Anatomy Lecture 1 Flashcards
What are the other names for the following anatomical planes:
Frontal Plane is also “_________” plane
Transverse Plane is “__________”
Sagital Plane is also “__________”
Frontal plane is also known as coronal plane
Transverse is horizontal plane
Median Plane/sagital plane/midsagital
Explain the following planes of the body:
Frontal/coronal
Transverse/Horizontal
Median/Midsagital
Explain the following anatomical relationship terms:
Anterior vs posterior
Anterior: towards the front of the body (ventral)
Posterior: towards the back of the body (dorsal)
Explain the following terms:
Superior vs inferior
Superior: upwards, towards the head
Inferior: downwards towards the feet
Explain the following terms:
Medial vs lateral
Medial: towards the midline or median plane
Lateral: away from midline or median plane
Explain the following terms:
Proximal vs distal
Proximal: closer to the trunk or origin
Distal: farther from trunk or origin
Explain the following terms:
superficial vs deep
Superficial: closer to the body surface
Deep: further away from body surface
Describe the aspects of anatomical position
Anatomical Position:
- Standing
- Feet together facing forward
- Palms forward, arms at sides
- Looking forward
- Neck vertical
Explain the following movement terms (think of shoulder and knee):
Flexion and Extension
Flexion; decreases the angle of the joint, brings bones closer together
Extension is the opposite of flexion, increases angle of the join
Explain:
ABDUCTION vs adduction
Abduction: moving of a limb AWAY from the midline
Adduction: movement of a limb toward the midline
Ipsilateral vs contralateral
Ipsilateral: on the same side of the body
Contralateral: on opposite sides of the body
Axial Skeleton vs appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton: bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum which form the “axis” or central line of the body
Appendicular Skeleton: bones of the limbs, including the pectoral and pelvic gurdles, which attach the limbs to the body’s axis
Give an example of the various types of bones:
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
Long: humerus, femur
Short: carpals
Flat: parietal
Irregular: vertebrae
Sesamoid; patella
Explain the following kind of joint:
Fibrous Joint
Structural characteristics?
Types?
Fibrous Joints:
Structural characteristics: bone ends/parts are united by collagen fibers
Types of Fibrous Joints: Suture, Syndesmosis
Cartilaginous Joints:
Structural Characteristics?
Types?
Cartilaginous Joints:
Bone ends/parts unuted by cartilage
Types:
Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)
Symphisis (fibrocartilage)
Synovial Joints:
Structural Characteristics?
Types?
Synovial Joints:
bone ends covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane
Types of synovial Joints:
Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, Ball and Socket
Explain plane joints and ball and socket joints
Plane Joint: permit sliding and gliding movement (example: intercarpal joint)
Ball and Socket Joint: multiaxial, the joint has a rounded head that articulates with a concavity and allows movement on several axis (example: shoulder joint and hip joint)
Explain Hinge joints
Explain Pivot Joints
Hinge joints allow for flexion and extension only
Example is elbow or interphalangeal joints
Pivot joints are uniaxial, allows rotation
Example: radioulnar joint (wrist)
Explain condylar joints
Explain saddle joint
Condylar Joints: biaxial, allows flexion and extension and adduction/abduction and circumflexion
(example: metacarpophalangeal joint aka knuckles and wrist joint)
Saddle Joint: biaxial, joint has saddle shaped head allowing for flexion/extension and adduction/abduction (example: thumb)
Explain superficial fascia vs deep fascia
Superficial: attached to and lies beneath the dermis of the skin, varies in thickness and density due to fat, acts as a cushion and allows the skin to glide over deeper structures
Deep: consists of dense connective tissue, often ensheaths muscles and divides them into functional groupings with inward extensions reaching the skeleton (intermuscular septa), thickens to form retinicula around areas where tendonds traverse
Fill in the blank:
Skeletal muscles are usually attached to bones via tendons, at sights known as ____ or _____
Some flat muscles are attached via a flattened tendon, known as a _______
Skeletal muscles are usually attached to bones via tendons, at sights known as origins and insertions
Some flat muscles are attached via a flattened tendon, known as a aponeurosis
Fill in the blank:
Where the symmetrical halves of a muscle fuse, the intersection is known as a _____
Rule of movement: if a muscle crosses a joint, it will _______
Where the symmetrical halves of a muscle fuse, the intersection is known as a raphe
Rule of movement; if a muscle crosses a joint, it will act on that joint
Where tendons cross joints or other tendons, they are often enclosed by a ______
Where tendons cross joints or other tendons, they are usually often enclosed by a synovial sheath
Cardiac Muscle:
- striated muscle fibers with _______
- _________ via calcium but modulated by the autonomic nervous system
Cardiac Muscle;
- striated muscle fibers with intercalated discs
- self regulatory (generates autonomous contractions) via calcium but also modulated by the autonomic nervous system
Smooth Muscle:
- ________ muscle fibers
- controlled primary by the _____ nervous system
Smooth Muscle:
- non-striated muscle fibers
- controlled primary by the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system
Arteries:
- carry blood from the heart to the ______
- _____ elastic wall, ____ rigid, blood flow under ____ pressure
- Carry _____ blood except:
- branches, no valves
Arteries:
- carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body
- thick elastic wall, more rigid, blood flow under high pressure
- Carry oxygenated blood: except pulmomary artery and umbilical artery
- Branches, no valves
Veins:
- carry blood from the ____ to the ____
- _____ wall, collapsible, blood flow under ___ pressure
- carry deoxygenated blood except:
- tributaries, have valves
Veins:
- carry blood from the body back to the heart
- Thin, non-elastic wall, collapsible, blood flow under low pressure
- carry deoxygenated blood except: pulmonary vein and umbilical vein
- tributaries, have valves
There are three types of blood vessels:
1.
2.
3.
Three types of blood vessels:
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Blood is distributed to the body via the _____, which branch to form the ______, which then branch to form the ________, where blood gas exchange occurs
Blood is distributed to the body via the arteries, which branch to form the arterioles.
Arterioles then branch to form the capillaries, where gas exchange occurs.
Deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart via the ______, which merge to become the ____, which in turn become veins.
Veins can be _____ or ______
Explain the two
Deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart via the capillaries, which merge to become venules, which in turn become veins.
Veins can be superficial or deep
Superficial veins lie close to the body surface
Deep veins are typically found in muscular layers
Veins also have many one way valves to prevent blood back flow
The lymphatic system is part of the immune system and is made up of:
1.
2.
3.
The lymphatic system is part of the immune system and is made up of
- lymph: extracellular fluid that contains lymphocytes
- lymphoid organs: tonsils, thymus, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes
- lymph vessels: follows veins, transports lymph and lymphocytes into the venous system (drains into the vena cava)
Lymphatic drainage:
-The majority of lymph drains into the _________, which empties into the _____ system
It drains at the junction of the _____ & ______
Lymphatic drainage:
The majority of lymph drains into the thoracic duct, which empties into the venous system
The thoracic duct drains at the junction of the Left internal jugular vein (IJV) and the left subclavian vein
The Nervous System is comprised of the:
CNS
PNS
Explain each
CNS: central nervous system, brain and spinal chord, within the dura
PSN: peripheral nerves projecting to and from the body (outside the dura)
The PNS is comprised of the
- Somatic NS
- Autonomic NS
Explain each
PNS:
Somatic NS: motor and sensory (skin, skeletal muscles, and joints)
Autonomic NS: cardiac, glands, smooth muscle
- Comprised of parasympathetic (rest and digest), sympathetic (fight or flight) and enteric (gut)
