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Anatomy exam #1 study > Anatomy lecture exam #2 > Flashcards

Anatomy lecture exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cancer?

A

Uncontrolled Mitosis

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2
Q

What are some Cancer Causes?

A

-DNA Replication error
-Chemical Carcinogens
-Radiation
-Viruses
-Genetic Predisposition or Hereditary
-

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3
Q

How does Cancer kill?

A

-Displacement
-Hemorrhages
-Blockage
-Weakens Immune System
-Competes metabolically

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4
Q

What are codons?

A

a sequence of three nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.

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5
Q

How much of our genes are from mom and dad?

A

half from mom and half from dad

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6
Q

What is the most prominent structure in most cells?

A

The nucleus

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7
Q

What is the dark dot found in the nucleus?

A

nucleolus

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8
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Produces and assembles the cells ribosomes.

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9
Q

Where are organelles found?

A

cells and the nucleus.

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10
Q

what is DNA’s function?

A

carries genetic info.

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11
Q

What has the recipes for how to make protein?

A

DNA

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12
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A

-Structural support
-Communication, receptors, channels, pumps, carriers, antigens, cell adhesion, enzyme activity.

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13
Q

What are many human genetic disorders caused by?

A

mutations in genetic coding regions of DNA

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14
Q

What components are in the nucleus?

A

DNA/chromatin, RNA, Nucleoli, nucleolus, and nuclear pores

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15
Q

How many feet of DNA are found in our 46 chromosomes?

A

6 feet of DNA

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16
Q

What is a gene?

A

a recipe for one protein (or group of similar protein)

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17
Q

How many genes are in the human genome?

A

20k

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18
Q

What percentage of DNA has recipes we use?

A

2-3%

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19
Q

What are the two nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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20
Q

which nucleic acid has a double strand?

A

DNA

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21
Q

Which nucleic acid has a single strand?

A

RNA

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22
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotides

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23
Q

What does the nucleus store?

A

Chromosomes

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24
Q

What does guanine (g) pair with?

A

Cytosine (c)

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25
Q

adenine (a) pairs with

A

thymine (t)

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26
Q

What base is only present in RNA?

A

uracil

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27
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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28
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Synthesizes proteins

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29
Q

What does DNA use to specify one of the 20 standard amino acids?

A

groups of three nucleotides called codons.

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30
Q

what are proteins made up of?

A

amino acids.

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31
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

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32
Q

who is the chef?

A

ribos

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33
Q

who is the spy?

A

mRNA

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34
Q

Who is the secret recipe in a vault?

A

DNA

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35
Q

Who is the sous chef in charge of only one ingredient?

A

tRNA

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36
Q

rRNA stands for

A

ribosomal RNA

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37
Q

mRNA stands for

A

messenger RNA

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38
Q

tRNA stands for

A

Transfer RNA

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39
Q

what are genes?

A

recipes for proteins

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40
Q

Where are genes found? the

A

the nucleus

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41
Q

What base is only seen in DNA?

A

thymine (t)

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42
Q

Where does translation occur during protein synthesis?

A

in the cytoplasm of the cell.

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43
Q

What enzyme splits DNA just before transcription?

A

RNA polymerase.

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44
Q

What manufactures mRNA

A

RNA polymerase.

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45
Q

from where do our cells obtain amino acids?

A

our diet.

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46
Q

T/F. All of our nuclei (except gametes) have 46 chromosomes strands that are 6ft long.

A

True

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47
Q

What happens to DNA during prophase?

A

it condenses into chromosomes.

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48
Q

gene=

A

recipe for one protein

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49
Q

Alleles are what?

A

The two possible recipes on each side of chromosomes.

50
Q

what is locus?

A

recipe position on a particular chromosome pair.

51
Q

what is genotype?

A

tells us the abbreviations for the alleles.

52
Q

what is homozygous?

A

a condition in which an individual possesses two identical alleles for a particular gene.

53
Q

what is heterozygous?

A

A condition in which an individual possesses two different alleles for a particular gene.

54
Q

what is phenotype?

A

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

55
Q

sex-linkage

A

genetics involving the sex chromosomes.

56
Q

What are the genes found on the same locus of a chromosome pair?

A

Alleles

57
Q

what is Carcinoma cancer?

A

cancer that forms in epithelial tissue.

58
Q

what is melanoma cancer?

A

cancer in the skin

59
Q

What is sarcoma cancer?

A

cancer that arises from cells of mesenchymal tissue.

60
Q

what is leukemia cancer?

A

type of cancer that affects blood and bone marrow.

61
Q

what is lymphoma cancer?

A

cancer in the lymphatic system that arises from lymphocytes.

62
Q

what benign cancer?

A

controllable and less serious cancer.

63
Q

what is Malignant cancer?

A

serious and uncontrollable cancer.

64
Q

What is metastasis?

A

the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.

65
Q

what are Skin functions?

A

trauma&infection barrier, acid mantle, barrier to water, UV and some chemicals, vitamin D synthesis, the transmission of senses, thermoregulation, and social interaction.

66
Q

what is papillary?

A

Areolar CT, gives rise to ridges and furrows.

67
Q

What is reticular?

A

Dense irregular CT, lots of collagen.

68
Q

What gives rise to fingerprints (a.k.a friction ridges)?

A

papillary layers

69
Q

What lines in the reticular layer relate to plastic surgery and wrinkle formation?

A

langer lines

70
Q

What 3 pigments color the skin?

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Hemoglobin
  3. Carotene
71
Q

Cyanosis abnormal skin is what color?

A

Blue

72
Q

Erythema abnormal skin is what color?

A

Red

73
Q

Pallor abnormal skin is what color?

A

Pale

74
Q

Albinism abnormal skin is what color?

A

very pale

75
Q

Jaundice abnormal skin is what color?

A

Yellow skin

76
Q

what is a hematoma?

A

a localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels.

77
Q

what is a contusion?

A

A bruise

78
Q

What are some unusual markings?

A

friction ridges, flexion lines, skin tags, freckles, moles, hemangiomas, birthmarks, port wine stains.

79
Q

What are sweat glands?

A

glands that produce perspiration

80
Q

what are Eccrine glands?

A

Sweat glands that function in evaporative cooling; widely distributed over the body surface; open by ducts onto the skin surface.

81
Q

how long should the capillary refill be?

A

less than 2 secs

82
Q

what is Insensible perspiration?

A

The continuous, low-level secretion of sweat from the sweat glands that evaporate quickly from the skin.

83
Q

what is Diaphoresis?

A

excessive sweating that is noticeable and often occurs in response to factors such as physical exertion, heat, stress, or certain medication conditions.

84
Q

what kind of glands are Apo and Epo (mero) glads?

A

Sweat glands

85
Q

What is the ABCD rule?

A

A. Asymmetry
B. border irregularity
C. colors
D. Diameter>6mm

86
Q

Skin cancer: Basal cell carcinoma

A

Most common and least dangerous

87
Q

Skin cancer: Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Strat spinosum

88
Q

Skin cancer: Malignant melanoma

A

least common and most dangerous

89
Q

Which burn degree doubles the risk of cancer?

A

Second degree

90
Q

How do 3rd degree burns heal?

A

from the edges only

91
Q

What burn degree often requires grafting?

A

3rd degree

92
Q

What is grafting?

A

Transporting healthy skin to the damaged/burned area.

93
Q

What color is Pheomelanin?

A

yellow to reddish

94
Q

What color is Eumelanin?

A

brown to black

95
Q

function of hair?

A

protects body from trauma and UV

96
Q

what is cytokenesis?

A

The final physical cell division that follows telophase.

97
Q

what is the 23rd pair of chromosomes?

A

sex chromos

98
Q

which burn affect the dermis?

A

second degree burns

99
Q

which burn affects the hypodermis?

A

3rd degree

100
Q

Papillary dermal layer function and ct

A

Areolar CT and give rise to edges and furrows.

101
Q

reticular dermal layer CT and function.

A

Dense irregular CT, supports the skin

102
Q

what are chromatids?

A

strands of replicated chromosomes

103
Q

Chromatin consist of what?

A

DNA and protein

104
Q

a gamete is what?

A

sex cell

105
Q

what is a fertilized egg called?

A

Zygote

106
Q

what is karyotype?

A

a picture of a persons complete set of chromosomes

107
Q

meiosis is what?

A

cell division that creates egg and sperm cells.

108
Q

what is centromere?

A

the center of chromosomes

109
Q

what phase are chromosomes duplicated?

A

enterphase

110
Q

what are the purine bases?

A

adenine and guanine

111
Q

what are the pyrimidine bases?

A

cytosine,thymine and uracil

112
Q

what is T replaced with in RNA?

A

Uracil (U)

113
Q

What are free ribos likely to do during translation?

A

stay in the cell

114
Q

what is rER protein likely to do during translation?

A

exported or incorporated into the membrane

115
Q

why do dna bases go into groups of three?

A

we have 20 amino acids so we needs 3 bases to code for each AA.

116
Q

what is protein synthesis?

A

the process where cels make protein.

117
Q

what are the 3 parts of RNA and DNA?

A

sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

118
Q

DNA bases?

A

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

119
Q

RNA BASES?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

120
Q

What do genotypes determine?

A

which characteristics an individual will express, for example: whether they have freckles or not

Anatomy exam #1 study (3 decks)

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