Anatomy (MSK) Flashcards
What are tendons, joints, ligaments and bursae?
Tendon = Tough, flexible band made of fibrous connective tissue; Connects muscle to bone
Joints = Bone articulations allowing movement
Ligament = Dense white band of fibrous elastic tissue; Connects the end of bones to form a joint; Limits joint dislocation and restrict improper hyperextension/hyperflexion
What are two types of skeletons and the examples of them?
- Axial skeleton (Skull, vertebral column, thorax)
- Appendicular skeleton (Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle)
Four types of bones and two types of bone tissue
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
Bone tissue
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy Cancellous Bone
Seven functions of bones
Mechanical:
1. Movement
2. Support
3. Protection
Homeostasis:
1. Blood formation
2. Electrolyte balance
3. Acid-base balance
Storage of energy
What are bones made up of?
- Periosteum and Endosteum
- Red marrow
- Yellow marrow
- Marrow cavity
- Articular cartilage
What is the structure of a long bone?
- Diaphysis (Shaft)
- Metaphysis
- Epiphysis (End)
Bone tissues are hard connective tissues consisting of which 3 types of cells? How do they function?
- Osteoclast: Bone resorption
- Osteocytes: Maintenance, Remodeling, Mechano-sensing; Trapped in Lacunae
- Osteoblast: Bone formation
What minerals are present in bone?
- Organic protein fibers and collagen
- Inorganic ions (Hydroxyapatite, CaPO4)
What is an osteon?
A structural unit of a compact bone consisting of
– Osteocytes, lacunae & canaliculi.
– Concentric lamellae, outer/inner circumferential, interstitial lamellae.
– Central (Haversian) & perforating (Volkmann) canals.
Where are spongy bone tissues found?
Skull, Vertebrae, Sternum, Pelvis
Why are spongy bones spongy?
Marrow cavity is found between trabeculae beams or plates
What are the 6 types of bone on the skull?
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
- Maxilla
- Mandibular
Identify the 15 bones from head to toe
Axial:
1. Vertebrae
2. Rib
3. Sternum
4. Clavicle
5. Scapula
6. Cranium
7. Mandible
Appendicular:
1. Humerus
2. Radius
3. Ulna
4. Femur
5. Tibia
6. Patella
7. Fibula
8. Hip Bone
What are cartilages made of?
- Chondrocytes
- Collagen (Elastic fibre)
- Glycosaminoglycans/Proteoglycans (Ground substance)
Where can cartilage be found?
Nose, outer ear, larynx, trachea, articulating ends of bones
What are 3 types of cartilages? What are they based mainly on?
- Elastic cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
- Hyaline cartilage
Fiber content, location, organization
What are the 3 types of muscles and describe the striation and voluntariness of the one in particular
- Skeletal muscle (Striated and voluntary)
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle
What are the features of skeletal muscle fibers?
Elongated cylindrical unbranched striations
Describe the cellular features of skeletal muscle cells
- Sarcolemma (Plasma membrane)
- Sarcoplasm (Cytoplasm)
- Myofibrils, myofilaments
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- Flattened multi-nuclei near the periphery beneath sarcolemma
What is a sarcomere?
A contractile unit of a muscle containing 2 types of myofilaments
1. Thin (Contain F-actin, attached to Z-line)
2. Thick (Contain myosin attached to M-line)
Describe the structure of the sarcomere?
- A band and I band
- Z-line and M-line
- H zone
1) Origin—muscle attachment that ___________ while the muscle ________
2) Insertion—muscle attachment that ___________ while the muscle ________
3) Action—a specific movement (eg, _______) produced by a muscle contraction
4) Agonist — muscle(s) responsible for _________.
5) Synergist — muscle(s) responsible for ________.
6) Antagonist — muscle(s) responsible for ___________, to control, for example, ___________ and ___________
1) Remains stationary; Contract
2) Moves; Contract
3) Flexion, Extension
4) Producing movement
5) Assisting movement
6) Opposing movement; Speed and smoothness of movement
List 3 facial muscles and body muscles
Facial:
1. Buccinator
2. Masseter
3. Sternocleidomastoid
Body:
1. Triceps brachii
2. Biceps brachii
3. Deltoid
4. Pectoralis major
5. Rectus abdominis
6. Adductor longus
7. Gluteus maximus
8. Bicep femoris
9. Quadriceps femoris
10. Tibialis anterior
11. Gastrocnemius
5 main functions of skeletal muscles
- Movement
- Posture, position, stability
- Support and protect (Pelvic diaphragm)
- Guard entrances (Sphincters)
- Maintain body temperature
What are you trying to avoid when giving IM injection in the gluteal region?
The sciatic nerve. Inject at the top outer quadrant
3 types of joints and which is most mobile?
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial (Mobile)
4 major types of synovial joints
- Ball and socket joint (shoulder, hip)
- Hinge joint (elbow, knee)
- Pivot joint (radioulnar)
- Planar joint
A joint is actively moved by…
Contracting and shortening a skeletal muscle
What are the 4 main muscles across the shoulder joint?
Pectoralis major
Deltoid
Bicep brachii
Tricep brachii
What are 7 types of bone movements at the shoulder joint?
- Adduction
- Abduction
- Extension
- Flexion
- Medial rotation
- Lateral rotation
- Circumduction
What two types of joints does the knee joint have?
- Hinge
- Gliding
What are the major components of the knee joint?
- Bones: Tibia, femur, patella
- Articular cartilage
- Synovial membrane
- Joint capsule
- Joint cavity
- Menisci ligament
