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Anatomy exam #1 study > Anatomy Exam #1 study > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam #1 study Flashcards

1
Q

What is biology the study of?

A

Life

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2
Q

Anabolic Reactions

A

Build something (bigger muscle)

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3
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A

Breaking something down

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4
Q

Excretion

A

Happens through breathing and sweat

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5
Q

Afference is

A

Sensing something

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6
Q

General Senses are

A

Physical feeling (touch)

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7
Q

Special senses

A

use special organs (vision, hearing, taste)

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8
Q

Efference is

A

Movement

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relatively constant internal environment.

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10
Q

Gradient is

A

a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points.

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11
Q

cubital

A

Elbow

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12
Q

popliteal

A

back of the knee

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13
Q

Chemicals flow down

A

concentration gradients

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14
Q

Charge particles flow down

A

electrical gradients

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15
Q

heat flows down

A

thermal gradients

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16
Q

what type of reproduction is cloning?

A

Mitosis

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17
Q

Mitosis

A

When a single cell divides into two identical cells, maintaining the same genetic information.

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18
Q

Meiosis

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms.

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19
Q

What does meiosis result in?

A

results in the formation of cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, leading to the production of gametes (sperm and egg cells) with genetic diversity.

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20
Q

What type of feedback is usually used to maintain homeostasis?

A

Negative feedback

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21
Q

Anatomy is the study of

A

form

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22
Q

Physiology is the study of

A

function

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23
Q

Embryology is

A

the branch of biology that studies the development of embryos.

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24
Q

Fetology

A

a branch of medical science concerned with the study and treatment of the fetus in the uterus.

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25
Q

Scientist must be

A

ethical

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26
Q

What kind of study was the olestra potato chip experiment?

A

Randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trail.

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27
Q

What is a negative feedback mechanism?

A

A negative feedback mechanism is a regulatory process in which the output of a system dampens or counteracts changes to the system, maintaining stability or homeostasis.

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28
Q

what is positive feedback?

A

a regulatory mechanism in which the output of a system amplifies or reinforces a change, rather than counteracting it.

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29
Q

Oxytocin is

A

a hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, particularly in the reproductive system.

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30
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

a single organism can produce offspring without the involvement of another organism.

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31
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

involves the fusion of specialized reproductive cells (gametes) from two parent organisms.

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32
Q

Gametes are

A

reproductive cells (sperm and eggs)

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33
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

is a logical process where specific conclusions are drawn from general principles or premises.

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34
Q

Which type of reasoning was developed by Renee Descartes?

A

Deductive.

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35
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

is a logical process in which specific observations or evidence are used to make generalizations or draw probable conclusions.

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36
Q

Fitness means

A

ability to produce survivable offspring.

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37
Q

Natural Selection is

A

a key mechanism in the process of evolution, proposed by Charles Darwin.

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38
Q

What happens to the organisms that lack a genetic variation?

A

they will be diminished or become extinct.

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39
Q

Biochemical Unity has

A

DNA, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

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40
Q

Movement in the opposite direction is

A

up the gradient (movement in this direction requires spending metabolic energy)

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41
Q

Matter and energy tend to flow

A

down gradients

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42
Q

Solution

A

Solutes in a solvent

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43
Q

acid is

A

proton donor (releases H+ into water)

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44
Q

base is

A

proton acceptor (accepts H+

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45
Q

Chemical formula for glucose

A

C6H12O6

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46
Q

Glycogen

A

is a polysaccharide found in some human cells, (it is a storage form of glucose) (starch in plants)

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47
Q

Cellulose is

A

most abundant organic compound on earth-tons of glucose linked together. however we have no enzyme to digest it. major structural component in plants.

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48
Q

T/F water is a major solvent

A

True

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49
Q

two main components of cell membrane

A

lipids and proteins

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50
Q

main component of cell membrane

A

phospholipids

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51
Q

T/F phospholipids are used to make cell membrane

A

True

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52
Q

T/F cells do not have a wall

A

True

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53
Q

what percentage of cell membrane is lipid?

A

98%

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54
Q

phospholipid bi-layer has how many layers?

A

2

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55
Q

what percentage of the membrane is phospholipid?

A

75%

56
Q

membrane characteristics

A

soft and squishy and mainly phospholipids

57
Q

what percentage of the membrane is cholesterol?

A

20%

58
Q

membrane is 5% what?

A

glycolipids (help form glycocalyx) (sugar coat)

59
Q

the remaining 2% of cell membrane is what?

A

protein

60
Q

T/F phospholipid membranes are self-sealing and fusing

A

True

61
Q

receptor

A

receiver (poisons/toxins block this)

62
Q

Enzymes control

A

reactions

63
Q

Channel

A

passive, lets stuff in and out of cells (designed to let only certain things in)

64
Q

Gated channel

A

lets stuff out

65
Q

Cell Identity marker is

A

Surface Antigens. ID badges

66
Q

Cell-adhesion Molecule is

A

How we stick one cell together without letting phospholipids stick together.

67
Q

T/F Epitheliums have a lot of adhesion molecules

A

True

68
Q

In an Isotonic ECM Solution, an increase in turgor may lead to what?

A

Hemolysis

69
Q

A high concentration (H+) in a Solution corresponds to low or high pH on the pH scale?

A

Low pH

70
Q

ICF solutions are located

A

Inside the cell

71
Q

ECF Solutions are located

A

Outside the cell

72
Q

The major solvent inside and outside our cells is

A

water

73
Q

the Polarity of lipids:

A

Hydro-, gives rise to a Lipid Bilayer for a membrane

74
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

are embedded within the membrane

75
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

are only associated with the membrane.

76
Q

What percentage of the membrane is protein?

A

1-2%

77
Q

ATP is

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

78
Q

Our main energy molecule is

A

ATP

79
Q

due to common ancestry, all cells are what?

A

Similar

80
Q

T/F cilia are much larger than microvilli

A

True

81
Q

Diffusion is

A

the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

82
Q

Osmosis is

A

a specific type of diffusion involving water molecules.

83
Q

Passive transport makes use of

A

Concentration Gradients

84
Q

Selectively Permeable membrane

A

allows certain substances to pass through while restricting the passage of others

85
Q

In an isotonic ECM solution, Cells are what?

A

Homeostatic

86
Q

In a Hypertonic ECM Solution, Cells…

A

Dehydrate aka Crenation

87
Q

Sodium element

A

NA

88
Q

Potassium element

A

K

89
Q

The NA-K pump

A

2 K+ in, 3 NA+ out (+=ions)

90
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of water and solutes through a selectively permeable membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure.

91
Q

Cytoskeletal components are

A

proteins

92
Q

Nucleoli make rRNA for

A

ribosomes

93
Q

Storage form of glucose is

A

Glycogen

94
Q

Secondary Energy source

A

Lipid

95
Q

How many chromosomes does the nucleus have?

A

46

96
Q

free ribos

A

make proteins for inside the cell

97
Q

rER makes

A

phospholipids

98
Q

sER

A

workbench for synthesis of lipids and steroids.

99
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Synthesizes Carbos and serves as a Workbench for Protein Mod

100
Q

Autophagy

A

the cells recycling system

101
Q

autolysis

A

self-destruction

102
Q

lysosomes perform

A

autophagy and autolysis

103
Q

Apotosis

A

a programmed and regulated form of cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

104
Q

Necrosis

A

a type of cell death characterized by a premature and uncontrolled breakdown of cells in living tissue.

105
Q

peroxisomes

A

use O2 to oxidize organics.

106
Q

Proteasomes

A

Dispose of proteins

107
Q

the mitochondria synthesizes

A

ATP from glucose and oxygen

108
Q

what is the function of golgi?

A

to modify protein

109
Q

What field of anatomy studies tissue

A

Histology

110
Q

what type of anatomy is seen with the naked eye?

A

Gross Anatomy

111
Q

Axial region consist of

A

head , neck, and trunk

112
Q

Thoracic region

A

Trunk

113
Q

abdominal region located

A

below the thoracic region

114
Q

appendicular region

A

upper and lower limbs

115
Q

brachial region

A

arm

116
Q

ante-brachial region

A

forearm

117
Q

upper limbs include

A

arm, forearm, wrist, hand, fingers

118
Q

Carpal region

A

Wrist

119
Q

fingers

A

digits

120
Q

Lower limbs include

A

Thigh, leg, ankle, foot, toes

121
Q

Femoral region

A

thigh

122
Q

crural region

A

leg

123
Q

Tarsal region

A

ankle

124
Q

toes

A

digits

125
Q

A segment of a limb is

A

a region between one joint and the next

126
Q

Element O

A

Oxygen

127
Q

Element H

A

Hydrogen

128
Q

Element C

A

Carbon

129
Q

Element Ca

A

Calcium

130
Q

Element N

A

Nitrogen

131
Q

Element Na

A

Sodium

132
Q

Element K

A

Potassium

133
Q

Element Fe

A

Iron

134
Q
A
135
Q

The 8 steps to scientific method

A

1)observe
2)ask questions
3)collect date
4)form hypotheses
5)experiment
6)tabulate results
7)state conclusions
8)share (peer review)

136
Q

Darwin saw

A

1) there is a great variation within a species
2) the variations he studied were heritable
3)competition for food, water, safe living space, mates, etc. prevents overpopulation.

Anatomy exam #1 study (3 decks)

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