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Adult Echocardiography > Anatomy & Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Anatomy & Hemodynamics Flashcards

0
Q

Which valve is the most anterior?

A

Pulmonary valve

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1
Q

Which valve separates the areas of greatest pressure differences?

A

Mitral valve

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2
Q

Where does the LAD lie?

A

In the anterior interventricular groove or sulcus

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3
Q

Why does the mitral valve have 2 leaflets?

A

2 cusps for high pressure

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4
Q

What is the first standard view on TTE?

A

Parasternal window long axis view (LAX)

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5
Q

Which aortic leaflet is the superior one in the parasternal long axis view?

A

Right leaflet (RCC). The posterior leaflet is the noncoronary.

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6
Q

From the left parasternal window in which of the following are you most likely to get accurate velocity measurements?

A

Pulmonary artery

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7
Q

What is the 2nd standard view in TTE?

A

RVIT inflow tract

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8
Q

Name the tricuspid leaflets seen in RVIT?

A

Posterior and anterior (L to R)

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9
Q

RVIT is only view to what?

A

RVIT is only standard view in which you see the posterior TV leaflet. If still seeing LV might be septal leaf.

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10
Q

Red inflow in the RA on RVIT view would be?

A

IVC

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11
Q

3rd standard view in TTE?

A

Parasternal short axis (SAX) apex, pap, mv, av levels

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12
Q

Where is the LAA on TTE?

A

Sometimes in the parasternal SAX AoV level. Better seen in apical 2CH

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13
Q

What is always on the noncoronary cusps side?

A

Intra-atrial septum (IAS)

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14
Q

The coronary arteries come off the?

A

Sinuses of valsalva (if not an answer coronary sinuses would be correct)

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15
Q

Coronaries come of where ?

A

They come off above the AoV

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16
Q

During which phase do the coronaries fill?

A

Early diastole (fill throughout diastole but fill most in early)

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17
Q

What is the Ao sinotubular junction?

A

Transition between the sinuses of valsalva and the tubular portion of the ascending aorta

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18
Q

What is the Ao sinuses?

A

The maximal diameter in the sinuses of valsalva

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19
Q

How many wall segments?

A

17

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20
Q

What is the structure under the aortic arch?

A

Right pulmonary artery

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21
Q

Name the vessels coming off the aortic arch and most proximal or distal?

A

Innominate (prox) left carotid and left subclavian (distal)

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22
Q

What is aortic coarctation?

A

The shrinking “rubber band” of the prox descending aorta

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23
Q

Where do most aortic coarctation occur?

A

After the take off of the left subclavian artery, or within the aortic isthmus

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24
Q

What cardiac pathology is associated with bicuspid aortic valves?

A

Coarctation of the aorta

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25
Q

Where is the 2nd region to be scanned in standard TTE?

A

Apical

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26
Q

What is the 4th standard view in TTE?

A

Apical 4CH

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27
Q

Where are the pulmonary veins located? Which ones are seen in the apical 4CH view?

A

R and L upper (superior) pulmonary veins

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28
Q

Which other view would give you the same information as the PLAX?

A

Apical Long axis(3)

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29
Q

Which standard 2D TTE view typically allows viewing of the LAA?

A

Apical 2 CH

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30
Q

In apical 2 CH view, the LAA is on what side of heart?

A

Anterior

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31
Q

Where would pleural effusion be located?

A

Posterior to the DTA

32
Q

Where is the coronary sinus located?

A

Posterior AV groove / sulcus

33
Q

To visualize the coronary sinus in apical 4 CH view you should tilt the transducer?

A

Posterior (beam not transducer)

34
Q

Which valve sits at the opening of the coronary sinus?

35
Q

Which valve sits at the opening of the IVC?

A

Eustachian

36
Q

What portion of the pulmonary venous PW Doppler represents atrial systole?

37
Q

At what tempature is it unsafe to use a TEE probe?

A

40-45c (overheating pick the highest range)

38
Q

At what degrees would you see a 4CH view in TEE?

39
Q

At what degrees would you see the SAX view in TEE?

A

60 degrees

40
Q

At what degrees would you be able to see the LAA appendage in TEE?

A

73 degrees (decrease depth)

41
Q

ME?

A

Mid esophageal (TEE)

42
Q

What degrees at the ME level would you need to see the 4CH view in TEE?

43
Q

What degrees at the ME level would you need to see the 2CH view in TEE?

A

90 degrees

44
Q

What degrees at the ME level would you need to see the LAX view in TEE?

A

120 degrees

45
Q

What degrees at the ME level would you need to see the AV SAX view in TEE?

A

60 degrees

46
Q

What is the normal electrical activation order?

A

SA node, AV node, Bundle of his, R & L bundle branches and purkinje fibers.

47
Q

Which part of the electrical system has the fastest intrinsic rate?

A

SA node (pacemaker of heart)

48
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

49
Q

What is the absolute refractory state?

A

That period when a muscle cell is not excitable - from phase 1 until into phase 3, the relative refractory period is during phase 3 and the muscle might contract if the stimulus is strong.

50
Q

What does the P wave on ECG represent?

A

Atrial systole

51
Q

What does the T wave in ECG represent?

A

Ventricular diastole (repolarization)

52
Q

What is the P-R interval?

A

Includes P-R segment (from atrial to ventricular depolarization)

53
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular systole (depolarization)

54
Q

What is the normal duration for the QRS complex?

55
Q

How long is one small box on ECG in seconds?

56
Q

Normal QRS complex has?

A

Less than 3 little boxes (less than 0.12 s)

57
Q

What is a normal P-R interval?

A

Less than 1 big box (less than 0.2 s)

58
Q

Echo findings for preload vs afterload?

A

Preload - dilation

Afterload- hypertrophy

59
Q

Another name for the RA?

60
Q

Where is the chiari network?

61
Q

Acute Ai is ______ because we shift up the starling curve. Chronic ai is _____ when we drop off the end

A

Hypercontractile, failure

62
Q

Which study does not allow for the calculation of ef?

63
Q

How does switching to a lower frequency transducer affect aliasing?

A

Aliasing will occur at higher velocities

64
Q

What does VTI x CSA?

A

Doppler stroke volume

65
Q

Does venous return increase or decrease with inspiration?

A

Increase INspration

66
Q

Inhilation of amyl nitrate causes?

A

Decreased afterload

67
Q

Mitral valve velocity during inspiration?

68
Q

What is the normal pressures in the pul artery?

69
Q

Were is LV pressure the lowest ?

A

Early diastole

70
Q

Where is the O2 saturation the lowest?

A

Coronary sinus

71
Q

Best cath technique for LV function?

A

LV angiogram

72
Q

What is the PCW (pulmonary capillary wedge) measuring?

A

La pressure

73
Q

Pericardial effusions in 2D can have swing motion & a possible?

A

Dilated IVC

74
Q

For constrictive pericarditis the m-mode will show?

A

Thick pericardium & paradoxical septal motion & flat LV posterior wall motion in diastole

75
Q

Constrictive pericarditis in 2D show diastolic dysfunction and?

A

Dilated IVC without respiration collapse, has prominent E & sm A. Also has respiration variation on mitral PW

76
Q

What increases afterload

A

Hypertension, AS & PS

77
Q

A pt has a blood pressure of 130/80 and a vsd jet of 5/m sec. What is their right ventricular systolic pressure ?

Adult Echocardiography (13 decks)

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