Anatomy lecture exam #2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is Cancer?
A
Uncontrolled Mitosis
2
Q
What are some Cancer Causes?
A
-DNA Replication error
-Chemical Carcinogens
-Radiation
-Viruses
-Genetic Predisposition or Hereditary
-
3
Q
How does Cancer kill?
A
-Displacement
-Hemorrhages
-Blockage
-Weakens Immune System
-Competes metabolically
4
Q
What are codons?
A
a sequence of three nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.
5
Q
How much of our genes are from mom and dad?
A
half from mom and half from dad
6
Q
What is the most prominent structure in most cells?
A
The nucleus
7
Q
What is the dark dot found in the nucleus?
A
nucleolus
8
Q
what is the function of the nucleolus?
A
Produces and assembles the cells ribosomes.
9
Q
Where are organelles found?
A
cells and the nucleus.
10
Q
what is DNA’s function?
A
carries genetic info.
11
Q
What has the recipes for how to make protein?
A
DNA
12
Q
what are the functions of proteins?
A
-Structural support
-Communication, receptors, channels, pumps, carriers, antigens, cell adhesion, enzyme activity.
13
Q
What are many human genetic disorders caused by?
A
mutations in genetic coding regions of DNA
14
Q
What components are in the nucleus?
A
DNA/chromatin, RNA, Nucleoli, nucleolus, and nuclear pores
15
Q
How many feet of DNA are found in our 46 chromosomes?
A
6 feet of DNA
16
Q
What is a gene?
A
a recipe for one protein (or group of similar protein)
17
Q
How many genes are in the human genome?
A
20k
18
Q
What percentage of DNA has recipes we use?
A
2-3%
19
Q
What are the two nucleic acids?
A
DNA and RNA
20
Q
which nucleic acid has a double strand?
A
DNA
21
Q
Which nucleic acid has a single strand?
A
RNA
22
Q
What are the building blocks of nucleic acid?
A
Nucleotides
23
Q
What does the nucleus store?
A
Chromosomes
24
Q
What does guanine (g) pair with?
A
Cytosine (c)
25
adenine (a) pairs with
thymine (t)
26
What base is only present in RNA?
uracil
27
What are ribosomes made of?
Ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
28
What do ribosomes do?
Synthesizes proteins
29
What does DNA use to specify one of the 20 standard amino acids?
groups of three nucleotides called codons.
30
what are proteins made up of?
amino acids.
31
What are the 3 types of RNA?
rRNA, mRNA, tRNA
32
who is the chef?
ribos
33
who is the spy?
mRNA
34
Who is the secret recipe in a vault?
DNA
35
Who is the sous chef in charge of only one ingredient?
tRNA
36
rRNA stands for
ribosomal RNA
37
mRNA stands for
messenger RNA
38
tRNA stands for
Transfer RNA
39
what are genes?
recipes for proteins
40
Where are genes found? the
the nucleus
41
What base is only seen in DNA?
thymine (t)
42
Where does translation occur during protein synthesis?
in the cytoplasm of the cell.
43
What enzyme splits DNA just before transcription?
RNA polymerase.
44
What manufactures mRNA
RNA polymerase.
45
from where do our cells obtain amino acids?
our diet.
46
T/F. All of our nuclei (except gametes) have 46 chromosomes strands that are 6ft long.
True
47
What happens to DNA during prophase?
it condenses into chromosomes.
48
gene=
recipe for one protein
49
Alleles are what?
The two possible recipes on each side of chromosomes.
50
what is locus?
recipe position on a particular chromosome pair.
51
what is genotype?
tells us the abbreviations for the alleles.
52
what is homozygous?
a condition in which an individual possesses two identical alleles for a particular gene.
53
what is heterozygous?
A condition in which an individual possesses two different alleles for a particular gene.
54
what is phenotype?
The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
55
sex-linkage
genetics involving the sex chromosomes.
56
What are the genes found on the same locus of a chromosome pair?
Alleles
57
what is Carcinoma cancer?
cancer that forms in epithelial tissue.
58
what is melanoma cancer?
cancer in the skin
59
What is sarcoma cancer?
cancer that arises from cells of mesenchymal tissue.
60
what is leukemia cancer?
type of cancer that affects blood and bone marrow.
61
what is lymphoma cancer?
cancer in the lymphatic system that arises from lymphocytes.
62
what benign cancer?
controllable and less serious cancer.
63
what is Malignant cancer?
serious and uncontrollable cancer.
64
What is metastasis?
the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.
65
what are Skin functions?
trauma&infection barrier, acid mantle, barrier to water, UV and some chemicals, vitamin D synthesis, the transmission of senses, thermoregulation, and social interaction.
66
what is papillary?
Areolar CT, gives rise to ridges and furrows.
67
What is reticular?
Dense irregular CT, lots of collagen.
68
What gives rise to fingerprints (a.k.a friction ridges)?
papillary layers
69
What lines in the reticular layer relate to plastic surgery and wrinkle formation?
langer lines
70
What 3 pigments color the skin?
1. Melanin
2. Hemoglobin
3. Carotene
71
Cyanosis abnormal skin is what color?
Blue
72
Erythema abnormal skin is what color?
Red
73
Pallor abnormal skin is what color?
Pale
74
Albinism abnormal skin is what color?
very pale
75
Jaundice abnormal skin is what color?
Yellow skin
76
what is a hematoma?
a localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels.
77
what is a contusion?
A bruise
78
What are some unusual markings?
friction ridges, flexion lines, skin tags, freckles, moles, hemangiomas, birthmarks, port wine stains.
79
What are sweat glands?
glands that produce perspiration
80
what are Eccrine glands?
Sweat glands that function in evaporative cooling; widely distributed over the body surface; open by ducts onto the skin surface.
81
how long should the capillary refill be?
less than 2 secs
82
what is Insensible perspiration?
The continuous, low-level secretion of sweat from the sweat glands that evaporate quickly from the skin.
83
what is Diaphoresis?
excessive sweating that is noticeable and often occurs in response to factors such as physical exertion, heat, stress, or certain medication conditions.
84
what kind of glands are Apo and Epo (mero) glads?
Sweat glands
85
What is the ABCD rule?
A. Asymmetry
B. border irregularity
C. colors
D. Diameter>6mm
86
Skin cancer: Basal cell carcinoma
Most common and least dangerous
87
Skin cancer: Squamous cell carcinoma
Strat spinosum
88
Skin cancer: Malignant melanoma
least common and most dangerous
89
Which burn degree doubles the risk of cancer?
Second degree
90
How do 3rd degree burns heal?
from the edges only
91
What burn degree often requires grafting?
3rd degree
92
What is grafting?
Transporting healthy skin to the damaged/burned area.
93
What color is Pheomelanin?
yellow to reddish
94
What color is Eumelanin?
brown to black
95
function of hair?
protects body from trauma and UV
96
what is cytokenesis?
The final physical cell division that follows telophase.
97
what is the 23rd pair of chromosomes?
sex chromos
98
which burn affect the dermis?
second degree burns
99
which burn affects the hypodermis?
3rd degree
100
Papillary dermal layer function and ct
Areolar CT and give rise to edges and furrows.
101
reticular dermal layer CT and function.
Dense irregular CT, supports the skin
102
what are chromatids?
strands of replicated chromosomes
103
Chromatin consist of what?
DNA and protein
104
a gamete is what?
sex cell
105
what is a fertilized egg called?
Zygote
106
what is karyotype?
a picture of a persons complete set of chromosomes
107
meiosis is what?
cell division that creates egg and sperm cells.
108
what is centromere?
the center of chromosomes
109
what phase are chromosomes duplicated?
enterphase
110
what are the purine bases?
adenine and guanine
111
what are the pyrimidine bases?
cytosine,thymine and uracil
112
what is T replaced with in RNA?
Uracil (U)
113
What are free ribos likely to do during translation?
stay in the cell
114
what is rER protein likely to do during translation?
exported or incorporated into the membrane
115
why do dna bases go into groups of three?
we have 20 amino acids so we needs 3 bases to code for each AA.
116
what is protein synthesis?
the process where cels make protein.
117
what are the 3 parts of RNA and DNA?
sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
118
DNA bases?
Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
119
RNA BASES?
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
120
What do genotypes determine?
which characteristics an individual will express, for example: whether they have freckles or not
