartilage
36
Ribs and sternum are connected by what kind of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
37
Synovial joint type: Sternoclavicular
Plane
38
Synovial joint type: Acromioclavicular
Plane
39
Synovial joint type: Elbow
Hinge
40
Synovial joint type: Knee
Hinge
41
Synovial joint type: Ankle
Hinge
42
Synovial joint type: Radioulnar
Pivot
43
Synovial joint type: Atlanto-axial
Pivot
44
Synovial joint type: Metacarpophalangeal joint
Condyloid
45
Synovial joint type: Carpometacarpal of thumb
Saddle
46
Synovial joint type: Shoulder
Ball and socket
47
Synovial joint type: Hip
Ball and socket
48
Synovial joint type: Wrist
Ellipsoidal
49
Contents of axillary sheath
Axillary vein, Axillary artery, Brachial plexus
50
Axillary fascia is an extension of which fascia from the neck?
Prevertebral fascia
51
Ribs forming the medial border of axilla
2nd to 6th rib
52
Muscle forming medial border of axilla
Serratus anterior
53
Lateral border of axilla
Humerus, biceps, coracobrachialis
54
In nerve block of brachial plexus, which part of the axillary artery is palpated as landmark?
3rd part of axillary artery
55
In nerve block of brachial plexus, which nerves are unaffected by anesthesia
Axillary and musculocutaneous nerve
56
Which teres muscle is NOT a rotator cuff muscle
Teres major
57
Dorsal scapular nerve root
C5
58
Dorsal scapular nerve innervates?
Rhomboid major and minor
59
Rhomboid major and minor are innervated by?
Dorsal scapular nerve
60
Most common dislocation of the shoulder joint
Anterior inferior dislocation
61
Most commonly affected muscle in inflammation of the rotator cuff
Supraspinatus
62
Rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, subscapularis
63
Supraspinatus innervation?
Suprascapular nerve
64
Infraspinatus innervation?
Suprascapular nerve
65
Suprascapular nerve innervates which muscles?
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus
66
Suprascapular nerve root/s?
C5, C6
67
Subclavius muscle innervated by?
Nerve to subclavius
68
Nerve roots of nerve to subclavius
C5, C6
69
Nerve to subclavius comes from which trunk?
Upper
70
Suprascapular nerve comes from which trunk?
Upper
71
Long thoracic nerve innervates
Serratus anterior
72
Injury to the long thoracic nerve causes?
Winging of the scapula
73
Muscle paralyzed in winging of the scapula?
Serratus anterior
74
Nerves that come from upper trunk of brachial plexus
Suprascapular nerve, Subclavian nerve
75
Nerve damaged in winging of the scapula
Long thoracic nerve
76
Musculocutaneous nerve roots?
C5, C6, C7
77
Musculocutaneous nerve innervates which muscles?
Biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis
78
Musculocutaneous nerve innervates which compartment?
Anterior compartment of the arm
79
Lateral pectoral nerve innervates?
Pectoralis major
80
Axillary nerve innervates which muscles?
Deltoid, Teres minor
81
Axillary nerve root?
C5, C6
82
Axillary comes from which cord?
Posterior
83
Deltoid innervation?
Axillary nerve
84
Teres minor innervation?
Axillary nerve
85
Nerves that come from posterior cord of brachial plexus
lower and upper subscapular, thoracodorsal, axillary, radial
86
Nerves that come from medial cord of brachial plexus
medial cutaneous nerve of arm, medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, medial pectoral nerve, ulnar
87
thoracodorsal nerve innervates?
latissimus dorsi
88
lower subscapular nerve innervates?
Teres major and subscapularis
89
upper subscapular nerve innervates
Subscapulars alone
90
lower and upper subscapular nerve roots?
C5, C6
91
Latissimus dorsi innervated by?
Thoracodorsal nerve
92
Thoracodorsal nerve roots?
C6, C7, C8
93
Subscapularis innervated by
Upper and lower subscapular nerves
94
Teres major innervated by
LOWER subscapular nerve
95
Medial pectoral nerve innervates
Pectoralis minor
96
Pectoralis minor innervation
Medial pectoral nerve
97
Pectoralis major innervation
Lateral pectoral nerve
98
Lateral pectoral nerve comes from which cord of the brachial plexus
Lateral cord
99
Action of supraspinatus
Adduction
100
Action of infraspinatus
Lateral rotation
101
Action of deltoid
Abduction
102
Action of Teres minor
Lateral rotation
103
Action of teres major
Medial rotation
104
Acion of subscapularis
Medial rotation
105
muscles that abduct the shoulder (2)
Supraspinatus and deltoid
106
Muscles that rotate the shoulder laterally (2)
Teres minor, Infraspinatus
107
Muscles that rotate the shoulder medially (2)
Teres major, Subscapularis
108
Muscle that initiates abduction of the shoulder
Supraspinatus
109
Shoulder quadrangular space borders
Teres minor, Teres major, triceps brachii long head, surgical neck of humerus
110
Shoulder triangular space borders
Teres minor, teres minor, triceps brachii long head
111
Contents of quadrangular space
Axillary nerve, Post. Circumflex humeral vessels
112
Contents of triangular space
Circumflex scapular vessels
113
Shoulder triangular interval content?
Radial nerve, Deep brachial artery
114
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm
Coracobrachialis, Brachialis, Biceps brachii
115
Main supinator of arm
Biceps brachii
116
Main flexor of arm
Brachialis
117
Anterior compartment innervation
Musculocutaneous nerve
118
Innervation of coracobrachialis
Musculocutaneous nerve
119
Innervation of brachialis
Musculocutaneous nerve
120
Innervation of biceps brachii
Musculocutaneous nerve
121
Musculocutaneous nerve comes from which cord of the brachial plexus
Lateral cord
122
Muscle of posterior compartment
Triceps brachii
123
Triceps brachii innervated by
Radial nerve
124
Radial nerve comes from which cord of the brachial plexus
Posterior cord
125
Flexor muscles of the forearm are innervated by (with the exception of 2 muscles)
Median nerve
126
Median nerve roots?
C5-T1
127
All forearm flexors are innervated by median nerve except?
Brachioradialis, Flexor carpi ulnaris, Flexor digitorum profundus
128
Innervation of brachioradialis
Radial nerve
129
Common innervation of Flexor carpi ulnaris and Flexor digitorum profundus
Ulnar nerve
130
Pronator teres and Pronateror quadratus are innervated by
Median nerve
131
Flexor pollicis longus innervation?
Median nerve
132
Flexor digitorum superficialis innervation?
Ulnar nerve
133
Flexor carpi ulnaris innervation?
Ulnar nerve
134
Forearm flexors common origin
Medial epicondyle
135
Forearm flexors have a common origin except
Brachioradialis
136
Brachioradialis origin
Lateral condyle of humerus
137
Supinator muscle innervation?
Radial nerve
138
Golfer's elbow - which is inflammed?
Medial epicondyle
139
Tennis elbow - which is inflammed?
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
140
Contents of cubital fossa (medial to lateral order)
Median nerve, brachial artery, Biceps brachii tendon, Radial nerve
141
Abductor pollicis longus is innervated by
Radial nerve
142
Flexor digitorum profundus innervation?
Ulnar nerve 4th and 5th digit, Median nerve 2nd and 3rd digit
143
Abductor pollicis brevis is innervated by?
Median nerve
144
Palmar interossei innervation?
Ulnar nerve
145
Dorsal interossei innervation?
Ulnar nerve
146
Thenar muscles supplied by the median nerve
Abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis
147
APB innervation
Median nerve
148
Thenar muscle/s supplied by the ulnar nerve
Adductor pollicis
149
Lateral lumbricales innervated by _______, medial lumbricales innervated by _________
median nerve, ulnar nerve
150
Extensor digitorum innervation?
Radial nerve
151
FDS flex which interphalangeal joints?
proximal
152
FDP flex which interphalangeal joints?
Distal
153
The 3 hypothenar muscles are?
Abductor digiti minimi, Flexor digiti minimi, Opponens digiti minimi
154
Hypothenar muscles innervation?
Ulnar nerve
155
Nerve roots are also called?
Rami
156
Roots of the brachial plexus
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
157
Brachial plexus regions
Roots, trunks, divisions, cords
158
Erb-Duchenne's syndrome sign
Waiter's tip
159
Affected roots in Erb-Duchenne's
C5 and C6
160
Where is the lesion in Erb-Duchenne's
C5,C6 trunk
161
Klumpke's paralysis affect which nerve roots?
C8, T1
162
Sign in Klumpke's paralysis
combined Ape hand and claw hand
163
Climbing muscle
latissimus dorsi
164
Difficulty in climbing, or using a crutch. what nerve is affected?
Thoracodorsal nerve
165
Difficulty in climbing, or using a crutch. what muscle is affected?
latissimus dorsi
166
Difficulty in protracting the scapula and raising the arm above the head. What nerve is affected?
Long thoracic nerve
167
Etiologies of winged scapula (3)
s/p radical mastectomy, thoracic surgery, stab wounds
168
Nerve lesion that may result from disclocation of the humeral head
Axillary nerve lesion
169
Nerve lesion that may result from fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus
Axillary nerve lesion
170
Injury to the axillary nerve will produce weakness in which muscle/s?
Deltoid, Teres minor
171
Wristdrop indicates which nerve lesion
Radial nerve
172
Cause of radial nerve injury
Spiral fx at the midshaft of the humerus
173
Supracondylar fracture. Which nerve will be affected?
Median nerve
174
Hand of benediction sign - which fingers are extended?
index and middle fingers are extended
175
Hand of benediction sign is indicative of what nerve lesion?
Proximal median nerve lesion
176
Lunate bone dislocation. Which nerve is likely to be affected?
Median nerve
177
What nerve is affected in carpal tunnel syndrome?
Median nerve
178
Sign of distal median nerve lesion?
Ape hand
179
In ape hand, which digit remains extended?
thumb
180
Medial epicondyle fracture of the humerus. Which nerve is affected?
Ulnar nerve
181
Fracture of hook of hamate. Which nerve is affected?
Uinar
182
Distal ulnar nerve injury results in which sign?
Claw hand
183
Claw hand is indicative of lesion to what nerve?
Distal ulnar nerve
184
Branch from 1st part of axillary artery
Superior thoracic artery
185
Branches from 2nd part of axillary artery
Thoracoacromial art. And lateral thoracic artery
186
Branches of thoracoacromial artery
Pectoral, Acromial, Clavicular, Deltoid
187
Branches from 3rd part of axillary artery
Subscapular artery, Anterior and post. circumflex humeral.
188
1st bone to ossify during fetal dev't
clavicle
189
last bone to complete ossification
clavicle
190
Distal radius fracture displaced posteriorly
Colles'
191
Distal radius fracture displaced anteriorly
Smith's
192
Carpal bones (lateral to medial)
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrium, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
193
Anatomical snuff box borders
Lat: EPB and Abd PL, Med: EPL, Floor: Scaphoid and trapezium
194
Most commonly dislocated carpal bone
lunate
195
Symptoms of scaphoid fracture
pain and tenderness over anatomic snuff box
196
Pain and tenderness over anatomic snuff box. What bone is likely fractured?
Scaphoid
197
Bennet's fracture affects which bone?
fracture of base of first metacarpal bone
198
Fracture of base of first metacarpal bone is called?
Bennet's fracture
199
Boxer's fracture affects which bone?
neck of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
200
Fracture of neck of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals is called?
Boxer's fracture
201
Dupuytren's contracture - what is affected?
Palmar aponeurosis
202
Ring finger drawn into the palm with flexion of 5th digit at the PIP is indicative of?
Dupuytren's contracture
203
Back of head. Dermatome?
C2
204
Top of shoulder. Dermatome?
C4
205
Tip of shoulder. Dermatome?
C5
206
Tip of thumb. Dermatome?
C6
207
Middle finger. Dermatome?
C7
208
5th digit. Dermatome?
C8
209
Nipple. Dermatome?
T4
210
Umbilicus. Dermatome?
T10
211
Inguinal area. Dermatome?
L1
212
Knee. Dermatome?
L4
213
Lateral leg and big toe. Dermatome?
L5
214
Small toe. Dermatome?
S1
215
Perineum. Dermatome?
S5
216
Muscles of quadriceps femoris
Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius, Rectus femoris
217
Hip flexor, leg extensor innervation?
Femoral nerve
218
Hip flexor that can adduct
Pectineus
219
Quadriceps muscle that can both flex the thigh and extend the leg
Rectus femoris
220
Origin of rectus femoris
AIIS
221
Sartorius origin
ASIS
222
Common insertion of iliacus and psoas
Lesser trochanter of femur
223
Thigh adductors innervation?
Obturator nerve
224
Thigh adductor with double innervation
Adductor magnus
225
Adductor muscle with hamstring component
Adductor magnus
226
Innervation of hamstring part of adductor magnus
Tibial part of sciatic nerve
227
Thigh adductor muscles
Adductor longus, brevis, magnus, and gracilis, obturator externus
228
Adductor muscle with leg flexion, and medial rotation
Gracilis
229
Common insertion of thigh adductor muscles
Linea aspera
230
Insertion of hamstring part of adductor magnus
Adductor tubercle of femur
231
Origin of hamstring part of adductor magnus
Ischial tuberosity
232
Hamstring muscles (from lateral to medial)
Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, Biceps femoris long and short head
233
Muscles of anterior thigh compartment
Iliopsoas, Sartorius, Pectineus, Quadriceps femoris, Tensor fascia lata
234
Innervation of hamstring muscles
tibial division of Sciatic nerve
235
Biceps femoris short head innervation
Common peroneal
236
Femoral triangle (in order from lateral to medial)
Nerve, Femoral Artery, Femoral Vein, Empty space, Lymph node
237
Structures in femoral sheath (in order from lateral to medial)
Femoral Artery, Femoral Vein, Empty space
238
Adductor canal - other name/s
subsartorial canal, Hunter's canal
239
Course of adductor canal
Femoral triangle to adductor hiatus
240
Contents of adductor canal
Femoral artery and vein, Saphenous nerve, nerve to vastus medialis
241
Gluteus maximus innervation
Inferior gluteal nerve
242
Gluteus medius innervation
Superior gluteal nerve
243
Gluteus minimus innervation
Superior gluteal nerve
244
Action of Gluteus maximus
Thigh extensor
245
Action of Gluteus minimus and medius
Abductor and medial rotator
246
Inferior gluteal nerve innervates which muslce
Gluteus maximus
247
Common insertion of gluteal muscles (except glut max and quadratus femoris)
Greater trochanter of femur
248
Greater trochanter is the common insertion for which group of muscles
Gluteal muscles
249
Insertions of gluteus maximus
Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity
250
Quadratus femoris insertion
Quadrate tubercle
251
Deep group of gluteal muscles (5)
Piriformis, Obturator internus, inferior and superior gemelli, quadratus femoris
252
Gemelli superior innervation?
Nerve to obturator internus
253
Gemelli inferior innervation?
Nerve to quadratus femoris
254
Action of deep gluteal muscles
Lateral rotation of thigh
255
Obturator internus innervation?
Nerve to obturator internus
256
Quadratus femoris innervation?
Nerve to quadratus femoris
257
Waddling gait. What nerve is involved?
Superior gluteal nerve
258
Piriformis innervation
S1 and S2 ventral roots
259
Sciatic nerve roots
L4-S3
260
Sciatic nerve innervates?
Skin of foot and leg, posterior thigh muscles
261
Largest nerve in the body
Sciatic nerve
262
Nerves that exit the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen (6)
Sciatic nerve, inf and sup gluteal nerves, nerve to quadratus femoris, nerve to obturator externus, posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
263
Sacral plexus nerves that innervate pelvic visceara, perineum (4)
Pudendal nerve, nerve to piriformis, pelvic splanchnic nerves, Perforating cutaneous nerve
264
Pudendal nerve roots
S2-S4
265
Pudendal nerve innervates?
Perineum
266
Perforating cutaneous nerve innervates
lower medial part of the buttock
267
Waddling gait is also known as
Trendelenburg sign
268
In patient with waddling gait, patient's left buttock sags when stepping with the left leg. Which side is the weak muscle?
Right gluteus medius
269
Inflammation of the piriformis, resulting in sciatic nerve pain.
Piriformis syndrome
270
What nerve is affected in Piriformis Syndrome?
Sciatic nerve
271
Normal angle of neck shaft of femur in child
160 degrees
272
Normal angle of neck shaft of femur in adult
125 degrees
273
Decreased angle of neck shaft of femur
Coxa vara
274
Increased angle of neck shaft of femur
Coxa valga
275
Most common type of of femoral neck fracture in elderly
Subcapital
276
Most common type of of femoral neck fracture in young
Trochanteric
277
Major blood supply of femoral head
Medial femoral circumflex
278
Most common direction of femoral head dislocation?
Posterior
279
Nerve affected in femoral head dislocation?
Sciatic
280
Peroneus longus, brevis, and tertius. Which is located in the anterior compartment of the leg
Peroneus tertius
281
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (5)
Tibialis anterior, Ext. digitorum longus, Ext. Hallucis longus, Ext. digitorum brevis, Peroneus tertius
282
Tibialis anterior innervation?
Deep peroneal nerve
283
Ext. digitorum longus (leg) innervation
Deep peroneal nerve
284
Ext. Hallucis longus innervation?
Deep peroneal nerve
285
Ext. digitorum brevis innervation?
Deep peroneal nerve
286
Peroneus tertius innervation?
Deep peroneal nerve
287
Peroneus longus innervation?
Superficial peroneal nerve
288
Peroneus brevis innervation?
Superficial peroneal nerve
289
Peroneus tertius. Which leg compartment?
Anterior
290
Peroneus longus. Which leg compartment?
Lateral
291
Peroneus brevis. Which leg compartment?
Lateral
292
Action of anterioir compartment leg muscles
Dorsifexion of foot
293
Action of lateral compartment leg muscles
Plantarflexion + eversion
294
Posterior leg muscles, superficial group (3)
Gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus
295
Posterior leg muscles, deep group (4)
Popliteus, Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor hallucis longus, Tibialis posterior
296
Components of triceps surae
Gastrocnemius and soleus
297
Innervation of most plantar muscles
Lateral plantar nerve
298
Other innervation for plantar muscles
medial plantar nerve
299
Medial plantar nerve innervates?
Abductor hallucis, Flexor digitorum brevis, Flexor hallucis brevis, 1st lumbrical
300
Nerve root tested in Biceps Brachii tendon reflex
C5
301
Reflex to test C5 nerve root
Biceps brachii tendon reflex
302
Nerve root tested in Brachioradialis tendon reflex
C6
303
Reflex to test C6 nerve root
Brachioradialis reflex
304
Nerve root tested in Triceps surae tendon reflex
C7
305
Reflex to test C7 nerve root
Triceps brachii
306
Nerve root tested in patellar tendon reflex
L4
307
Reflex to test L4 nerve root
Patellar tendon reflex
308
Nerve root tested in Achilles tendon reflex
S1
309
Reflex to test S1 nerve root
Achilles tendon
310
Right lymphatic duct drains which parts of the body?
Right side of the head and neck, right upper limb, right side of thorax
311
Vein over lateral aspect of leg and ankle
Small saphenous vein
312
Vein over medial aspect of leg and ankle
Great saphenous vein
313
Great saphenous vein drains into?
Femoral vein
314
Small saphenous vein drains into?
Popliteal vein
315
Nerves in popliteal fossa (4)
Common peroneal n., Tibial n., Posterior cutaneous n. Genicular branch of obturator n.
316
Vessels in popliteal fossa
Poplital artery and vein, small saphenous vein
317
Posterior thigh, cutanoues innervation
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
318
Postero-lateral leg , cutaneous innervation
Sural nerve
319
Sural nerve accompanies which vein?
Small saphenous vein
320
Anterior thigh and medial leg, cutaneous innervation
Femoral nerve. Thigh: Anterior cutaneous branch, medial leg: Saphenous nerve
321
Femoral nerve accompanies which vein?
Great saphenous vein
322
Sciatic nerve divide into which nerves at the level of the leg?
Superficial and deep peroneal nerve
323
Nerve commonly injured in foot drop?
Common peroneal
324
Attachments of ACL
lateral condyle of femur, to anterior aspect of tibia
325
Attachments of PCL
medial condyle of femur, posterior aspect of tibia
326
Blow to the lateral aspect of the knee, which structure/s are most likely injured?
Tibial collateral ligament (MCL) and medial meniscus
327
Unhappy triad of O'Donoghue
ACL, MCL, Medial meniscus
328
Lateral bend of knee
Genu varum, or knock knee
329
Medial bend of the knee
Genu valgum, or bowleg
330
In genu varum, which ligament is affected
MCL aka Tibial collateral ligament
331
In genu valgum, which ligament is affected
LCL aka Fibular collateral ligament
332
Torn in ankle inversion
Anterio talofibular and Calcaneofibular ligaments (lateral ankle)
333
Torn in ankle eversion
Medial or deltoid ligament
