Anatomy Lab 1 Flashcards
On each vertebral image below
a) Determine the region it is from
b) Outline and colour the parts derived from the centrum, neural arch and costal elements.
What kind of mesoderm does the vertebral column develop from?
Paraxial mesoderm (sclerotome).
Also gives rise to the ribs.
How does the notochord contribute to vertebral development?
Vertebral bodies and discs develop around it.
Induces neural tube to form, thus creates the need for a neural arch.
Induces somite differentiation, creating the sclerotome
What parts of the vertebral column contain remnants of the notochord?
Nucleus pulposus
How does segmentation occur in the mesenchyme around the notochord?
Differential nutrition:
Segmental vessels between somites provide better nutrition Intersegmentally (i.e. between the segments), therefore centra develop between
somites.
The adjacent somite gets poor nutrition and therefore becomes the disc.
Name the unique cervical vertebra feature formed by the ossification of the lateral components of the costal and neural arch elements
Transverse foramen (foramen transversarium)
What structure occupies the space created by the feature you named above?
The left and right vertebral arteries
Describe a comparable feature in a thoracic vertebra to the transverse foramen in the cervical vertebrae.
In thoracic segments, this foramen is represented by the gap between the ribs and the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
How many segments usually make up a sacrum?
5
Which sacral segment has the largest body?
The first segment
Describe how sacral foramina differ from the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae in terms of their orientation and contents
Cervical transverse foramina are oriented vertically and contain vertebral arteries.
Sacral foramina are oriented horizontally & contain nerves (dorsal & ventral rami)
Which regions of the spine have a primary curve
(kyphosis = concave anteriorly)?
Thoracic and sacral regions
Which regions of the spine have a secondary curve (lordosis = convex anteriorly)?
Cervical and lumbar regions
The curve in the neck develops around the time of birth.
Why do you think this is so?
The cervical curve develops around time of / just after birth as baby becomes able to hold its head up.
The curve in the lumbar region develops at around the age of 1 year.
What do you think is the reason for this?
The lumbar curve develops at around one year as the infant becomes able to stand / walk
complete the table below indicating where bone shape or disc shape primarily causes the curvature in each region:
Which regions have a constant number of vertebrae and which show the most variation?
Cervical region is most consistent.
Sacrum has most variation
At what stage of vertebral development would a developmental fault cause:
a) A block vertebra
Failure of somite segmentation.
Presents at Osseus stage Wk 8-10
At what stage of vertebral development would a developmental fault cause:
b) A hemivertebra
Cartilaginous stage Wk 6-9
At what stage of vertebral development would a developmental fault cause:
c) A butterfly vertebra
Osseus stage Wk 8
Indicate how the disc/body ratio reflects the freedom of movement in the different
vertebral regions (none, least, little, lots)
Vertebral body height changes across regions. Describe and explain this trend.
The vertebral bodies get progressively more robust down the vertebral column due to the progressively heavier mass placed upon them
