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FA 2015 High Yields > Anatomy High Yields > Flashcards

Anatomy High Yields Flashcards

1
Q

Level at which Aorta Crosses Diaphragm

A

T12

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2
Q

Level at which Aorta Bifurcates into the Iliacs

A

L4

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3
Q

Blood Supply to Lowe Extremities

A

Aorta –> common iliac –> external iliac –> common femoral –> profunda femoris (to thigh), superficial femoral –> popliteal –> anterior tibial (perforates superior interosseous membrane to dosalis pedis artery on dorsum of foot), tibiofibular trunk –> posterior tibial (posterior compartment), fibula (lateral compartment) –> lateral and medial plantar arteries

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4
Q

Femoral Triangle

A

Superior: inguinal ligament
Lateral: sartorius
Medial: adductor longus
Lateral –> Medial: NAVEL (lacunar ligament)

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5
Q

Upper Trunk of Brachial Plexus Injury

A

Medially rotated because axillary nerve is needed for shoulder flexion and abduction and lateral rotation (teres minor); Forearm extended and pronated because musculocutaneous nerve supplies forarm flexors and supinator (bicepts and brachialis)

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6
Q

Lowe Trunk of Brachial Plexus Injury

A

Usu when arm is overhead
Loss of sensation and impaired flexion in digits 4 & 5, impaired wrist flexion, hyperextension of MCP, inability to abduct and adduct digits 2 to 5

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7
Q

Posterior Cord of Brachial Plexus Injury

A

Inability to extend elbow and wrist due to radial nerve injury
Associated with crutches

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8
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Medial nerve injury; lateral palm, lateral 3/5 digits, intrinsic thumb muscles (thenar wasting)

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9
Q

Humeral Surgical Neck Fracture

A

Axillary nerve

Anterior/posterior circumflex humeral artery, axillary branches

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10
Q

Humeral Midshaft Fracture

A

Radial nerve

Profunda brachii artery (branch of brachial)/Deep brachial artery

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11
Q

Humeral Supracondylar Fracture

A

Median nerve

Brachial artery

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12
Q

Musculocutaneous Nerve Muscles

A

Flexor of elbow

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13
Q

Axillary Nerve Muscles

A

Deltoid, teres minor, long head of tricepts brachi

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14
Q

Radial Nerve Muscles

A

Extensors of arm/forearm

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15
Q

Ulnar Nerve Muscles

A

Medial head of flexor digitorum profundus, flexor carpi ulnaris, medial lumbricals, interossei, hypothenar muscles

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16
Q

Median Nerve Muscles

A

Some of the anterior forearm muscles, lateral lumbricals, thenar muscles

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17
Q

Keeping PDA Opened

A

Use Alprostadil (PGE1)

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18
Q

Spinal Tap

A

L4-L5
Skin –> subcutaneous tissue –> spinal ligaments (supraspinous, interspinous, ligamentum flavum) –> epidural space –> dura mater –> arachnoid mater –> subarachnoid space (CSF)

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19
Q

Testicular Cancer Mets

A

Preaortic/Para-aortic lymph nodes

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20
Q

Scrotal Cancer Mets

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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21
Q

Drugs for Erections

A

Sildenafil, Vardenafil, Taldalafil inhibit phosphodiesterase 5, which breaks down cGMP and does not enable smooth muscle relaxation necessary or erection

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22
Q

Indirect Inguinal Hernia

A

Lateral to epigastric vessels through deep inguinal ring into inguinal canal; Covered by all of the same layers that cover the spermatic cord; Bulge that appears when lifting heavy objects, but disappears when lying down
Congenital

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23
Q

Direct Inguinal Hernia

A

Medial to epigastric vessels, bypasses deep inguinal ring into inguinal canal; may tear through the internal spermatic and creamasteric fasciae that cover the spermatic cord; May pass through the superficial inguinal ring but not through deep inguinal ring

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24
Q

Inguinal Canal

A

Anterior wall: external oblique aponeurosis
Posterior wall: transversalis fascia
Roof: internal oblique/transversus abdominus muscles
Floor: inguinal ligament

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25
Q

Sperm Path

A

Seminiferous tubules –> epididymis –> vas deferens –> ejaculatory duct –> urethra –> urethral meatus

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26
Q

Porto-Caval Anastamoses

A

Superior rectal (p) –> inferior/middle rectal (c)
Paraumbilical (p) –> supeficial epigastric (c)
Colic (p) –> retroperitoneal veins of Retzius (c)
Splenic (p) –> L. renal (c)
L. gastric (p) –> Esophageal (c) –> Azygous (c)

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27
Q

Common Fibular/Peroneal Nerve Injury

A

Due to fibular neck fracture
Leads to foot drop and inversion due to injury to deep fibular and superficial fibular
Sensation to dorsum of foot lost and in webbed space between first and second toe

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28
Q

Deep Fibular Nerve

A

Anterior compartment: tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius
Responsible for dorsiflexion
Sensation in webbed space between first and second toe

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29
Q

Superficial Fibular Nerve

A

Lateral compartment: fibularis longus and brevis
Responsible for eversion of foot
Sensation to the dorsum of the foot

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30
Q

Tibial Nerve

A

From Sciatic
Posterior compartment: popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior
Responsible for plantar flexion

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31
Q

Trendelenburg Sign

A

Superior gluteal nerve injury/gluteus medius injury on side opposite hip sag; Could be due to injection in superomedial quadrant of left buttock
Superior glueteal nerve innervates gluteus minimus/medius

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32
Q

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve –> all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid, which is innervated by external laryngeal nerve, which is a branch of superior laryngeal off of vagus

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33
Q

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

A

Only muscle that abducts vocal folds

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34
Q

Right Ventricular Enlargement

A

Parasternal shift/heave

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35
Q

Left Atrial Enlargement

A

Dysphagia, compression of recurrent laryngeal

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36
Q

First Pharyngeal Pouch

A

Auditory tube and middle ear

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37
Q

Second Pharyngeal Pouch

A

Palatine tonsil

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38
Q

Third Pharyngeal Pouch

A

Interior parathyroids and thymus

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39
Q

Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch

A

Superior parathyroids and ultimobrachial body (forms thyroid parafollicular C cells)

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40
Q

First Pharyngeal Arch

A

Malleus, incus, mandible, maxilla, zygomatic and squamous portion of the temporal bones, muscles of mastication, anterior bely of digastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini; innervated by CN V2 and V3

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41
Q

Second Pharyngeal Arch

A

Stapes, styloid, most of hyoid bone, muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric muscle; innervated by CN VII

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42
Q

Third Pharyngeal Arch

A

Greater cornu of hyoid bone, stylopharyngeus muscle; innervated by CN IX

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43
Q

Fourth and Sixth Pharyngeal Arches

A

Laryngeal and upper tracheal cartilage, muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx, striated muscle of esophagus; innervated by CN X

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44
Q

First Cleft

A

External acoustic meatus

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45
Q

Fibular Neck Fracture

A

Peroneal nerve injury (courses laterally around the neck of the fibula)
Supracondular fracture of the femur or posterior dislocation of the knee would also have same result

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46
Q

Tibial Nerve Injury

A

Loss of plantar flexion, weakness of inversion and lost sensation to sole of foot
Courses through the middle of popliteal fossa

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47
Q

Avascular Necrosis

A

Due to impaired blood supply to segment of bone; Femoral head is common location
Strongly associated with: Sickle cell disease (thrombotic occlusion of arteries); SLE (injury to vessel wall causing impaired blood supply); High dose steroid therapy; Alcoholism
Presents with groin pain that is exacerbated by weight bearing; Painful and restricted passive and active movement of affected joint; no swelling, erythema or temp change; Use MRI for diagnosis

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48
Q

Posterior Arm and Forearm Sensory Innervation

A

Radial

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49
Q

Lateral Forearm Sensory Innervation

A

Musculocuteaneous

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50
Q

Medial Forearm Sensory Innervation

A

Ulnar (medial cutaneous nerve)

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51
Q

Thenar Eminence Innervation

A

Median (recurrent branch)

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52
Q

Osteoperosis

A

Trabecular thinning

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53
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency

A

Increased deposition of unminieralized osteoid

54
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Increased osteoclastic activity -> increased bone resorption of cortical bones –> subperiosteal thinning

55
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

Spongiosa filling medullary canal with no mature trabeculae

56
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Morning stiffness for at least 30 minutes

MCP, PIP, NOT DIP

57
Q

Adductor Hiatus

A

Hole in tendon that superficial femoral artery passes through and becomes popliteal artery

58
Q

Celiac Artery

A

Comes off aorta at T12;
Supplies foregut structures: pharynx, esophagus, stomach and duodenum up to entrance of bile duct; Spleen is not a foregut structure, but is supplied by celiac artery;
Divides into splenic artery, common hepatic artery, left gastric artery

59
Q

Splenic Artery

A

Branch of celiac; supplies the spleen; neck, body and tail of pancreas; l side of greater curvature of stomach, fundus of stomach

60
Q

L. Gastric Artery

A

Branch of celiac; supplies most of the lesser curvature of stomach and abdominal part of esophagus

61
Q

Common Hepatic Artery

A

Branch of celiac; divides into proper hepatic (lesser curvature of stomach, liver-L &R hepatic artery-, gallbladder - cystic artery) and gastroduodenal (foregut part of duodenum, superior part of head of pancreas, right side of greater curvature of stomach)

62
Q

Diverticulum (false)

A

most common in sigmoid colon

63
Q

Penetrating Ulcer of Posterior Stomach Wall

A

splenic artery

64
Q

Penetrating Ulcer of Lesser Curvature of Stomach

A

L. gastric artery

65
Q

Penetrating Ulcer of Posterior Wall of the First part of Duodenum (bulb)

A

gastroduodenal artery

66
Q

Superior Mesenteric Artery

A

Arises off aorta at L1; Supplies midgut structure - distal 3/4th of duodenum inferior to the entrance of the bile duct; jejunum; ileum; cecum; appendix; ascending colon; proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

67
Q

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

A

Arises off aorta at L3; Supplies hindgut structures - distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, canal to the pectinate line
Branches: left colic, superior rectal, middle rectal

68
Q

Adrenal Veins

A

R adrenal vein drains directly into the IVC; L adrenal vein drains into the L renal vein

69
Q

Renal Arteries

A

Arise form aorta at L2

70
Q

Gonadal Arteries

A

Arise from aorta between L2 and L3 - between the origins of the renal arteries and inferior mesenteric

71
Q

L. Renal Vein

A

Blood from left gonadal and left adrenal drain into the left renal, which drains into the IVC (on the R the adrenal, gonadal and renal all drain into the IVC); Crosses the anterior aspect of the aorta just inferior to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery; May be compressed by aneurysm of SMA - presents with adrenal and renal HTN and a varicocele in males

72
Q

Internal Hemorrhoids

A

painless protrusions of the anal canal covered by mucosa; contain dilated veins of internal rectal venous plexus

73
Q

External Hemorrhoids

A

Painful enlargements covered by skin that contain dilated veins of the external rectal venous plexus

74
Q

BPH

A

commonly occurs in periurethral zone of prostate –> obstruction of urethra; adenocarcinomas usu develop in the peripheral part and metastasizes to pelvis, vertebrae or ribs

75
Q

Ectopic Implantation

A

Most commonly occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube; PID is most common cause

76
Q

Pudendal nerve block

A

for labor pain; palpate ischial spine through lateral wall of vagina

77
Q

Fractures of the clavicles

A

Medial two-thirds is elevated by sternocleidomastoid and lateral third is depressed by weight of lim or adducted by pectoralis major;
C8 and T1 in the medial cord of the brachial plexus may be lacerates as a result of the fracture

78
Q

Flexion of the Humerus

A

Pectoralis minor, clavicular head - lateral pectoral nerve
Deltoid, clavicular part - axillary nerve
Bicepts, short head - Musculocutaneous n.
Coracobrachialis - Musculocutaneous n.

79
Q

Extension of the Humerus

A

Deltoid - axillary n.
Latissimus dorsi- thoracodorsal n.
Teres major - lower subscapular n.

80
Q

Abduction of the Humerus

A

Deltoid - axillary n.

Supraspinatus - suprascapular n.

81
Q

Adduction of the Humerus

A

Pectoralis major, sternocostal part - meal and lateral pectoral n.
Lats - thoracodorsal n.
Teres major - Lowe subscapular

82
Q

Flexion of Hand

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris - ulnar n.

Flexor carpi radialis - median n.

83
Q

Extension of Hand

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris - radial (deep branch) n.
Extensor carpi radialis longus - radial n.
Extensor carpi radialis brevis - radial (deep branch) n.

84
Q

Radial Deviation of Hand

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis - radial n.

Flexor carpi radialis - median n.

85
Q

Lunate Dislocation

A

Common dislocates anterior into the carpal tunnel –> carpal tunnel sydrome

86
Q

Scaphoid Fracture

A

Pain and tenderness in snuff box; Proximal part my undergo avascular necrosis because blood supply to bone supplies distal part first before proximal

87
Q

Flexion at MP Joints

A

Lumbricals (Index and Middle) - median n.
Lumbricals (ring and little) - ulnar n.
Interossei - ulnar (deep branch) n.
Flexor digiti minimi - ulnar n.

88
Q

Flexion at PIP Joints

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis - median n.

Lumbricals - median and ulnar n.

89
Q

Flexion at DIP Joints

A

Flexor digitorum profundus - index and middle (median); ring and little (ulnar)

90
Q

Extension at MP Joints

A

Extensor digitorum - radial n.
Extensor indicis- radial n.
Extensor digiti minimi - radial n.

91
Q

Abduction of Fingers

A

Dorsal interossei - ulnar n.
Abductor digiti minimi - ulnar n.
DAB

92
Q

Adduction of Fingers

A

Palmar interossei - ulnar n.

PAD

93
Q

Thumb Flexion

A

Flexor pollicis longus - median n.

Flexor pollicis brevis - median n.

94
Q

Thumb Extension

A

Extensor pollicis longus/brevis - radial n.

95
Q

Thumb Abduction

A

Abductor pollicis brevis longus - radial n.

Abductor pollicis brevis - median n.

96
Q

Thumb Opposition

A

Opponens pollicis - median n.

97
Q

Thumb Adduction

A

Adductor pollicis - ulnar n.

98
Q

Axillary Nerve Injury (C5,C6)

A

Causes: Lesioned by fracture of surgical neck; dislocation of humerus; intramuscular injections
Cutaneous sensation: altered over deltoid insertion
Weakness: abduction at shoulder

99
Q

Inferior Trunk of Brachial Plexus Injury

A

Klumpke’s Paralysis
Compressed by cervical rib or by pancoast tumor of lung; Can also injure by reaching above head in attempt to catch self on tree branch when falling
Difficulty making fist - combination of ape and claw hands
Arm bent at elbow and shoulder elevated

100
Q

Radial Nerve Injury (C5,C6,C7,C8)

A

Causes: In spiral groove- lesioned by mid-shaft fracture of humerus; Compressed in axilla by incorrect use of crutches; Stretched by subluxation of radial head; Dislocated humeral head
Cutaneous Sensation: Over fist dorsal interosseous, anatomic snuffbox
Weakness: extension at wrist; extension of all fingers at MCP; supination; thumb extension and abduction
Sign: wrist drop

101
Q

Ulnar Nerve Injury (C8,T1): Distal Lesion

A

Causes: Lesioned by trauma to heel of hand or fracture of hook of hamate
Weakness: abduction and adduction of fingers; adduction of thumb; extension of fingers
Sign: claw hand

102
Q

Median Nerve Injury (C6-T1): Distal Lesion

A

Causes: Compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome and by dislocated lunate; Recurrent branch lesioned by superficial laceration on lateral side of palm (by thumb)
Cutaneous: Lateral 3.5 digits
Weakness: opposition of thumb
Sign: Ape hand

103
Q

C5 Lesion

A

Cause: upper trunk compression (Erb Duchenne syndrome); Herniation of disk between C4-C5
Dermatome: posterior shoulder, upper lateral arm
Muscles: Deltoid, rotator cuff, biceps, brachioradialis,
Reflex: biceps tendon

104
Q

T1 Lesion

A

Cause: lower trunk compression by cervical rib or pancoast tumor (Klumpke’s paralysis)
Dermatome: medial arm and medial forearm to wrist
Muscles: intrinsic muscles of hand

105
Q

Median Nerve Injury: Proximal Lesion

A

Cause: fracture of supracondylar humerus; compression between head of pronator teres
Cutaneous: lateral 3.5 digits, thenar eminence
Weakness: opposition of thumb; flexion at wrist; flexion of lateral fingers; flexion of thumb; pronation
Sign: ulnar deviation of wrist; hand of benediction

106
Q

Ulnar Nerve Injury: Proximal Lesion

A

Causes: fracture/trauma at medial epicondyle of humerus; fracture of clavicle
Cutaneous: medial 1.5 digits; hypothenar eminence
Weakness: abduction and adduction of fingers, adduction of thumb, extension of fingers, flexion of medial fingers, flexion at wrist
Sign: Radial deviation of wrist

107
Q

Musculocutaneous Injury (C5-C7)

A

Causes: upper trunk compression
Cutaneous: lateral forearm
Weakness: flexion at elbow, supination

108
Q

Superior Trunk of Brachial Plexus Injury

A

Erb-Duchenne Syndrome
Waiter’s tip position - loss of abduction and weakness of flexion and lateral rotation and glenohumeral joint; Arm is adducted, extended and medially rotated

109
Q

Long Thoracic Nerve Lesion

A

Courses superficial to serratus anterior;
“Winged scapula” and difficulty raising arm above head
Could be caused by masectomy

110
Q

Fracture of Neck of Femur

A

Thigh laterally rotated by short lateral rotators of the thigh at the hip and by gluteus maximus
Can lead to avascular necrosis because disruption of medial circumflex femoral artery - main source of arterial blood to the head and neck of femur

111
Q

Flexion of Femur

A

Iliacus and psoas major - lumbar ventral rami n
Rectus femoris - femoral n.
Sartorius - femoral n.
Tensor fasciae latae - superior gluteal n.
Pectineus - femoral n.

112
Q

Extension of Femur

A 
Gluteus maximus - inferior gluteal n.
Semimembranosus - sciatic/tibial n.
Semitendinosus - sciatic/tibial n.
Bicepts femoris, long head - sciatic/tibial n.
Adductor magnus - obturator n.
113
Q

Adduction of Femur

A

Adductor longus/brevis/magnus - obturator n.

Gracilis - obturator n.

114
Q

Abduction of Femur

A

Gluteus minimus/medius - superior gluteal n.

Tensor fasciae latae - superior gluteal n.

115
Q

Flexion of Tibia/Fibula

A

Semimembranosus/Semitendinosus/Bicepts Femoris - sciatic/tibial n.
Gracilis - obturator n.
Sartorius - femoral n.
Popliteus/Gastrocnemius - tibial n.

116
Q

Extension of Tibia/Fibula

A

Vastus medialis/lateralis/intermedius/rectus femoris - femoral n.

117
Q

Plantar Flexion of Foot

A

Gastrocnemius/Soleus/Plantaris/Tibialis Posterior/Flexor Digitorum Longus/Flexor Hallucis Longus - tibial n.

118
Q

Dorsiflexion of Foot

A

Tibialis anterior/Extensor hallucis longus/extensor digitorum longus - deep peroneal n.

119
Q

Eversion of Foot

A

Peroneus longus/brevis - superficial peroneal n.

Peroneus tertius - deep peroneal n.

120
Q

Femoral Nerve Damage

A

May be damaged in abdomen by abscess in psoas major; Weakness in ability to flex thigh at hip, ability to extent leg at knee and diminished patellar reflex

121
Q

L4 lesion

A

Dermatome: medial leg
Muscles: quads, iliopsoas, hip adductors
Reflex: patellar

122
Q

L5 lesion

A

Dermatome: dorsum of foot; great toe, toe 2 and 3
Muscles: foot dorsiflextors, toe extensors

123
Q

S1 lesion

A

Dermatome: Posterior leg, lateral foot, toes 4, 5 and sole
Muscles: plantar flexors
Reflex: achilles

124
Q

Obturator Lesion (L2,L3,L4)

A

Cause: pelvic neoplasm, pregnancy
Cutaneous: medial thigh
Weakness in adduction at the hip

125
Q

Femoral Lesion (L2,L3,L4)

A

Causes: diabetes, pelvic neoplasm, psoas abscess
Cutaneous: anterior thigh, medial leg to medial malleolus
Weakness in flexion of hip and extension of leg at knee

126
Q

Common Fibular Lesion (L4-S2)

A

Causes: compression at neck of fibula, hip fracture, dislocation of femur, piriform syndrome
Cutaneous: anterior and lateral leg, dorsum of foot
Weakness in dorsiflexion and eversion of foot
Sign: foot drop; steppage gait

127
Q

Tibial Lesion (L4-S3)

A

Causes: dislocation of femur, diabetes, hip fracture
Cutaneous: posterior leg, sole and lateral foot
Weakness in leg flexion, plantar flexion, flexion of toes
Sign: can’t stand on tiptoes

128
Q

Superior Gluteal Lesion (L4-S1)

A

Causes: misplaced gluteal injection, pelvic neoplasm
Weakness in abduction at hip
Sign: waddling gait, pelvic tilt

129
Q

Inferior Gluteal Lesion (L5-S2)

A

Causes: pelvic neoplasm
Weakness in extension at hip from flexed position
Sign: cannot get up from chair

130
Q

Superficial Fibular Lesion

A

Pain and parasthesia in the dorsal aspect of foot

131
Q

Deep Fibular Lesion

A

Footdrop and parethesia in the skin of the webbed space btw great and second toe

FA 2015 High Yields (10 decks)

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